closed as to shut out the controlling influence of external objects, often does in his dreams the most wonderful things, and finds little or no hindrance to an almost miraculous activity, intellectual or bodily; so the general paralytic, whose defective muscular feeling cuts him off from the due appreciation of external relations, has engendered in his mind the most extravagant notions as to his personal power; he dreams with his eyes open.* As we owe to the muscular sense the development of our fundamental ideas of resistance, form, size, and space, it will easily be understood that, when this sense is deficient throughout the body, as in the general paralytic, there can not be that intelligent accord between the inuer life and the outward relations which, when in a perfect state, it maintains. Here, again, we perceive how impossible it is to separate the mental from the bodily life; how plainly, when we scan the deeper relations of things in their genesis, there are displayed the closest connexion and continuity of parts and functions.

To the action of the will, as already pointed out, a conception of the result is essential, whether the volitional exertion be for the purpose of causing a movement, of preventing or checking a movement, or of dismissing a painful idea from the mind. When a sensation excites a co-ordinate movement in so-called sensorimotor action, we do not say there is a conception of the result, because of the absence of consciousness; but at the same time we must admit that there is a motor intuition of the result,-in other words, that there is a definitely organized residuum in the proper motor nervous centre which, as it were, implicitly contains the movement. Now it is important to bear in mind that, when the will excites that co-ordinate movement which a sensation alone may do, as not unfrequently happens, it cannot operate directly on the motor nerves, but must necessarily operate through the medium of the same motor intuition as that through which the sensation acts: in other words, the

At the present time I have under my care a general paralytic who, occaSionally much excited, then believes that is fighting great battles, and winning great victories with his fists; he believe, too, that he wins immense sums of money as wagers on his prowess. The disorder of his motorium commune cuters into his thoughts and engenders corresponding delusions. He is confined to his or couch by reason of having lost leg, or he would be a violent and dangerous lunatic.

movement in both cases proceeds directly from the motor nervous centre in which the movement is latent. If we could excite these centres artificially, not over-exciting and injuring them, as in our gross experiments we necessarily do, then we should not fail to set free the definite movements. Speaking psychologically, the conception of the result becomes in the execution of voluntary movements the motor intuition, and the motor intuition excited into activity expresses itself in the designed movement. Thus, then, it appears that, as in the action of nature upon man, the stimulus which is not reflected in the spinal cord passes upwards and excites sensation, and the stimulus which is not reflected in sensori-motor action passes upwards and becomes idea, and the stimulus which is not reflected in ideomotor action passes from cell to cell in the hemispheres and excites reflection; so in the reaction of man upon nature, the force of the will passes downwards through the subordinate centres in an opposite direction: the will involves a conception of the result or a definite ideational action; the conception of the result demands for its further transformation the appropriate motor intuition; and the motor intuition, in whatever motor centre, spinal or cerebral, it is organized, demands for its due expression in movement the perfect function of the muscular feeling, and the integrity of the motor nerves and muscles. There is an orderly subordination of the different nervous centres, a chain of means such as is revealed in every department of nature. Viewing the different sciences, we perceive that chemistry is dependent on physics, while physics are independent of chemistry; physiology is dependent on chemistry, while chemistry is independent of physiology; social science is dependent on physiology, while physiology is independent of social science and so the just analysis of our mental life proves that sensori-motor action is dependent on reflex action. while reflex action is independent of sensori-motor action; ideomotor action dependent on sensori-motor action, while sensorimotor action is independent of ideomotor action; the will dependent on ideomotor action, while ideomotor action is independent of the will. These different epochs in the order of development of the nervous sytem are represented by differen: classes of the lower animals: and it is interesting to note that.

as in man there is a subordination of parts, and the will, as the highest energy, controls the inferior modes of nervous energy, so in the animal kingdom there is a subordination of kinds, and the mind of man, as the highest development, controls and uses the inferior minds of many of the lower animals.

