57 ARGONAUTA. ARGOS. 58 which flow rivulets, generally dry during summer. | Lorraine and Champagne, and extending into each ARGONAUTA. [NAUTILUS.] 60 miles in length, but of very unequal breadth. St. Menehould was the capital of this country, and among the other towns which are situated in it, ARGOS, called also Argi by Latin writers, the are Clermont, Varennes, Beaumont, and Grandpré. chief city of Argolis, is situated on a level plain at the foot of a hill called Larissa, on which was its ARGONAUTS, a term signifying the crew of citadel and a temple of Jupiter, and on the banks the Argo, or members of the Argonautic expedi- of the rivulet I'nachus, now Banitza. Its earliest tion. This is one of the most remarkable of known inhabitants were Pelasgi. In the remains the mythological tales of Greece, but as it is my- of the Acropolis on the hill Larissa, are traces of thological it is useless to attempt to fix its period. walls approaching to the massive Tirynthian style Jason, the son of Eson, king of Iolcos in Thes- [TIRYNS], and others of the later polygonal kind, saly, having been defrauded of his father's kingdom which is characterised by the absence of regular In the mythic age it was by his father's brother Pélias, in hope of recovering horizontal courses, and by the accurate fitting togehis paternal inheritance undertook to bring from ther of the stones. In the historical age, Argos appears under a reColchis the golden fleece of the ram which carried governed by kings, of whom I'nachus was the first. Phrixus thither. Argus, the son of Phrixus, by the help of Athene (Minerva), built the ship Argo, publican form of government, and becomes first of fifty oars, at Págase, and it was manned by the known to us when engaged in war with the Sparmost celebrated heroes of Greece, in number fifty. tans respecting the territory of Thýrea. This war The lists differ, for every state in later times wished was contemporaneous with the capture of Sardes to include its own national hero among them; but by Cyrus. (Herod. i. 82.) Before this epoch, the by general consent the most distinguished warriors, possessions of Argos had extended to Cape Malea, as Heracles (Hercules), the acidæ, the Dioscúri, and included Cythera and other islands. At a later Orpheus, Theseus, &c., were on board the vessel, period, B.C. 493, there was another contest between which was steered by Tiphys, the son of Agnius. Argos and Sparta, in which Argos was unsuccessEmbarking from Iolcos (or, some say, Aphetæ, ful. The Argeians took no part in the Persian 'departure'), they steered first to Lemnos; and war, B.c. 480. In B.C. 468, they were at war with after many adventures they reached the Phasis, the inhabitants of Mycena, who had refused to which flows through the Colchis into the Black Sea. Eétes, king of Colchis, hearing from the strangers the cause of their arrival, promised to give Jason the golden fleece, which was suspended on a tree in the sacred grove of Ares, on condition of his yoking two bulls with brazen feet, which breathed flames, ploughing a piece of land with them, and sowing part of the teeth of the serpent slain by Cadmus, which had the peculiar property of producing a crop of armed men. These difficult tasks he performed by the help of the celebrated sorceress Medea, daughter of Eetes, who fell in love with him, placed the fleece, which etes ultimately refused to surrender, in his possession, and became his partner in flight. How the Argo got back to Greece it is not easy to say; but somehow or other she found her way from Colchis, at the eastern end of the Euxine, to the western extremity of the Mediterranean, and thence to Iolcos, where Jason delivered up the fleece to Pélias; after which he sailed to the Isthmus, and dedicated the Argo to Poseidon, or Neptune. For a full account of the adventures of the Ar- ARGONNE, a forest and hilly district in acknowledge the supremacy of Argos, and had been supported for many years in their independence by the Spartans. Mycenæ fell, and it never again rose from its ruins. (Diodorus, xi. 65.) [MYCENE.] Though Argos remained neutral during the earlier part of the Peloponnesian war, she was in feeling always opposed to the Spartans, and she at last took an active part with the Athenians. The defeat, however, of the Argeians at Mantinea, B.C. 418, dissolved the confederacy, of which she was the head, and Argos was compelled to accept an aristocratical constitution. (Thucydides, v. 65-81.) the Thebans at the battle of Mantinea, B.C. 362. The She subsequently shook off the yoke, and assisted Argos joined the Achæan league, and formed a part of this confederacy till its final dissolution. great deity of