$502. The secretary of the treasury prepares and lays before congress, at the commencement of every session, a report of the finances, containing a statement of the public revenue and expenditure during the past year, the value of the imports and exports for the same period, and estimates of the revenue and expenditures for succeeding years, and plans for improving the revenues. He also makes, annually, a statement of appropriations of money, and of sums remaining in the treasury. He superintends the collection of the revenue, and provides for building and keeping in repair the light houses, beacons, buoys, and public piers; and performs such other duties as appertain to his office. His salary is $6,000 a year.

§ 503. The business of the comptrollers and auditors relates chiefly to examining and settling the public accounts, and to the recovery of debts due to the United States. The treasurer receives and keeps the money of the United States, and pays out the same on warrants drawn by the secretary of the treasury; and on the third day of every session, lays before congress copies of all accounts settled with the comptroller, and a true account of the state of the treasury. The register annually prepares statistical accounts of the commerce of the United States with foreign countries for the preceding year, to be laid by the secretary of the treasury before congress at every session. Such accounts state the goods imported and exported, and the navigation employed in the foreign trade. The commissioner of the land office superintends and performs such acts as relate to lands patented or granted by the United States. No person holding an office in this branch of the department, is allowed to have any interest in the purchase of any public land; nor may he take any fee or emolument for negotiating or transacting the business of the office, other than his salary. The salary of the first comptroller is $3,500; the salaries of the other comptroller, auditors, treasurer and register, each $3,000; of the chief clerk of each, $1,700; of the commissioner of

was the treasury department established? (See § 168.) When reorganized? What are its officers? § 502. What are the duties of the secretary? His salary? 503. What are the duties of the comptrollers and auditors? The treasurer? The register? The commis. sioner of the land office? What are their respective salaries? § 504.

the land office, $3,000; of the inferior officers of the same, from $1,500 to $2,000 each.

§ 504. The laws regulating the treasury department, prescribe the manner of keeping, settling, and collecting the public accounts. In cases of insolvency, debts due the United States on revenue bonds, must be first satisfied. The United States cannot be sued. A creditor who is re fused payment must apply to congress.

§ 505. The secretary of the war department performs such duties as relate to military commissions, or to the land forces, and warlike stores of the United States; and to such other matters respecting military or Indian affairs, as shall be assigned to his department. He is required to make an annual statement to congress of the expenditure and application of moneys drawn from the treasury for his department, and to make such suggestions to congress relative to the condition of his department as he shall think proper. His salary is $6,000 a year. The chief clerk receives $2,000. The heads of the several sub-departments receive, some $2,500, others $3,000; and their chief clerks from $1,150 to $1,700 each.

§ 506. In this department is transacted the business relating to military pensions. A pension is a yearly allow. ance to a person by the government, in consideration of past services. Laws have existed from the first organization of the government, granting pensions to persons disabled in the war of the revolution, in such manner as to render them unable to procure a subsistence by manual labor. After the close of the late war, persons were added to the pension list, who had been disabled by wounds while in the service during the late war. Pensions were also allowed, by the act of 1818, to all the soldiers of the revolution who had served nine months or longer in such war, and who were in necessitous circumstances. By the act of 1832, the pension list was so extended as to include all who had served in the army and navy, during the war of the revolu. tion, for at least six months.

What provision respecting creditors and insolvent debtors? § 505. What are the duties of the secretary of war? His salary? Salaries of the subordinate officers? § 506. What is a pension? What has

§ 507. The secretary of the department of the navy, executes the orders of the president, relating to the procure ment of naval stores and materials, and the armament, equipment, and employment of vessels of war, and all other matters pertaining to the naval establishment. Three of ficers are appointed by the president and senate, who constitute a board of commissioners for the navy, and who discharge the ministerial duties of the office of the secretary, and furnish all estimates of expenditures which the several branches of the service may require. The secretary of the navy receives for his salary $6,000; chief clerk, $2,000; three commissioners, each $3,500; a secretary, $2,000; and a chief clerk, $1,600.

