The Dean of the Arches for the time being is pre- hands of an exasperated foe; but it was not till sident of the College of Doctors of Law, who had, the end of ten years that this Third Messenian War until recently, the exclusive privilege of practising was brought to a close, when the Messenians evain the Ecclesiastical and Admiralty Courts, incor-cuated their citadel, Ithóme. (Diod. sic. xi. 64; porated by Royal Charter in 1768. The judge is Thucyd. i. 103.) Archidamus is not mentioned the deputy of the archbishop, who is the judge of again till we find him, speaking on the peace side, in the court. The statute transferring the testamen- the council held by the Lacedæmonians before they tary jurisdiction of the Ecclesiastical Courts to the resolved on the Peloponnesian war. Though a deCrown (20 & 21 Vict. c. 77) provided for the dis-claration of war was the result of their deliberation solution of the Doctors of Law, and that and the statute 20 & 21 Vict. c. 85, have thrown open the practice in the Probate and Divorce Courts to the barristers and attorneys of the Dean of Arches. There is no salary attached to the office of judge, and his income arising from fees is very small. There are four terms in each year, and four sessions in each term. An appeal lay from this court to the Court of Delegates, or more strictly to the king in chancery (25 Henry VIII. c. 19), by whom delegates were appointed to hear each cause, the appeal being to him as head of the church, in place of the pope. By 3 & 4 Vict. c. 65, the Dean of Arches was empowered to sit as assistant to or in place of the judge of the Court of Admiralty.

(B.C. 431), the Lacedæmonians gave him the command of the troops against the Athenians. He was their general also in their second expedition (B.C. 430) and third expedition (B.C. 428). He was succeeded by his son, Agis II., probably in B.C. 427. ARCHIDA'MUS III., the son of Agesilaus, succeeded his father B.C. 361, and died B.C. 338. He commanded the Spartan troops during his father's lifetime, B.C. 367, and gained the 'tearless battle' against the Arcadians and Argeians: not one of the Spartans fell, but a great many of the enemy were slaughtered. He was sent (B.C. 338) to Italy to assist the inhabitants of Tarentum, who were at war with the Lucanians. He fell bravely at the head of his troops; and a statue was erected to his honour, at Olympia, by his countrymen. He was succeeded by his son Agis III. (Diodorus, Sic. xvi. 24, 63; Pausanias, iii. 10.)

In him

ended the line of the Proclidæ, for though he left five sons, they were passed over, and Lycurgus, not of the royal family, was raised to the throne. (Polybius, iv. 2, v. 37.)

ARCHI'GENES of Apaméa, a medical author and practitioner at Rome, during the reign of the Emperor Trajan. He is several tines mentioned by Juvenal (Satires,' vi. 236, xiii. 98, xiv. 259). Archigeues followed the principles of the pneumatic sect, founded by Athenæus of Attalia, and wrote many treatises on pathology, and the practice of medicine and surgery. The fragments of Archigenes are in the works of Galen, Etius, and Oribasius.

