sand men, established his head-quarters at Perth, and secured the counties north of the Forth. He despatched Brigadier Mackintosh, with two thousand five hundred Highland infantry, to join the Jacobites in the Lothians; while he himself marched to Dunblane, as if intending to cross the Forth at Stirling bridge; but his real design was to divert the Duke of Argyll, who was at the head of a Royal army, from attacking Mackintosh.

Argyll, however, penetrated the design of his adversary; and having secured Edinburgh, he hastened to Stirling to give him battle. The cause of the Pretender soon bore an unpromising aspect. The Earls of Derwentwater, Carnwath, Wintoun, and Nithsdale, with Lord Kenmure and Mr Forster, effected a junction of their forces with the troops under Mackintosh. Had they acted in concert, and concentrated their operations agreeably to the counsel of Wintoun, who proposed that they should march into Argyllshire, where General Gordon commanded a strong body of Highlanders, it is probable that the contest might have been protracted, and that the Jacobites, though eventually worsted, would have secured their lives, estates, and titles. By pursuing a contrary course, they accelerated their ruin.

It was determined, in a council of war, that they should march into England: But the Highlanders refused to march southwards, and deserted in great numbers. The greater part, however, advanced into England as far as Preston. They were soon surrounded by two royal armies, under Wills and Carpenter, and compelled to surrender at discretion. Alarmed at the unskilful movement of his partisans, Mar hastened to correct their error; and, being pressed by General Gordon, he determined to cross the Forth, and to join his allies in the South.

With this view, he advanced to Auchterarder. Argyll, apprized of his intention, took measures to arrest his progress, and give him battle in the vicinity of Dunblane. Mar's forces were repulsed, though greatly superior in number: They, indeed, experienced all the consequences of a defeat; for their plans were dis concerted and their operations frustrated. By an ominous coincidence, their defeat happened on the same day that their partisans surrendered at Preston. A train of reverses immediately followed. Lord Lovat secured the important post of Inverness for the Government; by which a free communication was opened with the North, where the Earl of Sutherland was training his vas.

sals to cooperate with the Royalists. The Marquis of Huntly and the Earl of Seaforth were obliged to quit the Rebel army, to defend their own domains; and they in a little time submitted to King George. The Marquis of Tullibardine withdrew likewise to cover his own part of the country; and many of the undisciplined clans, impatient of the tedious operations of the field, returned .home.

The Pretender, who had been long amused with the hope of seeing the whole kingdom of England rise as one man in his behalf, was now convinced of the vanity of that expectation: Yet he resolved to make a final effort to retrieve his fortunes in Scotland before the ardour of his friends in that kingdom should cool. Accordingly, in the middle of winter, he embarked with six gentlemen on board a small vessel at Dunkirk, and landed at Peter.head; whence he set out for Scone.

He there wasted the hour of action in unnecessary parade; and 'he issued several proclamations, as if the kingdom had already submitted to his authority. From this delirium he was roused 'by the formidable preparations and approach of the Royalists. Destitute of money, arms, ammunition, and provisions, he determined to abandon an enterprise that had been inconsiderately begun. Accompanied by about seventeen noblemen and gentlemen, he embarked on board a small French ship that lay in the harbour of Montrose, and sailed for France. General Gordon, whom he had appointed commander in chief of his forces, conducted them with skill and activity, though closely pursued by Argyll, to the hills of Badenoch; where they were disbanded.

Such was the issue of a rebellion planned without wisdom and conducted with indiscretion, but which proved fatal to many noble families. Sentence of death was pronounced against Derwentwater, Nithsdale, Kenmure, and Wintoun. Nithsdale effected his escape by a stratagem. A commission for trying the rebels was issued; when bills of high treason were found against Forster and Mackintosh, and twenty of their coadjutors. A considerable number of the common men perished on the scaffold at Preston and Manchester; about a thousand more submitted to the King's mercy, and petitioned to be transported to the plantations.

A plan of invasion and insurrrection in favour of the Stuarts was formed in 1719. In that year, Spain declared war against

England; acknowledged the Prétender as King of Great Britain; and equipped a fleet of ten sail of the line, with several frigates, having on board six thousand troops and twelve thousand stand of arms, which sailed from Cadiz for England; but this armament was dispersed by a violent storm off Cape Finisterre. Meanwhile, the Marquis of Tullibardine, the Earls of Seaforth and Marischal, with several others attainted in the late rebellion, landed in the isle of Lewis. The Earl Marischal brought with him two Spanish frigates, having on board three hundred Spanish soldiers, ammunition, arms, and money.