Argos was Hera (Juno), and it seems probable that a catalogue of the priestesses had been preserved, which may have served as the basis of the work ascribed to Hellanicus on the Thucydides, ii. 2.) succession of the priestesses. (Herodotus, i. 31; Argos is still known by its ancient name. Part of the plain around is cultivated, and where the moisture is sufficient, cotton and vines are grown: in the marshy parts towards the sea, some rice. The plain of Argos does not abound in water, for which Pausanias assigns a mythological reason (ii. 15; but compare Strabo, p. 371). A ruined caspies the summit of Larissa, still preserves some tle, of lower Greek construction, which now occuremains. For an account of the remains of Argos see Leake's Travels in the Morea, London, 1830; on the right as you enter. From Linnhe Loch the coast runs in a direction about S. by W. for a distance of between 80 and 90 miles (broken successively by the Lochs Feochan, Melfort, Craignish, Crinan, Swin, Killisport, and West Tarbet), to the Moyle or Mull of Cantire. From this headland, the coast, after running eastward a short distance, returns N. by E. for about 35 ARGOSIE, a ship of great burthen, whether for merchandise or war. In Rycaut's Maxims of Turkish Polity,' chap. xiv. it is said, "Those miles to Skipnish Point, forming the long narrow vast carracks called Argosies, which are so famed for the vastness of their burthen and bulk, were corruptly so denominated from Ragosies,' . e. ships of Ragusa, a city and territory on the Gulf of Venice, then tributary to the Porte. We have no proof, however, that the Ragusan vessels were particularly large; and it seems more likely that the Argosie derived its name from the classical ship Argo. ARGO'STOLI. [CEPHALONIA] peninsula of Cantire. From Skipnish, Loch Fine runs inland first N. by W., then N.E., and has a subordinate inlet; Loch Gilp, Lochs Riden and Straven also run N. by W., or N.; and the Firth of Clyde, with its terminating lochs, Long and Goyle, completes the circuit of the Argyleshire coast, the extent of which is estimated at more than 600 miles. The greatest length of the county is about 115 miles, and the greatest breadth about 66. The area is about 3200 square miles, or rather more than two million acres, of which one-sixteenth only is under cultivation. ARGUIN, one of a cluster of small islands in the Bay of Arguin, about 50 miles S.E. of Cape Blanco, on the western coast of Africa, in 20° 24 N. lat., 16° 14′ W. long. It is only about The islands belonging to Argyleshire are the 2 miles long, but a fort having been erected upon following:-Canna, Rum, Muck, Coll, Tirree, or it by the Portuguese in 1461 for the protection Tyree, Mull, Lismore, Lorn, Kerrera, Seil, Easof commerce, then consisting of gold and negroes, dale, Luing, Shuna, Lunga, Scarba, Jura, Cobut afterwards of gum arabic and feathers, it belonsa, Oronsa, Islay, Gigha, Sanda, Gometray, came successively an object of contention and Ulva, Staffa, Iona, &c. Mull, Jura, and Islay, bloodshed to the Portuguese, Dutch, French, and are each nearly 30 miles in length; but all the English. Arguin has been supposed by Major other islands are very small. Rennell to be the Cerne of Hanno. An extensive and dangerous shoal, called the Arguin Bank, stretches 30 leagues along the land in a S.S.E. direction, from off Cape Blanco to Cape Mirik, and the island has, in consequence, been abandoned for more than half a century. ARGUMENT, in astronomical tables, is the angle on which the tabulated quantity depends, and with which, therefore, in technical language, the table must be entered. If, for example, a table of the sun's declination were formed, corresponding to every degree, &c. of longitude, so that, the longitude being known, the declination might be found opposite to it in the table, then the longitude would be made the argument of the declination. The entire population of the county in 1871 was 75,635, which was a decrease of 4089 as compared with 1861. In 1831 the population was 100,973. Argyle is mountainous, and presents an appearance more pleasing to the lover of the picturesque than to the agriculturist. The barrenness of the soil and the want of cultivation are shown by the scanty population, which amounts only to about 32 for every square mile of land in the shire, or 1 for every 3 acres under cultivation. The northern and eastern parts, where it borders on the Grampians, are the most rugged : along the coast the ground is in general lower and more level, yet particular mountains near the sea rise to a great height, and are indeed among the loftiest in the shire. The following are the mountains above 2000 feet in height : Cruachan Ben, between Loch Etive and Benmore, in the Isle of Mull the termination of Lake Etive ARGYLE, a shire in the W. of Scotland, comprehending an extensive district on the mainland, and several of the Hebrides, or Western Isles. It is bounded N. by Inverness-shire. E. by Perth, Dumbarton, and Renfrew shires; from the last two it is separated by Loch Long and the Firth of Clyde. On other sides it is washed | Beden na bean, or Bedan ambran, N. of by the sea; but the islands of Bute and Arran, which form the shire of Bute, lie close to it to the S.E. The line of the coast is very irregular. Deep indentations of the sea penetrate far inland. The principal of these, beginning from the N., are Loch Moidart and Loch Shiel (communicating with Loch Moidart by a narrow passage), which separate Argyleshire from Inverness-shire; Loch Sunart, which runs into the land in an eastern direction; Linnhe Loch, which runs nearly N.E., and the extremities of which are Loch Eil (which runs first N.E., and then W. by N. till it approaches Loch Sheil), and Loch Levin; Loch Creran and Loch Etive are inlets of Linnhe Loch, Ben Ima, Ben Arthur, or the Cobbler, at Ben ea Tan, S. of Loch Sunart Feet. 3669 3174 3000 2720 2580 2537 2515 2389 2310 2306 2228 2036 The chief rivers in the county are the Urchay, which rises in the Grampians and flows into Loch do much injury to the husbandman. The northAwe, an inland lake lying in a direction nearly eastern parts, bordering on the Grampians, have parallel to Loch Fine, and the Awe, which a colder climate; thongh even there the valleys, serves to connect Loch Awe with Loch Etive, sheltered by the surrounding heights, are neiand through it with the sea. The basin of these ther so cold nor so uncomfortable as might be exstreams is estimated at 250 square miles. Streams pected. of smaller importance are numerous, as the nature of the country would lead us to expect. There are no large inland lakes except Loch Awe Just mentioned, which is about 24 miles long from N.E. to S.W., and from half a mile to 2 miles broad. It is thickly studded with small green islets, and surrounded with picturesque scenery of woods and mountains. The farmers of this county direct their attention chiefly to the breeding of stock and the feeding of sheep, for which the rough and mountainous character of the surface is better adapted than for tillage. There is, indeed, a considerable quantity of arable and improveable ground in the vales interspersed among the mountains, and along the margin of the streams which wind Argyleshire is divided into six districts: through them, but the chief proportion of arable 1, Mull, including the island of that name, and land is on the coast. The soil varies materially: its dependent isles, with Canna, Rum, Muck, light loam near the rivers and sea; light gravelly Coll, Tiree, and Airdnamurchan, Sunart, Ard- soil on the sides of hills; clay soils, mosses, and gower and Morven, N.W of the Linnhe Loch, marshes, in the low ground; heath on many of which separates these divisions from the rest of the hills and flats; and barrens on the highest Argyleshire. 2, Lorn, a large division, compre- hills. About 46,000 acres are woodland. hending the subordinate districts of Appin, Bene- According to the agricultural statistics published deraloch, and Muchairn; with Glen Urchay or in 1877 only 116,782 acres-or less than a sixGlenorchy, Glen Etive, and Glencoe; the island teenth of the whole area-was under cultivation of Lismore and those grouped together, as the in that year. The chief crops were―oats, 20,765 islands of Lorn. 3, Argyle proper, or Inverary; acres; potatoes, 6566 acres; turnips and swedes, separated from Lorn by Loch Melfort, Loch 5854 acres; clover and artificial grasses, 19,336 Avich (which is united by a channel with Loch acres; permanent pasture, 59,253 acres. Awe), and Loch Awe, and by a line drawn S.E. stock of cattle in the county in the same year was from the last mentioned lake to the eastern fron-61,285; sheep, 1,005,762; and pigs, 5116. tier of the county. 4, Cowal, including the dis- Formerly the farms were exceedingly small, and trict S.E. of Loch Fine. 5, Cantire or Kintyre this circumstance, combined with the want of (including Killislate), a long peninsula, formed by capital, kept the tenants in a dependent and deLoch Killisport, the ocean, the Sound of Kilbran- pressed state. This, however, is now very much nan (which is the strait between the Isle of changed, as a clearance of the population has Arran and the main-land), and Loch Fine; the been effected, and the small holdings incorporated Island of Gigha is joined to and forms part of into larger farms. The farm buildings, too, have Cantire. 