A'RCHIAS, A. LICI'NIUS, a Greek poet of Antioch in Syria, whose name might never have reached us but for the oration of Cicero pronounced in his defence. He was the intimate friend of many ARCHIDA'MUS IV., the son of Eudámidas, is illustrious Romans, and gave lessons to Cicero in only mentioned by Plutarch, who states that he philosophy and rhetoric. ('Arch.' c. i.) He had was defeated (B.c. 296) by Demetrius Poliorcétes; undertaken to celebrate in verse the grand event in and Archidamus V., son of another Eudamidas, the orator's history-the conspiracy of Catiline-was put to death by his royal colleague, Cleomenes and that was enough to gain Cicero's favour. III., somewhere between B.C. 236-220. Archias came to Rome in the consulship of Marius and Lutatius Catulus, B.C. 102, and recommended himself to them by a poem in celebration of their victories over the Cimbri. The citizens of Heraclea were entitled to the Roman citizenship by the Lex Julia (B.C. 90), and it was thus that Archias became a citizen of Rome. But it was urged against him that he was not fairly entitled to the privilege, and the oration of Cicero (Pro Archia ') is in defence of the poet's rights. Some epigrams under his name are in the Greek Anthology: they are in general below mediocrity, but as there were several of the same name as this poet, we cannot decide to whom they really belong. These epigrams have ARCHIL, orchil, litmus, or tournsole, is a blue been published separately by Ilgen, 'Animadvers. dye procured from the rocella tinctoria and lecanora Histor. et Critic. in Cic. Orat. pro Archia,' Erfurdt, tartarea, which are lichens growing abundantly in 1797; and by Hülsemann, in his edition of Cicero's the Canary and Cape Verde Islands. The colour'Oration for Archias,' Lemgo, 1800, 8vo. ing matter of these plants appear to be a peculiar ARCHIDA'MUS. There were five kings of vegetable principle that has been called erythrine: Sparta of this name. They were of the royal line it may be extracted either by means of alcohol or of the Proclidæ. The first is only mentioned by ammonia, but the latter is employed by those who Herodotus (viii. 131). manufacture the colour, which is generally sold in ARCHIDA MUS II., son of Zeuxidámus, be-small flat pieces, and known by the name of litcame king when his grandfather, Leotýchides, was mus. Dyers generally purchase it, however, in banished from Sparta. Archidamus reigned from the form of moist pulp. It is used to ascertain B.C. 469 to 427. Prudence and foresight, steadi- the presence of acids in solution, because it has ness of purpose, and gravity of deportment, were the property of changing from blue to red by conhis prominent qualities. In the fourth year of his tact with acids; and it also detects alkalies, by reign Sparta was nearly annihilated by an earth- restoring the blue which had been changed by quake, an opportunity of which the Messenians acids. Archil is never used alone as a dye, on took advantage to attempt the recovery of their account of its want of permanence. It is, howindependence. Archidamus, by his presence of ever, employed for the purpose of deepening and mind, saved what remained of the city from the improving the tints of other dyes, and it imparts

a bloom which it is difficult to obtain from other of water, and observing how much water was left substances. when the weight was taken out again, and by afterwards doing the same thing with the crown itself, he could ascertain whether the latter exceeded the former in bulk. In the words of Vitru

detection, he did not wait a moment, but jumped joyfully out of the bath, and running naked towards his own house, called out with a loud voice that he had found what he sought. For as he ran he called out in Greek, 'sugna, gnna' (I have found it, I have found it). According to Proclus, Hieron declared that from that moment he could never refuse to believe anything that Archimedes told him. This anecdote is often wrongly told, as if the discovery were that of weighing the crown in and out of water.

ARCHI/LOCHUS, a poet and native of Paros. Herodotus (i. 12) makes him contemporary with Gyges, and therefore he was living between B.C. 716 and 678. He is said to have vius, As soon as he had hit upon this method of emigrated to Thasos, and to have thrown away his shield in a battle against some barbarians on the mainland. His poetry, from the concurrent testimony of the ancients, was full of energy, terse in its language, and vivid in its images. The story of Lycambes is at least indicative of the opinion of his satiric powers. Lycambes of Paros had promised his daughter, Neobule, to Archilochus, but he changed his mind; on which the poet directed such a fearful satire against him that he hanged himself. All the rest that is told of his life is very vague. It was in Iambic verse that the poet chiefly excelled, of which he is said to have been the inventor. Some specimens of Archilochus are translated with much spirit in Merivale's 'Anthology,' London, 1832. The fragments of Archilochus are in Jacobs' Anthologia Græca,' and in Bergk's 'Poetæ Lyrici Græci.'

ARCHIMANDRITE, the title of a dignitary in the monastic orders of the Greek church, answering to that of Father Provincial among the monks and friars of the Roman Catholic church.