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If execution has been in any wise answerable to conception, we have now said enough to prove the importance of that region of mental activity in which dwell the motor residua, and which may properly be named the region of actuation. We have only to add that men differ much naturally as to the perfection of this as of other mental faculties. There are some who, with great intellectual power, never can attain to the ability of successfully expressing themselves and there are others, on the other hand, who can pour forth endless talk with the most facile fluency. The art of expression in speech, or in writing, or even in eloquence of action, is one which, if there is not an innate faculty for it, can never be acquired in its highest perfection: unseen fetters hinder the full utterance, and lame execution falls far short of ambitious conception: with the distinct conception of what they would say, and the best will to say it, there is something wanting in the region of actuation, whereby they are prevented from doing justice to their thoughts, and are compelled, like Moses, to delegate that function to others. "There is Aaron he shall be thy speaker, and thou shalt be to him instead of God." (Exodus iv. 16.)*

And a greater than Moses or Aaron was so gifted with the faculty of excellent expression, that it was justly said of Him that "Never man spake as this man speaks."

CHAPTER IX.

MEMORY AND IMAGINATION.

"You tell me it consists of images or pictures of things. Where is this extensive canvas hung up? or where are the numerous receptacles in which these are deposited or to what else in the animal system have they any similitude? That pleasing picture of objects represented in miniature on the retina of the eye seems to have given rise to this illusive oratory. It was forgot that this representation belongs rather to the laws of light than to those of life; and may with equal elegance be seen in the camera obscura as in the eye; and that the picture vanishes for ever when the object is withdrawn."-DR. DARWIN, Zoonomia,

THOUGH Memory has not hitherto been specially treated of

as a faculty of the mind, its true nature has been none the less discussed largely, though incidentally, in the foregoing pages. It may be desirable, however, to bring together into one body the fundamental facts concerning it. There is memory in every nerve-cell, and, indeed, in every organic element of the body. The permanent effects of a particular virus on the constitution, as that of small-pox, or that of syphilis, prove that the organic element remembers for the rest of life certain modifications which it has suffered; the manner in which the scar on a child's finger grows as the body grows evinces, as Mr. Paget has pointed out, that the organic element of the part does not forget the impression that has been made upon it; and all that has so far been said respecting the different nervous centres of the body cannot fail to demonstrate the existence of memory in the nervecells which lie scattered in the heart and in the intestinal walls, in those that are collected together in the spinal cord, in the cells of the sensory and the motor ganglia, and in the ideational cells of the cortical layers of the cerebral hemispheres. The residua by which our faculties, as already shown, are built up, are the

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organic conditions of memory. These organized residua of the cerebral centres, which, when excited into activity by some external impression, enable us to perceive distinctly, or apprehend the object, appear, when excited by some internal cause, as memory or recollection. When an organic registration has been completely effected, and the function of it has become automatic, we do not usually speak of the process as one of memory, because it is entirely unconscious. Thus, for example, when a beginner is learning his notes on the pianoforte, he has deliberately to call to mind each note; but when, by frequent practice, he has acquired complete skill in playing on that instrument, there is no conscious memory, but his movements are automatic, and so rapid as to surpass the rapidity of succession of conscious ideas. As with such movements, so it is with many ideas, which are so completely organized that they are automatically and quickly performed in our mental life without conscious memory.(1)

The organic registration of the results of impressions upon our nervous centres, by which the mental faculties are built up, and by which memory is rendered possible, is the fundamental process of the mental life. There can be no memory of that whereof we have not had experience in whole or in parts; and nothing of which we have had experience can be absolutely forgotten. But it is most mischievous to regard mental phenomena as mere pictures of nature, and the mind as a vast canvas, on which they are cunningly painted. Such representation, as Darwin well observes, belongs rather to the laws of light than to those of life; the real process is one of organization, and is rightly conceivable only by the aid of ideas derived from the observation of organic development,-namely, the fundamental ideas of Assimilation and Differentiation.

There is in mental development, then, the organic registration of the simple ideas of the different senses; there is the assimilation of the like in ideas which take places in the production or organic evolution of general ideas; there is the special organization, or differentiation, or discrimination, of unlike ideas; and there is the organic combination of the ideas derived from the different senses into one complex idea, with the further manifold combinations of complex ideas into what Hartley called duplex ideas.

In fact, no limit is assignable to the complexity of