6, Isla, or Ilay, including the islands of been very much improved. The inhabitants, Isla, Jura, Colonsa, and Oronsa, with a small even the poorest, have usually gardens attached to part of the continent between Argyle and Can- their houses, but their produce is not much varied. tire. Knapdale is divided between districts The general food of the people is oatmeal and potatoes. Of oatmeal a considerable quantity is The geological formations of Argyleshire com- imported. Twenty years ago the dwellings of the prise principally granite, mica-slate, floetz-trap, small farmers and cottagers were miserable hovels, columnar basalt (especially at STAFFA), and a but such erections have almost disappeared, and few coal beds. There are lead mines in several vast improvements have been introduced into this parts of the county, copper in Islay, and coal as well as other matters connected with the county. in Mull and Campbeltown. The slate-quarries The cattle of this district constitute one of the 5 and 6. of Easdale island have been among the most con The siderable in Britain; and there are quarries at chief articles of export; they are of the west Balachulish in Lorn. Eight million slates have been Highland breed, and are reared for the southern market. The sheep occupy, in many places, the procured from the county in one year. Patches of lias and oolite occur in some of the islands. The high grounds, where they have been substituted granite quarried near Inverary takes as fine a polish with great advantage for black cattle; they are as marble; and the lapis ollaris, or potstone, a tal-chiefly of the Linton or black-faced kind. Horses, cose rock, with which the Duke of Argyle's castle swine, goats, and poultry are reared, but not to at that place is built, is one of the most handsome any great extent. of the building-stones found within the borders. Strontian, cobalt, and coral occur in or near the county. A few wild animals are found. The manufactures of this county are unimportant, but the herring, cod, and ling fisheries are carried on extensively, and employ a large number of hands. Increasing attention is also given to the cultivation of salmon. Large quantities of whiskey are made at Campbeltown. Argyleshire has a very variable and moist climate, but from its situation on the coast, and from the numerous inlets of the sea by which it is so deeply indented, the temperature is mild. The roads running through the county, and the Prost seldom continues loug on the sea-coast, and two canals (the Caledonian and the Crinan) have snow rarely lies more than two or three days at been of far less value than the extension of steama time. Mildew, blight, and hoar-frost seldom, navigation of late years. By means of it, the most and for its ancient history, Pausanias, ii. 19, &c. ; | on the right as you enter. Strabo, 368, &c.; Müller's Dorians. ARGOS, in Amphilochia, was a town near the S.E. angle of the Gulf of Arta. The ruins at the bottom of the Gulf of Karavasara are supposed to be those of Argos. ARGOSIE, a ship of great burthen, whether for merchandise or war. In Rycaut's Maxims of Turkish Polity,' chap. xiv. it is said, "Those vast carracks called Argosies, which are so famed for the vastness of their burthen and bulk, were corruptly so denominated from Ragosies,' i. e. ships of Ragusa, a city and territory on the Gulf of Venice, then tributary to the Porte. We have no proof, however, that the Ragusan vessels were particularly large; and it seems more likely that the Argosie derived its name from the classical ship Argo. ARGO'STOLI. [CEPHALONIA] From From Linnhe Loch the coast runs in a direction about S. by W. for a distance of between 80 and 90 miles (broken successively by the Lochs Feochan, Melfort, Craignish, Crinan, Swin, Killisport, and West Tarbet), to the Moyle or Mull of Cantire. this headland, the coast, after running eastward a short distance, returns N. by E. for about 35 miles to Skipnish Point, forming the long narrow peninsula of Cantire. From Skipnish, Loch Fine runs inland first N. by W., then N.E., and has a subordinate inlet; Loch Gilp, Lochs Riden and Straven also run N. by W., or N.; and the Firth of Clyde, with its terminating lochs, Long and Goyle, completes the circuit of the Argyleshire coast, the extent of which is estimated at more than 600 miles. The greatest length of the county is about 115 miles, and the greatest breadth about 66. The area is about 3200 square miles, or rather more than two million acres, of which one-sixteenth only is under cultivation. ARGUIN, one of a cluster of small islands in the Bay of Arguin, about 50 miles S.E. of Cape Blanco, on the western coast of Africa, in 