The Marquis of Tullibardine, who had a commission from the Pretender to assume the chief command in Scotland, passed over from Lewis to the main-land, expecting the arrival of the Spanish armament. As every thing remained quiet in England, and the expected succours from Spain did not arrive, very few Highlanders rose. General Wightman, commander in chief for Scotland, had taken post with some British and Dutch troops at Inverness. Upon receiving information that the Spaniards had landed in the Highlands, and that some Highlanders had joined them, he marched with his troops to give them battle. He attacked them at Glenshiel, between Fort-Augustus and Bernera. The conflict was short and decisive: The Highlanders, favoured by the ground, withdrew to the hills; the Spaniards laid down their arms, and were made prisoners.

The state of the Highlands attracted the attention of the British Government; but the measures adopted were ineligible and inefficient. The Highlanders remained disaffected to the house of Hanover. A general disarming act was passed; but while its provisions were obeyed by the loyal clans, they were eluded by the greater and by far the more warlike septs, who remained attached to the family of Stuart. These lived under their chiefs in arms; the Lowlanders remained unarmed under their sheriffs and magistrates. Except the standing army, there was no force competent to restrain or oppose the Highlanders; and a declaration of war with France or Spain, which required the service of the regular troops abroad, was a signal, and afforded an opportunity, for a rebellion at home. Though the arts of peace were successfully cultivated in Britain, and the national wealth was augmented, little civility or wealth reached the Highlands: The chiefs still kept their vassals upon the old establishment; and, always anti

cipating another insurrection, estimated their consideration by the number of men which they could bring into the field. Macdonald of Keppoch, being asked by some Lowland gentlemen who visited the Highlands in 1740, what was the rent of his estate, replied, that he could bring into the field five hundred men.

A plan for attaching the Highlanders to the British Government, and which, had it been adopted, might have prevented the rebellion in 1745, was proposed by President Forbes. He suggested, that Government should raise four or five regiments of Highland infantry,-appointing an English or Scottish officer of undoubted loyalty to be colonel of each regiment, and nominating as inferior officers all the disaffected chieftains; who would thus be detached from the interest of the Pretender, and be hostages for the good behaviour of their relations at home. Sir Robert Walpole laid this plan before the Privy Council; expressing his approbation of its principle in the strongest terms, and recommending its immediate adoption, as there was a prospect of a war with Spain. But the Privy Council unanimously rejected the proposal; alleging that the Opposition would exclaim, that the Government was raising an army of Highlanders to join the standing army and enslave the people of England.

The speedy and fortunate suppression of the first rebellion increased the influence of the crown; and the Whig ministry, no longer under any apprehension from the encroachments of arbitrary power, seemed willing to avail themselves of their advantage, and crush their political opponents. On the other hand, the Tories, with some disappointed Whigs who joined them, assumed the popular character of patriots, and obstructed the measures of Government.

They represented that the interests of the nation were sacri ficed to a pusillanimous policy; that the treasures of the kingdom were squandered in German subsidies to maintain a foreigner upon the throne, to the exclusion of the lineal heir. But when, upon the resignation of Sir Robert Walpole, the Tories were cal led into office, and the greatest reformation in every department of government was expected, they not only rejected every popular motion, but imitated their predecessors in flattering the predilections of their sovereign for the Continental system. The discon tents occasioned by their unpopular measures, concurred, with the causes already noticed, to encourage the Jacobites to renew their

intrigues with the Pretender at the court of France, for the purpose of attempting another insurrection.

The death of the Emperor Charles the Sixth, in 1740, gave rise to a general war in Europe. In order to furnish employment to the British Government at home, the French ministry concerted a plan of invasion in favour of the Pretender. In the beginning

of the year 1744, transports were collected at Dunkirk, for an army of fifteen thousand men, to be under the command of Marshal Saxe; who, with Prince Charles Edward, the Pretender's son, arrived at that place in February: But while the embarkation of the troops was going on, a storm arose which wrecked a number of the transports. Had this expedition reached the shores of Britain, the whole of the disaffected Highlanders-who were able to bring to the field twelve thousand men-were prepared to rise. The chiefs were then all united; which, for various reasons, they were not when the rebellion actually took place.

Impatient at the delays of the court of France, in seconding his views, the young Pretender proposed to repair to Scotland, even without assistance from France; contrary to the wishes of his Jacobite friends. The disasters of the British at Fontenoy determined him to make an attempt on a country in which he knew he had many friends, and no formidable enemies but the regular troops; of which there were few in the island.

THE REBELLION IN 1745.

THE HE young Pretender embarked at Belleisle, in July, on board a small vessel of sixteen guns, escorted by the Elizabeth, a ship of sixty guns. Both these vessels were equipped by some of the Prince's friends; who were, however, subsequently indemnified by the court of France. For the conquest of the British empire, the Pretender had provided nine hundred stand of arms, about four thousand pounds Sterling, with seven attendants, who possessed little knowledge of military affairs. The expedition was destined for the West Highlands of Scotland. During the voyage, the Elizabeth was attacked by an English ship of war, nearly of the same force. An obstinate engagement ensued; and both ships were so greatly disabled, that they were obliged to consult their safety by endeavouring to gain some port without delay.