508. The act of 1789 provides for the appointment of a meet person, learned in the law, to act as attorney general of the United States, who shall be sworn to execute faithfully the duties of his office. His duty is to prosecute and conduct all suits in the supreme court, in which the United States shall be concerned, and give his advice upon questions of law, when required by the president, or when requested by the heads of any of the departments. His salary is $4,000 a year.

Ministers at foreign courts, and consuls, are also considered executive officers. Their duties have been described. (§ 483-485.)

CHAPTER XXV.

Judicial Department.—Organization and Powers of the several Courts.

§ 509. "THE judicial power of the United States shall be "vested in one supreme court, and in such inferior courts, "as the congress may, from time to time, ordain and estab

been provided by the pension laws? § 507. What are the duties of the secretary of the navy? Of the other officers? § 508. What are the duties of the attorney general? His salary?

§ 509. In what courts is the judicial power vested? How is the

"lish. The judges of both the supreme and inferior courts, "shall hold their offices during good behavior; and shall, "at stated times, receive for their services a compensation, "which shall not be diminished during their continuance in "office."-Art. 3, sec. 1.

510. The necessity of a judicial department, and the general principles and organization of the judiciary system, have been noticed. (§ 93-106.) Under the confederation, this department was wanting in the general government. If it be necessary that there should be a judicial power, separate from the legislative and executive powers, it is equally necessary that the former should be co-extensive with the latter. If there be a national legislature and a national executive, there ought also to be a national judicial tribunal to judge of and interpret the laws made and executed. It would not, perhaps, be less improper to commit the power of making and executing laws for the union to the legislatures and executives of the several states, than to give the state courts jurisdiction in cases arising under the laws of the United States. What would be decided to be a violation of law or the constitution by a court of one state, might receive an adverse decision by that of another state. Hence the necessity of a national judiciary, to ensure a uniform interpretation of the laws and constitution.

§ 511. The institution of inferior courts is left to the discretion of congress. Their establishment, however, was contemplated; being designed to preclude the necessity and inconvenience of having recourse to the supreme court in every case of national jurisdiction.

§ 512. "The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in "law and equity, arising under this constitution, the laws "of the United States, and treaties made, or which shall be "made, under their authority; to all cases affecting ambas"sadors, other public ministers, and consuls; to all cases

of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; to controversies "to which the United States shall be a party; to contro" versies between two or more states; between a state and

compensation of the judges regulated? § 510. Why is a national judiciary necessary? § 511. What is the use of inferior courts? 512. To what cases does the judicial power extend? § 513. Why

" citizens of another state; between citizens of different 66 states; between citizens of the same state claiming lands * under grants of different states; and between a state or 66 a citizen thereof, and foreign states, citizens, or subjects."Art. 3, sec. 2, cl. 1.

§ 513. The cases here enumerated, are either those which are exclusively national in their character, or those in which a state or its citizens are at issue with another state or its citizens. It would therefore be highly improper to give to the state courts cognizance of such cases.

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§ 514. "In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public "ministers, and consuls, and those in which a state shall be a party, the supreme court shall have original jurisdiction. "In all the other cases before mentioned, the supreme court "shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, "with such exceptions, and under such regulations, as the congress shall make."-Art. 3, sec. 2, cl. 2.

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§ 515. By original jurisdiction is meant, that a suit may originate, or commence, in this court. The grant of original jurisdiction to this court does not imply, however, that it has exclusive jurisdiction. If a case has been tried in an infe rior court, and a party be not satisfied with the decision of the court, such party may appeal to the supreme court for trial and adjudication. In such trial, this court is said to have appellate jurisdiction. It has original jurisdiction in no other cases than those mentioned in the constitution. Its principal business is to re-judge cases that are brought from the circuit courts.

§ 516. When the constitution or laws of the United States come in question, in the highest court in a state, and are there judged of, a writ of error may be brought, whereby a case is transferred to the supreme court; and the decision of the state court may be approved or reversed. By writ of error, nothing is removed for re-examination but the law in the case; by appeal, the whole cause is entirely removed, and all the facts are submitted for a rehearing. Thus, all laws of the union may be finally judged of by one tribunal, and receive a uniform interpretation.

should not state courts try such cases? § 515. What is original jurisdiction? Appellate jurisdiction? § 516. What is the difference