20° 24' N. lat., 16° 14′ W. long. It is only about The islands belonging to Argyleshire are the 2 miles long, but a fort having been erected upon following:-Canna, Rum, Muck, Coll, Tirree, or it by the Portuguese in 1461 for the protection Tyree, Mull, Lismore, Lorn, Kerrera, Seil, Easof commerce, then consisting of gold and negroes, dale, Luing, Shuna, Lunga, Scarba, Jura, Cobut afterwards of gum arabic and feathers, it belonsa, Oronsa, Islay, Gigha, Sanda, Gometray, came successively an object of contention and Ulva, Staffa, Iona, &c. Mull, Jura, and Islay, bloodshed to the Portuguese, Dutch, French, and are each nearly 30 miles in length; but all the English. Arguin has been supposed by Major other islands are very small. Rennell to be the Cerne of Hanno. An extensive and dangerous shoal, called the Arguin Bank, stretches 30 leagues along the land in a S.S.E. direction, from off Cape Blanco to Cape Mirik, and the island has, in consequence, been abandoned for more than half a century. ARGUMENT, in astronomical tables, is the angle on which the tabulated quantity depends, and with which, therefore, in technical language, the table must be entered. If, for example, a table of the sun's declination were formed, corresponding to every degree, &c. of longitude, so that, the longitude being known, the declination might be found opposite to it in the table, then the longitude would be made the argument of the declination. ARGYLE, a shire in the W. of Scotland, comprehending an extensive district on the mainland, and several of the Hebrides, or Western Isles. It is bounded N. by Inverness-shire, E. by Perth, Dumbarton, and Renfrew shires; from the last two it is separated by Loch Long and the Firth of Clyde. On other sides it is washed by the sea; but the islands of Bute and Arran, which form the shire of Bute, lie close to it to the S.E. The line of the coast is very irregular. Deep indentations of the sea penetrate far inland. The principal of these, beginning from the N., are Loch Moidart and Loch Shiel (communicating with Loch Moidart by a narrow passage), which separate Argyleshire from Inverness-shire; Loch Sunart, which runs into the land in an eastern direction; Linnhe Loch, which runs nearly N.E., and the extremities of which are Loch Eil (which runs first N.E., and then W. by N. till it approaches Loch Sheil), and Loch Levin; Loch Creran and Loch Etive are inlets of Linnhe Loch,| The entire population of the county in 1871 was 75,635, which was a decrease of 4089 as compared with 1861. In 1831 the population was 100,973. Argyle is mountainous, and presents an appearance more pleasing to the lover of the picturesque than to the agriculturist. The barrenness of the soil and the want of cultivation are shown by the scanty population, which amounts only to about 32 for every square mile of land in the shire, or 1 for every 34 acres under cultivation. The northern and eastern parts, where it borders on the Grampians, are the most rugged: along the coast the ground is in general lower and more level, yet particular mountains near the sea rise to a great height, and are indeed among the loftiest in the shire. The following are the mountains above 2000 feet in height: The which rises in the Grampians and flows into Loch do much injury to the husbandman. The northAwe, an inland lake lying in a direction nearly eastern parts, bordering on the Grampians, have parallel to Loch Fine, and the Awe, which a colder climate; thongh even there the valleys, serves to connect Loch Awe with Loch Etive, sheltered by the surrounding heights, are neiand through it with the sea. The basin of these ther so cold nor so uncomfortable as might be exstreams is estimated at 250 square miles. Streams pected. of smaller importance are numerous, as the na- The farmers of this county direct their attenture of the country would lead us to expect. tion chiefly to the breeding of stock and the feedThere are no large inland lakes except Loch Awe ing of sheep, for which the rough and mountainjust mentioned, which is about 24 miles long ous character of the surface is better adapted than from N.E. to S. W., and from half a mile to 24 for tillage. There is, indeed, a considerable miles broad. It is thickly studded with small quantity of arable and improveable ground in the green islets, and surrounded with picturesque vales interspersed among the mountains, and scenery of woods and mountains. along the margin of the streams which wind Argyleshire is divided into six districts: through them, but the chief proportion of arable 1, Mull, including the island of that name, and land is on the coast. The soil varies materially: its dependent isles, with Canna, Rum, Muck, light loam near the rivers and sea; light gravelly Coll, Tiree, and Airdnamurchan, Sunart, Ard- soil on the sides of hills; clay soils, mosses, and gower and Morven, N.W of the Linnhe Loch, marshes, in the low ground; heath on many of which separates these divisions from the rest of the hills and flats; and barrens on the highest Argyleshire. 