ARCHIME'DES, the most celebrated of the Greek geometers, and one of the few men whose writings form a standard epoch in the history of the progress of knowledge, was born in Sicily, in the Corinthian colony of Syracuse, in the year 287 B.C.: he was killed when that town was taken by the Romans under Marcellus, B.C. 212, aged seventy-five years.

The apophthegm attributed to him, that if he had a point to stand upon, he could move the world, arose from his knowledge of the possible effects of machinery, and, however it might astonish a Greek of his day, would now be readily admitted to be as theoretically possible as it is practically impossible. He is reported to have astonished the court of Hiero by moving a large ship, more than usually loaded, with a pulley, or collection of pulleys, and it is said that on this occasion the king pressed him to exert himself in contriving machines for the defence of the city.

He is said to have travelled into Egypt, and while there, observing the necessity of raising the water of the Nile to points which the river did not reach, to have invented the screw which bears his name. [SCREW OF ARCHIMEDES.] Athenæus, ir mentioning this screw, says it was employed to drain the holds of ships. Diodorus (i. 34) expressly asserts that this machine, which he calls xoxías, was his invention.

Archimedes, as Plutarch says (but Cicero gives him a low origin), was related to Hieron, the second prince of that name. The reign of this After the death of Hieron, the misconduct of prince, including the time that his son Gelon also his successor Hierónymus, the son of Gelon, probore the royal title, lasted about fifty-five years, voked a rebellion, in which he was killed. The during the greater part of which Archimedes re- successful party sided with the Carthaginians, mained at Syracuse under their patronage. All and the Romans accordingly despatched a land that we know of his life during this period, inde- and naval armament against Syracuse under pendently of the results of his studies. of which we Appius and Marcellus. Among all the extraordishall presently speak, is contained in the following nary stories which have been told of the siege, so incidents. The well-known story of Hieron's crown much seems clear: that it lasted three years in (or Gelon's crown, according to some) is as follows:- spite of the utmost efforts of the besiegers-that Hieron, or Gelon, had delivered a certain weight of this successful resistance was principally owing to gold to a workman, to be made into a votive crown. the machines constructed by Archimedes-and The latter brought back a crown of the proper that the city, after the siege had been some time weight, which was afterwards suspected to have converted into a blockade, was finally taken by been alloyed with silver. The king asked Archi- surprise, owing to the carelessness of the be medes how he might detect the cheat; the diffi- sieged during the festival of Diana. Polybius culty being to measure the bulk of the crown with-states that catapults and balista of various sizes out melting it into a regular figure. For silver were successfully used against the enemy; that in being, weight for weight, of greater bulk than their nearer approach they were galled by arrows gold, any alloy of the former, in place of an equal shot not only from the top of the walls, but weight of the latter, would necessarily increase the bulk of the crown. While thinking on this matter, Archimedes went to bathe, and on stepping into the bath, which was full, observed the very simple fact, that a quantity of water, of the same bulk as his body, must flow over before he could immerse himse.f. It immediately struck him that by immersing a weight of real gold, equal to that which the crown ought to have contained, in a vessel full

through port-holes constructed in numerous places; that machines, which threw masses of stone or lead of a weight not less than ten talerts, discharged their contents upon the Roman engines, which had been previously caught by ropes; that iron hands (or hooks) attached to chains, were thrown so as to catch the prows of the vessels, which were then overturned by the besieged; and that the same machines were used to catch the

is for the most part in tolerably good preservation; the style is clear, and has been considered better than that of any of the other Greek geometers.

