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ARKWRIGHT, SIR RICHARD. spun of sufficient firmness and evenness for use as the warp, or longitudinal threads of a web, and therefore all the cotton cloths of English manufacture were formed of a mixture of linen and cotton; the former material being used for the warp, and the latter for the weft, or transverse threads only. Such cloths, which, being made in imitation of East Indian fabrics brought from Calicut, were called calicoes, were woven by cottagers, who received from the master manufacturers the necessary quantities of linen yarn and of raw cotton, or cotton-wool, to be carded and spun into weft by the female members of the weaver's family by the tedious process of the spinning-wheel, which produced only one thread at a time. As the manufacture increased the carders and spinners became unable to keep pace with the weavers, who were sometimes compelled, in order to keep their looms at work, to pay more for their weft than their employers would allow them. Guest states that 'it was no uncommon thing for a weaver to walk three or four miles in a morning, and to call on five or six spinners, before he could collect weft to serve him for the remainder of the day.'

two, three, or more times its original length, its thickness being reduced in like proportion. As this action is effected by the sliding of the fibres upon one another, the distance between the two pairs of rollers must be so adjusted, in relation to the average length of the fibres, that the two pairs may never have hold of one fibre at the same time. Such is the beautifully simple principle upon which, with the aid of twisting, the thick soft sliver or carding is converted into a fine, hard, and compact yarn or thread. This machine was patented by Arkwright under the designation of clockmaker,' a circumstance which has been pleaded to his disadvantage, as if he intended thereby to mislead; but it quite as probable that he merely thought to avoid the ridicule and incredulity which might have met the announcement of a piece of complicated mechanism as the invention of a barber; and it is curious that Kay mentions having been previously employed by Arkwright for thirteen weeks in making a clock. which indicates that he may have actually devoted his attention to horological mechanism sufficiently to induce him to lay claim, under such circum stances, to the title of clockmaker.

Conflicting statements, which cannot be fully entered into here, render it difficult to trace the Arkwright's spinning-machine was, in the first history of the machinery by which Arkwright instance, worked by horse power; but in 1771 provided a remedy for this inconvenient state of the partners built a spinning-mill for working by things. It is, however, certain that in 1767 he water-power at Cromford, in Derbyshire, from employed a clockmaker named Kay, then residing which establishment, the nursing-place,' as it has at Warrington, to make a model, which was been styled, of the factory opulence and power speedily followed by a working machine. This of Great Britain,' the machine took the name of machine was first set up at Preston; but, fearing the water-frame, and the yarn produced by it that to encounter such riotous opposition as had been of water-twist. It was in the arrangement of this called forth shortly before by the introduction of establishment, the first of its kind, that ArkHargreaves' spinning-jenny, Arkwright removed wright manifested that extraordinary talent for it to Nottingham, where he obtained pecuniary mechanical contrivance and adjustment, and for assistance from the Messrs. Wright, bankers, and the no less difficult task of training human agents shortly entered into partnership with Messrs. to take their places as part and parcel of a vast Need and Strutt, eminent stocking-manufacturers and complicated automatic apparatus, which of that town. By this important connection the earned for him the title of father of the factory mechanical skill of Mr. Jedediah Strutt, who system. invented the contrivance by which Lee's stocking- Notwithstanding the superior quality of the frame was adapted to the production of ribbed water-twist over other yarns, a superiority which stockings, was brought to bear upon certain de- rendered it available for use as warp, the prejuficiencies of the machine with great advantage. diced manufacturers formed a combination to opIn 1769 a patent was obtained for the machine, pose its use, and thus compelled Arkwright and the most important feature of which was the use his partners to commence the manufacture of it of two pairs of rollers, technically called drawing themselves, first into stockings and afterwards rollers, the first pair revolving slowly in contact into calicoes similar in quality to those now used. with each other, and the second pair revolving in This last-mentioned manufacture was commenced like manner, but with greater velocity. The at Derby in 1773, but was for a time impeded lower roller of each pair was fluted longitudinally, owing to the discovery that such fabrics, of cotton and the upper one covered with leather, and the only, were chargeable with an excise duty of two were pressed together with a gentle pressure 6d. per yard, as being similar to those imported by means of weighted levers, in order that they from India, while the common English mixed might take sufficient hold of the soft cotton passed fabrics were charged only 3d.; and also that by between them. The fibres of the cotton-wool were an act passed in 1720 for the protection of woollen first laid smooth and straight, by carding or and silk manufactures, no such fabrics of cotto combing, so as to produce a soft loose ribbon or might be printed, painted, stained, or dyed,' alcord called a sliver, the end of which was intro- though by a subsequent act, passed in 1736, an duced between the first pair of rollers. In pass- exception was made in favour of such as had the ing between them it received no further change warp of linen-yarn. After great difficulty and than a slight compression, but as from them it expense, occasioned by the opposition of other was conducted to the second pair of rollers, mov- manufacturers, Arkwright and his partners obing with twice, thrice, or more times the velocity tained the repeal of these provisions in 1774, by of the first pair, it vas extended or drawn out to an act which recognised the new manufacture, and

