AND

POETRY

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STUDIES ON THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE; THE POETRY OF THE BIBLE;
THE DIES IRÆ; THE STABAT MATER; THE HYMNS OF ST. BERNARD;
THE UNIVERSITY, ANCIENT AND MODERN;

DANTE ALIGHIERI; THE DIVINA COMMEDIA

BY

PHILIP SCHAFF D.D. LL.D

PROFESSOR OF CHURCH HISTORY IN THE UNION THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY,
NEW YORK

NEW YORK

CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS

COPYRIGHT, 1890, BY

CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS.

WM. F. FELL & CO.,
PRINTERS,
PHILADELPHIA.

DEDICATED

ΤΟ

MY FAMILY

CONTENTS.

I. THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE: HETEROGENEOUS IN FORMATION, HOMO-

GENEOUS IN CHARACTER, UNIVERSAL IN DESTINATION FOR

THE SPREAD OF CIVILIZATION,

Language and Reason, 1.-Origin of Language, 2.-Diversity of

Language, 3-4.-The English Language-Grimm's Judgment,

5.-The Composite Character of the English Race and Language,

6.-The Proportion of Saxon, Latin, and other Elements in Eng-

lish, 7-8.-The Anglo-Saxon Stock, 9-14.-The Saxon Element

in the English Bible, 14.-Illustrations from Shakespeare, 15.-

The Latin Element, 16.-Original Latinisms, 16-19.-French

Latinisms, 19-21.-The Gradual Mingling of the Saxon and Nor-

man, 21-23.-The Relation of the Norman and Saxon Elements,

23-25.—Illustrations from Milton, 26.—Illustrations from Daniel

Webster, 26-29.-The Other Elements of the English Language,

29.-The Celtic Element, 29.-The Danish, or Norse Element,

30.-Hebrew Words, 31.-Greek Words, 31.-Dutch Words,

32.-Italian Words, 33.-Spanish Words, 33. Arabic Words,

33.-Persian Words, 33.-Turkish Words, 34.-Slavonic Words,

34.-Indian Words and Names, 34.-Americanisms, 34.-Hybrid

Words, 35.-The Organic Union of these Elements, 36.-Results

of this Mixture. Spelling, 37.-New Middle Sounds, 38.-Musical

English-Illustrations from Byron, Tennyson, and Poe, 37-38.—

Simplicity of the Grammar, 40-41.-Brevity, 42-45.-Monosylla-

bic Character, 45.-Illustrations from Shakespeare, Wordsworth,

Byron, Tennyson, 46-50.-Large Number of Synonyms, 51-54.-

Perfectibility, 54-55.-Cosmopolitan Destination, 55.-Spread of

the English Language, 56-59.-Providential Design, 59-60.-The

English Language and the Bible, 60-62.-Conclusion, 62.

Origin of Poetry and Music, 64.-Poetry and Inspiration, 65.-

Poetry and Religion, 65.-The Poetry of the Bible, 66.-The

Spirit of Bible Poetry, 70.-Poetic Merit, 74.-Tributes of Poets

and Scholars to Hebrew Poetry, 77. Classification of Bible Po-

etry, 79.-Lyric Poetry, 80.-The Song of Lamech, 82.-The Song

of Moses, 83.-Lyrics in the Later Historical Books, 86.-David's

Lament of Jonathan, 88.-The Psalter, 91.-The Lamentations,

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