Assailants on the land side, and throw them to the ground. Livy and Plutarch give much the same account; but the curious story of setting the Roman ships on fire by mirrors is first mentioned We can only briefly touch upon several remainby John Tzetzes and Zonaras, writers of the ing points. It is known from Ptolemæus that Architwelfth century, who cite Diodorus and others for medes observed or calculated several solstices, for the fact. But Galen, in the second century, the determination of the length of the year. He though he mentions that Archimedes set the is said to have been the first who constructed a enemy's ships on fire, says it was done with rugia, machine for representing the motions of the sun, which may refer to any machine or contrivance moon, stars, and perhaps of the planets. A large throwing lighted materials. Lucian also, who number of works which have not come down to lived in the second century, mentions the burning us is attributed to him, a list of which may be of the ships, but without saying how it was found in Fabricius; particularly a treatise On effected. Montucla is of opinion that this report Burning Mirrors,' and a treatise on the 'Parabola.' arose from the joining together of two others, There is no great evidence in favour of the genamely, that Archimedes wrote a treatise on burn-nuineness of either. The ancients attributed to ing mirrors, and that he did burn the Roman him more than forty mechanical inventions; among ships; both very credible stories. But their which are the endless screw; the combination of junction must, in our opinion, rank with the many pulleys; an hydraulic organ, according to Tertulcurious things said of Archimedes in later ages. lian; a machine called the helix, or screw, for launchAfter the storming of Syracuse, Archimedes was ing ships, according to Athenæus; and a machine killed by a Roman soldier, who did not know who called loculus, which appears to have consisted of he was; Marcellus, it is said, had given strict forty pieces, by the putting together of which orders to preserve him alive. According to Vale- various objects could be framed, and which was rius Maximus, when the soldier asked who he used by boys as a sort of artificial memory. This was, Archimedes, being intent upon a problem, constant tendency to attribute inventions to Archibegged that his diagram might not be disturbed; medes sufficiently shows the impression which his upon which the soldier put him to death. Accord-name left on posterity. Lig to another account, he was in the act of carrying his instruments to Marcellus, when he was killed by some soldiers who suspected he was concealing treasure. At his own request, expressed during his life, a sphere inscribed in a tylinder was engraved on his tomb, in memory of his discovery that the solid content of a sphere is exactly two-thirds of that of the circumscribing cylinder. By this mark it was afterwards found, covered with weeds, by Cicero, when he was re siding in Sicily as quæstor.

The best edition of the works of Archimedes is that of Joseph Torelli, published by the University of Oxford in 1792. There is a French translation by Peyrard (1809), and a German one, with notes, by E. Nizze (1824).

ARCHIPELAGO is the common term given to many clusters of islands. The group generally known by this name, when not qualified by some word prefixed, contains those islands which lie between the shores of Greece and Asia Minor. ARCHIPELAGO, ALEUTIAN. [ALEUTIAN

ISLANDS.]

The fame of Archimedes rests upon the extraordinary advances which he made, considering the ARCHIPELAGO, CHAGOS, in the Indian time in which he lived, in pure geometry, in the Ocean, extends from 7° 29′ to 4° 40′ S. lat., and theory of equilibrium, and in numerical approxi- from 71° to 77° E. long. It is composed entirely mation. In the first, by an axiom already men- of coral islets, of which Diego Garcia is the tioned [ARC], and a similar one with respect to largest: they have all very deep water close to curved surfaces, and by the method of exhaustions them, and are covered with tall cocoa-nut trees. [GEOMETRY], he made as near an approach to the A current generally sets through the group to the fluxional or differential calculus as can possibly be | N.W. done without the aid of algebraic transformations. ARCHIPELAGO, COREAN, an extensive In the theory of mechanics, he was not only the cluster of islands on the western coast of Corea, first but the last of the ancients who reduced any discovered by the Alceste in 1816. They are all thing to demonstration from evident first princi-high, rising like mountains from the sea, and are ples; indeed, up to the time of Stevinus and well wooded to the summits. None of them ap Galileo, no further advance was made. The works which have come down to us, of which the first Beven are in Greek, are,

pear to exceed three or four miles in length, but all are in some degree cultivated; the fields are divided by stone walls. From the tops of one of the highest 135 islands were counted, forming a chain of excellent harbours communicating with each other. They appeared to be all inhabited. and the natives resembled those of the mainland