6

placed it on the same footing as that of mixed calicoes.

pirated and made known to Arkwright the invention of a former employer. Still more recently The invention of the machine for spinning by the details of an invention unquestionably of prior rollers was followed up by various improvements date have been brought forward to invalidate in the mechanism for carding and for other pro- Arkwright's claim; but a limited acquaintance cesses in the cotton manufacture, for which Ark- with the history of inventions, and a calm investiwright obtained a second patent in 1775. As, gation of Arkwright's own proceedings, will, we however, the cheapness and beauty of the new conceive, fully clear his reputation from the impu cotton fabrics had by this time led to an extensive tation of unfairly appropriating the ideas of anodemand, the hostile manufacturers altered their ther. It is indeed indisputable that a machine tactics, and instead of endeavouring to put down for spinning by rollers was patented as early as Arkwright's inventions, they soon began to dis- 1738, by John Wyatt, of Birmingham, in the pute his claim to them, and to appropriate them name of a foreigner, Lewis Paul, with whom he in defiance of his patent rights. The use of his had entered into partnership, and that such a new mechanism was extended in the course of a machine was worked, successively, at Birmingham few years, by licences granted by the patentees, to and at Northampton; but it is also clear that a very great extent, and this circumstance ren- after experimenting for twenty or thirty years the dered piracy more easy. In 1782 Arkwright possessors of this mechanism were unable to turn computed that the new manufacture already em- it to practical account; and, were no other eviployed upwards of 5000 persons, and a capital of dence required to clear Arkwright from the charge 200,000. In some cases the new machinery was of dishonesty, we have that afforded by his own destroyed by mobs, connived at, if not encouraged, allusion to this invention in his 'Case' in 1782, by the higher and middle classes; while in others at a time when the actual production of Paul's the unauthorized use of it without payment to the patentees was carried to such a length, that in 1781 Arkwright was compelled to bring actions against nine different parties to test the validity of his second patent. He lost the first of these, on the ground of the alleged insufficiency of his specification, and in consequence of this decision he abandoned the remainder; but on this occasion he published a detailed statement under the title of The Case of Mr. Richard Arkwright and Co., in relation to Mr. Arkwright's invention of an engine for spinning cotton, &c., into yarn,' with a view to obtaining relief by an act of parliament, which attempt, however, he abandoned. In 1785, having collected fresh evidence, he commenced a new trial to establish the patent of 1775, and succeeded in obtaining a favourable verdict; but by that time the number of persons interested in the overthrowing of his claim was so greatly increased that most vigorous preparations were made to annul the patent, and, an association of the Lancashire cotton-spinners having been formed, and scientific men engaged to find technical flaws in the patent, an action was brought in the same year for cancelling it by a writ of scire facias, nominally at the suit of the crown. The manufacturers, who, according to statements made on the trial, had expended nearly 300,000l. on the faith of the previous decision in their favour, were again successful; and an application made by Arkwright in the following term for a new trial was refused by the court.

patent, the details of which have since been made public, would have been all that his opponents could desire in order to vitiate his own. It is utterly inconceivable that he could thus have referred to this invention had he really known what was contained in Paul's two patents of 1738 and 1758; and we need no better evidence of the oblivion in which Wyatt's invention was involved than the fact of its not having been brought forward by his opponents, even after he had thus directed attention to it. Of the claim to be considered the first inventor of spinning by rollers Arkwright is undoubtedly deprived by this prior scheme; but it can hardly, we conceive, be taken to deprive him of merit as an inventor; while, taking the least favourable view of his case, it would lead us to regard him as a man of extraordinary energy and perseverance, able to take up, to perfect, and to carry into successful operation, an idea which, in less able hande though under more favourable circumstances, had utterly failed.

