and the changes produced by the electrotonic state; Katelectrotonus and Ane- lectrotonus; chemical changes produced by functional activity. 2. Indivi duality of nerve element considered: functional relation between the individual element and its supply of blood; state of the cerebral circulation during sleep; results of the extreme exhaustion of nerve element, and of the effects of poisons upon it; its modification by the habit of exercise through the residua of previous activity. 3. Reflex pathological action or pathological sympathy-illustrations. Morbid anatomy of insanity: (1) Morbid products, such as Tumour, Abscess, Cysticercus, &c.; intermittence of mental symptoms, and extreme incoherence of them when they occur in such cases. (2) Morbid appearances in the Brain and Membranes -in acute insanity; in chronic in- sanity; in general paralysis; in syphilitic dementia. Weight and specific gravity of the brain in insanity. Microscopical researches, and interpretation of the results of them. Summary of the kinds of degeneration met with in the brain after insanity: (a) Inflammatory degeneration; (b) Connective tissue degeneration; (c) Fatty degeneration; (d) Amyloid and colloid degeneration; (e) Pigmentary degeneration; (f) Calcareous degeneration. (3) Morbid con- ditions of other organs of the body-of the lungs, the heart, the abdominal organs, and the sexual organs. Concluding observations Page 428-471 The difficulty of the diagnosis in some cases. Acute mania: diagnosis from meningitis; the difference between acute mania caused by intemperance, and delirium tremens. Chronic mania and feigned insanity. Hysteria and mania. The mode of detecting partial ideational insanity, monomaniacal or melan- cholic. Hypochondria and melancholia. Eccentricity and insanity-the important differences between them. The diagnosis of moral insanity and of irresistible homicidal impulse. The detection of general paralysis in its earliest stages. On the mode of conducting the examination of an insane Insanity reduces the mean duration of life. The indications of a fatal termination. The probability of recovery depends on the form, the duration, and the cause of the disease. Melancholia the most curable, acute mania coming next. The indications of recovery. The prognosis very bad in chronic mania, mono- mania, and moral insanity, but good in acute dementia. The prognosis in puerperal, climacteric, metastatic, epileptic, hysterical, syphilitic and senile insanity. The causes of the disease influencing the prognosis. The age most favourable to recovery. The proportion of recoveries, relapses, and deaths. The difficulties in the way of treatment; the working of the Lunacy Acts; the public horror of insanity, and the social prejudices regarding it. The practice of indiscriminate sequestration unjustifiable. The true principle to have in view: argument in favour of it. The treatment of the insane in private dwellings. Condition of the Chancery patients. The evils of monstrous asylums. Necessity of early treatment. Moral treatment of insanity; change of residence, occupation, amusements, &c. Medical treatinent: warm and cold baths; blood-letting; counter-irritants; diet; stimulants: the use of opium; digitalis hyoscyamus, hydrocyanic acid and bromide of potassium ; tonics. Concluding remarks upon the treatment of chronic insanity. PART I. THE PHYSIOLOGY OF MIND. CHAPTER I. ON THE METHOD OF THE STUDY OF MIND. II. MIND AND THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. III. THE SPINAl Cord, or Tertiary Nervous Centres; or Nervous IV. SECONDARY NERVOUS CENTRES, OR SENSORY GANGLIA; SENSORIUM V. HEMISPHERICAL GANGLIA; CORTICAL CELLS OF THE CEREBRAL VIII. MOTOR NERVOUS CENTRES OR MOTORIUM COMMUNE, AND ACTU ATION OR EFFECTION, IX. MEMORY AND IMAGINATION. THE PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY OF MIND. CHAPTER I. ON THE METHOD of THE STUDY OF MIND. "Ich sag' es dir ein Kerl, der speculirt, Ist wie ein Thier, auf dürrer Heide Von einem bösen Geist im Kreis herum geführt, Faust. THE right estimate of his relations to external nature has ever been to man a matter of extreme difficulty and uncertainty. In the savage state of his infancy he feels himself so little in the presence of nature's vastness, so helpless in conflict with its resistless forces, that he falls down in abject prostration before its various powers. The earth of a sudden heaves beneath his trembling feet, and his shattered dwellings bury him in their ruins; the swelling waters overpass their accustomed boundaries and indifferently sweep away his property or his life; the furious hurricane ruthlessly destroys the labour of years; and famine or stilence, regardless of his streaming eyes and piteous prayers, stalks in desolating march through a horror-stricken people. In the deep consciou-ness of his individual powerlessness he falls down in an agony of terror and worships the causes of his ufferings: he deities the powers of nature, builds altars to protiate the angry Neptune, and by offering sacrifices of that hich is most dear to him, even his own flesh and blood, hopes mitigate the fury of Phobus Apollo and to stay the dreadful ang of his silver how. Everythin, appears supernatural because knows nothing of the natural palsied with fear, he cannot B observe and investigate; himself he feels to be insignificant and helpless, while to nature he looks up with reverential awe as mighty and all-powerful. Reflect on the fearful feelings which any apparent exception to the regular course of nature even now produces, on the superstitious dread which of a certainty follows such unfamiliar event, and it will not be difficult to realize the extreme mental prostration of primitive mankind. Through familiarity, however, consternation after a while subsides, and the spirit of inquiry follows upon that of reverence; the prostrate being rises from his knees to examine into the causes of events. Experience, sooner or later, reveals the uniformity with which they come to pass; he discovers more or less of the laws of their occurrence, and perceives that he can by applying his knowledge avoid much of the damage which he has hitherto suffered-that he can, by attending to their laws, even turn to his profit those once dreaded physical forces. Now it is that man begins to feel that he has a much higher position in nature than in his infancy he had imagined; for a time he looks upon himself as belonging to the same order as the things around him; and he emancipates himself in great part from the dominion of the priests in whom he had hitherto believed as the sacred propitiators of the gods whom his fears had fashioned. When his creeds are seen to spring from an imperfection of the intellect, the prayers founded on them are abandoned as marking an imperfection of the will. Thales of Miletus is said to have been the first who, in this advance amongst the Greeks, laid aside the priestly character and stood forth as a pure philosopher; and those who immediately followed him, and constituted the Ionian school of philosophy, having an instinctive feeling of the unity between man and nature, did seek objectively for a first principle of thingsthe aρxn--common to him and the rest of nature. This slow and tedious method was soon, however, abandoned for the easier and quicker method of deduction from consciousness: abstractions were made from the concrete by the active mind; and the abstractions, being then projected out of the mind and converted into objective realities, were looked upon and applied as actual entities in nature. Anaximander, diving into his own mind and finding something inconceivable there, gave to it the name of |