1, Two books On the Sphere and Cylinder;' 2, On the Measurement of the Circle;' 3, On Conoids and Spheroids;' 4, 'On Spirals;' 5, two books On the Equilibrium and Centre of Gravity of Plane Surfaces;' 6, Psammites,' better of Corea. [COREA.] known by its Latin name 'Arenarius;' 7, ' On ARCHIPELAGO, DANGEROUS, a group the Quadrature of the Parabola;' 8, two books of half-formed islets in the South Pacific Ocean, On Bodies floating in a Fluid.' There is also a book of Lemmas attributed to Archimedes. The works of Archimedes are written in Doric Greek, the prevailing dialect in Sicily. The text

lying eastward of the Society Islands, and be tween the parallels of 14° and 26° S. They are exceedingly numerous; they are nearly all of coral formation, and consist of narrow ribands of

28 ARCHIPELAGO, GREAT CYCLADES.

some.

coral rock generally describing a circular figure, | neighbouring mainland. In winter the navigation and inclosing a lagoon, in many instances of great of these seas is an anxious task, on account of the depth. Many are inhabited, though evidently numerous islands and rocks, which occasion sudden not by the same race. Canoes driven off the So- flaws and eddies of winds, and a short, high, conciety Islands have been the means of peopling fused sea. A remarkable feature is the very great depth of water: at the distance of less than a mile from the shore there is generally no bottom with 150 to 200 fathoms of line. Throughout the Cyclades more especially, the Dardanelles current is felt, and sets strong through the narrow channels between them; but to the north, along the coast of Roumelia, a kind of back current sets to the eastward.

ARCHIPELAGO, GREAT CY'CLADES. [NEW HEBRIDES.]

ARCHIPELAGO, GRECIAN, includes all the islands situated in the north-eastern quarter of the Mediterranean Sea; they are bounded by the shores of Roumelia on the N., Asia Minor on the E., and the Negropont and Greece on the W., comprising a portion of sea having a length of 380 miles from Candia to the coast of Roumelia, and a breadth, from the Negropont to the Asiatic shore, of 100 miles.

Contessa, Saros, Adramytti, Smyrna, Scala Nova, Hassan Kalessi, and Boodroon (or Cos). Among the chief mountains in or near the Egean may be noticed Delphi in Euboea, the mountains bordering on the coast of Thessaly, Athos, and Elias in the island of Milo.

The rivers that empty themselves into the Archipelago are more deserving of notice from their classical associations than from their magnitude or commercial importance; indeed the southThis sea was called by the Greeks and Romans western shores offer no river navigable even for the Ægean Sea, and the islands were distributed small boats. The Peneus, Axius, Strymon, Heinto two chief groups, the Cyclades and the Spó-brus, Hermus, and Mæander, are the principal rades. Of the Cyclades the principal are-Santo- rivers. The coasts around the Egean are rin, Anaphi, Stanpalia, Policandro, Sikino, Nio, deeply indented with gulfs of considerable length, Amorgo, Milo, Argentiera, Siphno, Paros, Anti- the chief of which are Nauplia, Egina, Egriparos, Naxia, Serpho, Syra, Rhenea, Miconi, Tino, pos, Trikiri Channel (leading to Zeitouni and Thermia, Zea, Jura, and Andros. Of the Sporades Tallanda), Salonica, Cassandra, Monte Santo, the principal are-Piscopi, Nisari, Cos, Calymna, Patmo, Nicaria. There are also on the Asiatic coast the large islands of Samos, Scio, and Psara. Farther to the northward are Lemnos, Imbros, Samothraki, Tenedos, Mitilin, Skyro, and the Skiathos group off the Trikiri Channel. Many of these islands are of volcanic formation; others are composed almost entirely of a pure white marble, of which the Parian, from Paros, where it was formerly most worked, is often mentioned by ancient writers. The productions of the islands are wine, oil, gum-mastic, raisins, figs, silk, honey, wax, olives, and various fruits, especially the lemon and orange: cotton is grown in small quantities on Milo and other islands, and might be cultivated to a great extent; it is remarkable for its brilliant white hue. Some of the larger islands contain sulphur, alum, iron, and other minerals. An extensive sponge fishery has also long been established among the Sporades, which are noted for their fine sponges. The commerce is very limited.