Prosperity continued to attend the establishments of Arkwright and his partners notwithstanding the adverse decisions of the courts. His partnership with Mr. Strutt terminated in 1783, after which time he retained the works at Cromford, which were subsequently carried on by his son, while Mr. Strutt continued the works at Belper, which were founded about 1776. How greatly the cotton manufacture extended under the stimulating effect of his improvements may be conceived from the fact that the imports of cottonwool, which averaged less than 5,000,000 lbs. per annum in the five years from 1771 to 1775, rose to an average of 25,443,270 lbs. per annum

It was chiefly on this last trial that evidence was adduced with the intention of stripping Arkwright of all merit as an inventor, and representing him as a grasping and ungenerous plagiarist of other men's ideas. The evidence, however, upon in the five years ending with 1790. which it has been attempted to condemn him, Little is recorded concerning Arkwright's priabounds in inconsistencies and suspicious circum-vate or personal history. In early life he mar stances. The principal witness against him, his former assistant, Kay, was evidently a man of no character, who had parted from him under circumstances involving a charge of felony, and who, if his own testimony were true, must have himself

ried Patience Holt, of Bolton, who, in December, 1755, became the mother of his only son, Richard. After her death he married again, either in 1760 or 1761, his second wife being Margaret Biggins, of Pennington, in the parish of Leigh, and from

don was one of the Pretender's sisters, and one of the celebrated Duke of Marlborough. (Descamps, La Vie des Peintres Flamand, &c.; Walpole, Anecdotes of Painting in England.)

this wife, who is the only one mentioned by most biographers, he separated, but when or under what circumstances is not very certain. It appears to have been in consequence of some disagreement arising from his adventurous scheming ARLES (Arelate, Cæsar; Agiλàras, Strabo; disposition; but very little reliance can be placed by the poets Arelas), the chief town of an arronupon the gossip circulated respecting this and dissement in France, in the department of Bouches other points of his history. Arkwright was a du Rhône, 56 miles N.W. of Marseilles, and 481 very early riser; devoted himself most assiduously miles S. by E. from Paris, by the railway to to business; was a severe economist of time; was Marseilles, in 43° 40′ N. lat., 4° 37′ E. long. exceedingly sanguine in his disposition; and en- The population in 1872 was 24,695. The town tertained an unbounded confidence in the wealth- is on the left bank of the Rhône, just at the producing powers of machinery and manufactures. point where the river, dividing into two channels, To his credit it is recorded that when upwards of incloses the marshy island of Camargue. The fifty years of age he made strenuous efforts to town is generally well built, with regular streets retrieve the deficiencies of his early education; and fine quays. A bridge unites it with the suburb redeeming time from the hours usually devoted to of Trinquetaille, on the opposite bank of the Rhône. sleep in order to apply one hour a day to gram- There is a large cathedral, the church of Notremar, and another to writing and orthography. In Dame, and the church of St. Honorat. The most 1786, on occasion of presenting an address to striking of its edifices is the town-hall, which was George III. after the attempt on his life by Mar- built in 1673, after the design of the architect garet Nicholson, he received the honour of knight-Mansard. There are a chamber of commerce, a hood; and in the following year he served as school of navigation, a college, a cabinet of natural high-sheriff of Derbyshire. He long suffered from history, a museum of antiquities, and a public asthma, and died, owing to a complication of dis-library, which contains 12,000 volumes, in the orders, on the 3rd of August, 1792, in his sixtieth town. year, leaving property amounting to little short of half a million. By his second wife he had one daughter, who married Charles Hurt, Esq., and inherited part of his property. He left directions to his son, the late Richard Arkwright, Esq., for the completion of a church which he was erecting at Cromford, and also of Willersey Castle, which he was building as a family mansion. That gentleman inherited his father's sagacity and aptitude for business, and became, it has been asserted, the wealthiest commoner in England. He died on the 23rd of April, 1843, in his eighty-eighth year, leaving a large family; and his property was sworn, on the proving of his will, to exceed 1,000,000, that being, however, merely a nominal sum, taken because the scale of stamp duties then went no higher. In fact, it was generally understood that his heir came into possession of at least 8,000,000%.

Further information respecting the controverted points in the history of Arkwright and his inventions may be found in the works of Baines, Guest, and Dr. Ure on the history of the Cotton Manufacture, and in a copious memoir in the ⚫ Imperial Dictionary of Universal Biography,' and the various authorities there referred to.