2, Lorn, a large division, compre- hills. About 46,000 acres are woodland. hending the subordinate districts of Appin, Bene- According to the agricultural statistics published deraloch, and Muchairn; with Glen Urchay or in 1877 only 116,782 acres-or less than a sixGlenorchy, Glen Etive, and Glencoe; the island teenth of the whole area-was under cultivation of Lismore and those grouped together, as the in that year. The chief crops were-oats, 20,765 islands of Lorn. 3, Argyle proper, or Inverary; acres; potatoes, 6566 acres; turnips and swedes, separated from Lorn by Loch Melfort, Loch 5854 acres; clover and artificial grasses, 19,336 Avich (which is united by a channel with Loch acres; permanent pasture, 59,253 acres. Awe), and Loch Awe, and by a line drawn S.E. stock of cattle in the county in the same year was from the last mentioned lake to the eastern fron- 61,285; sheep, 1,005,762; and pigs, 5116. tier of the county. 4, Cowal, including the disFormerly the farms were exceedingly small, and trict S.E. of Loch Fine. 5, Cantire or Kintyre this circumstance, combined with the want of (including Killislate), a long peninsula, formed by capital, kept the tenants in a dependent and deLoch Killisport, the ocean, the Sound of Kilbran- pressed state. This, however, is now very much nan (which is the strait between the Isle of changed, as a clearance of the population has Arran and the main-land), and Loch Fine; the been effected, and the small holdings incorporated Island of Gigha is joined to and forms part of into larger farms. The farm buildings, too, have Cantire. 6, Isla, or Ilay, including the islands of been very much improved. The inhabitants, Isla, Jura, Colonsa, and Oronsa, with a small even the poorest, have usually gardens attached to part of the continent between Argyle and Can- their houses, but their produce is not much varied. tire. Knapdale is divided between districts The general food of the people is oatmeal and potatoes. Of oatmeal a considerable quantity is The geological formations of Argyleshire com- imported. Twenty years ago the dwellings of the prise principally granite, mica-slate, floetz-trap, small farmers and cottagers were miserable hovels, columnar basalt (especially at STAFFA), and a but such erections have almost disappeared, and few coal beds. There are lead mines in several vast improvements have been introduced into this parts of the county, copper in Islay, and coal as well as other matters connected with the county. in Mull and Campbeltown. The slate-quarries The cattle of this district constitute one of the of Easdale island have been among the most conchief articles of export; they are of the west siderable in Britain; and there are quarries at Balachulish in Lorn. Eight million slates have been Highland breed, and are reared for the southern The sheep occupy, in many places, the procured from the county in one year. Patches of market. lias and oolite occur in some of the islands. The high grounds, where they have been substituted granite quarried near Inverary takes as fine a polish with great advantage for black cattle; they are as marble; and the lapis ollaris, or potstone, a tal-chiefly of the Linton or black-faced kind. Horses, cose rock, with which the Duke of Argyle's castle swine, goats, and poultry are reared, but not to at that place is built, is one of the most handsome any great extent. of the building-stones found within the borders. Strontian, cobalt, and coral occur in or near the county. 5 and 6. A few wild animals are found. The manufactures of this county are unim. portant, but the herring, cod, and ling fisheries are carried on extensively, and employ a large number of hands. Increasing attention is also given to the cultivation of salmon. Large quantities of whiskey are made at Campbeltown. Argylesbire has a very variable and moist climate, but from its situation on the coast, and from the numerous inlets of the sea by which it is so deeply indented, the temperature is mild. The roads running through the county, and the Prost seldom continues long on the sea-coast, and two canals (the Caledonian and the Crinan) have snow rarely lies more than two or three days at been of far less value than the extension of steama time. Mildew, blight, and hoar-frost seldom, navigation of late years. By means of it, the most |