ARLAUD, JACQUES ANTOINE, a very distinguished miniature painter, born at Geneva in 1668. He acquired a great reputation at Paris and London. He came to England in 1721, with letters of introduction to the Prince of Wales, afterwards George II., and returned in 1729 to his own country with a fortune of 200,000 francs: he died at Geneva in 1743, and bequeathed many books, works of art, medals, and various curiosities to the library of that place. Part of his bequest were some pieces of a drawing of a Leda, which he made in Paris, said to have been copied from a basso-rilievo by Michel Angelo. Among the miniatures which he painted in Lon

The environs of Arles are extremely pretty, and contain many beautiful promenades. The vast remains of the abbey of Mont-Majeur, and near it the beautiful chapel of St. Cross, founded in 1019, are about 2 miles N. of Arles. The surrounding marshes, which formerly rendered the town unhealthy, have recently been thoroughly drained.

The situation of Arles on the banks of the Rhône gives it considerable advantages for trade. There is also a navigable canal, which runs through the marshy district on the left bank of the eastern or main channel of the Rhône, from Arles to the Etang de Berre, which it enters near Istres. The corn, wine, fruits, manna, cattle, soda, salt, wool, and oil, of the surrounding country, find sale at Arles; railway waggons are built in large numbers, and there are manufactures of glass bottles, soap, silk, tobacco, and brandy. The sausages of Arles are also famous. Arles has a very active coasting trade; merchant steamboats ply regularly to Marseilles, and passenger steamers go up the river to Avignon, Lyons, and Seyssel.

The claims of Arles to notice rest mainly upon its former greatness and its numerous existing antiquities. It is first mentioned by Cæsar (* Bell Civ.' i. 36, ii. 5), who built here twelve ships of war, previous to the siege of Massilia (Marseilles). Strabo and Pomponius Mela describe it as a place of great trade and prosperity. The city suffered from the Allemanni during the decline of the Roman empire, but in the early part of the fourth century it rose to distinction under Constantine the Great, who gave it the name of Constantina, which it continued to bear in the time of Honorius, when it became the seat of the prætorian prefect of Gallia. Arles was the residence of a king of the Visigoths, and of a prefect under Theodoric, king of the Ostrogoths. Under the Merovingian kings, who became masters of Arles after the Ostrogoths, the city declined. In the twelfth

century, Arles passed under the dominion of the N.W. of the town of Luxembourg. It has some emperors of Germany; and became in 1212 a re- iron works and furnaces, a considerable corn trade, public, governed by a chief entitled Podestat, who and linen and woollen manufactures. The most was elected by the people. Under this constitution it flourished greatly, but its independence was overthrown, in the middle of the same century, by Charles I., count of Anjou, who was recognized as Lord of Arles, in feudal subjection to the Emperor of Germany. About a century afterwards the city, with its territory, came finally under the kings of France.

The antiquities of Arles are numerous: the most important are—the obelisk, the amphitheatre, the theatres, and the ancient cemetery, called Eliscamps, from the ancient name Elysii Campi, Elvsian fields.'

remarkable building in the town is the former Capuchin convent, which is now converted into a school. Arlon was formerly fortified; it was taken and re-taken by the French and the Spaniards in the wars of Louis XIV.

ARMA'DA, a term, derived from the Latin word armata, 'armed,' consequently from the same root as the French armée and our army, is used in Spain to denote exclusively a naval armed force, or fleet of war. Flota is used in the same language for a fleet of merchantmen. Armado, which occurs in Shakspeare's King John,' act iii. sc. 4, Sandys's Travels,' p. 51, &c. is a corrupted The obelisk stands in the middle of the Place term. So Fairfax, in the translation of Tasso,' Royale. It is antique, but not Egyptian, as has been stated: it is a monolith of granite from the quarries of Esterel, near Frejus. It was discovered in 1389 buried in the mud of the Rhône, but it was only in 1675 that it was erected on a pedestal in its present site. It is 53 feet 4 inches high. The top of the obelisk is surmounted by a globe adorned with fleurs-de-lis.

i. 79,

'Spread was the huge armado wide and broad.' Ben Jonson, however, writes it correctly, Armada. Nares, in his Glossary,' thinks that this word was not known in England before the Spanish projected invasion in 1588; and it is now rarely used but in speaking of that particular fleet.

ARMADA, SPANISH. In the beginning of The amphitheatre consists of a vast space inclosed May, 1588, the preparations of Philip II. for the by a continuous oval building, two stories high, each invasion of England, which had so long kept Euof which is pierced by 60 arches; the lower story rope in amazement and suspense, were brought to is supported on Doric pilasters, the upper on Corin-a conclusion; and the Spaniards, in the confidence thian columns. The length of the greater axis to of success, previous to its sailing, gave their fleet the outer edges of the surrounding wall is 459 feet the name of the Invincible Armada. It consisted from N. to S., of the shorter axis, 338 feet from at this time of 130 vessels: 65 of these were E. to W.; the rows of seats were 44 in number, galleons and larger ships; 25 were pink-built and afforded room for 24,000 spectators. The ships; 19 tenders; 13 small frigates; 4 were longer and shorter axes of the arena are respect-galeasses; and 4 galleys. The soldiers on board ively 246 and 124 feet in length. In the eighth amounted to 19,295, the mariners to 8050; century the amphitheatre was made a fortress, of these, 3330 soldiers and 1293 mariners had towers having been built over the four gates; two been supplied by Portugal: besides which, the of these towers still remain. In later times the rowers in the galeasses amounted to 1200, and in whole of the interior was covered with a mass of hovels, which contained a population of about 2000, but they have all been cleared away for many years.

the galleys to 888. There were also on board 2431 pieces of artillery, and 4575 quintals of powder: 347 of the pieces of artillery had likewise been supplied by Portugal. Two thousand volunteers of the most distinguished families in Spain, exclusive of the sailors and soldiers already mentioned, are stated to have accompanied the expedition.

Of the Roman theatre which has been still more recently disinterred, there remain two isolated columns of breccia, which formed part of the scena, and the cavea (pit), still containing some of the seats. A part of the exterior has been long known Philip's preparations, in the Netherlands, of a as the Tour Roland;' this is three stories high, further force, were not less advanced than those of and gives a good idea of the edifice of which it Spain. Besides a well-appointed army of 30,000 formed part. The cemetery of Eliscamps is on foot and 4000 horse, which the Duke of Parma a hill E. of the city. It still contains several had assembled in the neighbourhood of Nieuport ancient tombs, those of Pagans being distinguished and Dunkirk, that active general had provided a by the letters D M (Diis Manibus), and those of number of flat-bottomed vessels, fit for transportChristians by a cross. An archbishop of Arles con- ing both horse and foot, and had brought sailors secrated St. Augustine, who became the apostle of to navigate them from the towns in the Baltic. Christianity to the Anglo-Saxons.

The people of Arles are considered to have retained more of the manners of ancient times than most other people. The women are still noted for their beauty, which is well set off by a picturesque costume. (Géographie de la France.

The details of the regular force which the English assembled to oppose the Armada, both by sea and land, are minutely given in a manuscript now in the British Museum (MS. Reg.' 18 C. xxi.), formerly belonging to the Royal Library. At the time when Queen Elizabeth began her ARLON (the Roman Orolaunum), the capi- preparations, her fleet did not amount to more tal of Belgian Luxembourg, is situated in 49° than 30 ships, none of them near equal in size 42' N. lat., 5° 47' E. long. The population is to those of the enemy. Ultimately, however, the above 5000. It stands on a hill, near the sources different descriptions of vessels, large and small, of the Semoy, a branch of the Meuse, 14 miles which formed her navy, amounted to 181 ships,

(Camden's History of Elizabeth; Strype's Annals of the Church; Ellis's Original Letters; Watson's History of Philip II.)

ARMADILLO (Dásypus, Linn.), a genus of Edentate Mammalia, constituting the type of the group Loricata (mailed), and the family Dasypodido (thick feet).

manned by 17,472 sailors. The military force | 50, 51, and 54 in the corner of the margin, as consisted of two armies, one for immediately op- though part of a series, but they have been posing the enemy, under the Earl of Leicester; recently proved, by Mr. T. Watts of the British the other for the defence of the queen's person, Museum, to have been forgeries. commanded by Lord Hunsdon. The army appointed for the defence of the queen's person amounted to 45,362, besides the band of pensioners, with 36 pieces of ordnance. Lord Leicester's army amounted to 18,449; the total of both armies to 63,511, besides 2000 foot who were expected from the Low Countries. The forces of the Presidentship of the North remained The armadilloes are exclusively confined to stationary, in case anything should be attempted South America. They are burrowing in their habits. on the side of Scotland; as did also the forces of and in this respect, as also in the possession of the Presidentship of Wales. The fate of the teeth, they differ from the ant-eaters of the same Armada is too well known to need repetition region. [ANT-EATER.] Their food consists partly here. Harassed and beaten in conflict by the of vegetable matters, partly of insects, and partly lighter and better-managed ships of the English, of carrion. the attempted invasion was abandoned, and the discomfited Armada endeavoured to make its way homeward, by a northward passage round the whole of the British islands, still followed by Lord Seymour with a part of the British fleet. After the Spaniards had rounded the Orkneys, a dreadful storm arose, and the whole fleet was dispersed. Horses, mules, and baggage, were thrown overboard to lighten a few of the vessels. Some of the ships were dashed to pieces on the rocks of Norway; some sunk in the middle of the North Sea; others were thrown upon the coasts of Scotland and the Western Isles; and more than 30 were driven by another storm, which overtook them from the west, on different parts of the coast of Ireland. Of these, some afterwards reached home in the most shattered condition, under the Vice-admiral Recaldo; others were shipwrecked among the rocks and shallows; and of those which reached the shore many of the crews were barbarously murdered, from an apprehension, it was pretended, that in a country where there were so many disaffected Catholics it would have been dangerous to show mercy to so great a number of the enemy. The Duke de Medina In all the armadilloes the limbs are short, thick, having kept out in the open seas, escaped ship- and powerful; the body is depressed, broad, and wreck; and, according to the official accounts, stout, and covered above with plates and bands of arrived at Santander in the Bay of Biscay about horny or bony armour; the head is broad between the end of September, with noe more than sixty the eyes, but ends in a pointed muzzle, more or less sayle oute of his whole fleete, and those verye prolonged; the eyes are small; the mouth is small; much shattered.' the teeth (molars) are cylindrical, feeble, destitute Strype, in his Annals,' reckons the Spanish of true roots, set apart from each other, and when loss upon the coast of England to have amounted the jaws are closed mutually fit into the respective to 15 ships and above 10,000 men, besides intervals; the tongue is slender, smooth, and ex17 ships and 5394 men sunk, drowned, tensible, and abundantly lubricated with a glutinous and taken upon the coast of Ireland. The state- saliva: it is an organ both of touch and taste. ments, however, published at the time, apparently The ears vary in size in the different species. upon authority, say, 'In July and August, ships The portions of armour which cover these ani15, men 4791; sunk, &c., upon the coast of Ire-mals consist of a triangular or oval plate on the land, 17 ships, 5394 men making a total of chaffron, its posterior margin projecting over the 32 ships, and 10,185 men. neck; a large buckier over the shoulders, and a

Cuvier divides the armadilloes into five sections, according to the number of the teeth and of the fore-claws. 1, The Cachicames: these have seven teeth (molars), on each side in each jaw; four toes on each foot; the muzzle pointed; and the tail long, and encircled by osseous rings. 2, The Apars, which agree with the former in the number of toes, but have nine or ten teeth on each side in both jaws. 3, The Eucouberts, which have five claws on the fore-feet, the three middle being the longest; the teeth are nine or ten on each side, above and below. 4, The Cabassous, which have five toes, arranged in a peculiar manner; the thumb and the index are slender, the latter the longest; the middle has an enormous trenchant claw; the next a large but shorter claw; the fifth toe is the shortest of all: the feet are thus admirably constructed for burrowing; teeth nine or ten on each side, above and below. 5, The Priodonts. These have the toes still more unequal, and the nails still more enormous than the Cabassous; the teeth are small, and from twenty-two to twenty-four in number on each side, above and below. Cuvier's 'Règne Animal,' i. 227, and seq.)

It has been commonly said that the circulation similar buckler over the haunches, while between of an English newspaper first began in 1588, when these solid portions there intervenes a series of The English Mercurie' was published by au- bands, overlapping each other's edges, and allowing thoritie for the prevention of false reports.' Copies to the body due freedom of motion. Each separate of several of these Mercuries, dated Whitehall, piece of mail consists of a multitude of small parts, July 23rd, July 26th, and Nov. 24th, are pre-all consolidated together, giving the idea of what served among Dr. Birch's historical collections in is termed mosaic work, especially on the head and the British Muscum. They are marked as Nos. shoulders, the pattern differing in the various spe