On the division of the Roman empire the islands formed a portion of the eastern dominion, and continued so till the year 1185, when the Venetians captured Andros, Lesbos, Samos, and Scio. In 1207 most of the islands fell into the hands of a Venetian noble, Marco Sanuto, who designated himself Duke of the Archipelago. The sovereign power remained in his family till the sixteenth century, when the islands fell into the hands of the Turks. After this, the islands were made the scene of many contests between the Turks, the Venetians, and the Knights of Malta.

In 1770, the Russians became masters of some of the Cyclades, which they evacuated by treaty four years afterwards. They remained tributary to the Porte till the breaking out of the revoluAll the islands are thinly peopled, and some tion in 1821, shortly after which most of them indeed may scarcely be considered inhabited. The eagerly embraced the cause of liberty, and contrimen are a fine hardy and athletic race, and as buted as much as lay in their power, both by men their insular position renders them necessarily and ships, to the squadrons fitted out at Hydra habituated to the sea, they are generally good sailors. and Spezzia. Their intrepid behaviour in their Their religion, like that of their countrymen on small vessels against the Turkish fleet became the the mainland, is of the established Greek church; admiration of Europe, and contributed greatly and as they are very superstitious, almost every towards the establishment of their national inde point of their islands has its little chapel dedicated pendence. to some saint, where the boatmen can offer up their prayers or thanksgivings.

All the Cyclades are now a portion of the Greek kingdom, but most of the other islands still remain under the Turks. In many of the islands they build vessels; but the construction is slight and not durable.

All the islands are high: the mountains have an average elevation of 1500 to 1800 feet, but Mount Elias of Milo rises to the height of 2036 feet above the sea. The climate is more equal ARCHIPELAGO, LACCADIVE, a group of and temperate than that of the surrounding conti- low islands, opposite the Malabar coast, and sepa nents, the heats of summer being tempered by rated from it by a channel 135 miles wide. They cool refreshing sea-breezes and prevailing northerly are surrounded by and interspersed with coral winds; even in the more northern islands the reefs, which are steep, with no soundings between winter is never felt with such severity as on the them. [LACCADIVES.]

ARCHIPELAGO, LOUISIADE. [LOUISIADE

this is an instance in which building, or construcISLANDS.] tion, properly speaking, can hardly be said to ARCHIPELAGO, MALDIVE, in the Indian have been employed. The great increase in works Ocean, to the S. W. of Ceylon, a chain of innu- of this class in modern times has led to new merable low islands and rocks, extending about designations, such as that of civil engineer, which 470 miles nearly on a meridian line. The large we apply to those who construct artificial ports, islands abound in cocoa-nut trees, and are gene-roads, railways, tunnels, &c.; and though the enrally inhabited by a race of Hindoos, but most of gineer may often have occasion to build, and may the other islands are mere barren rocks and sand- also with propriety decorate, common usage has banks. The greatest breadth of the range is placed a determinate boundary between civil enabout twenty leagues; it is formed of large groups gineering and architecture. Architecture is one of or clusters, called by the natives Atolls. The the fine arts, and it is also a constructive art. As geographical position is from 7° 6' N. lat. to 0° one of the fine arts it has its principles, which have 40 S., lat., and from 72° 48′ to 73° 48′ E. long. been developed in various ways in different counARCHIPELAGO, QUEEN ADELAIDE'S, tries: as a constructive art its character is deteron the S.W. coast of Patagonia, lies between mined by the various purposes for which buildings Lord Nelson's Strait and the northern entrance to are erected. The accompanying Plates (1-13) illusthe Strait of Magalhaens on the western side. trate some of the leading features of the art. The These islands are separated from the main land by subject is treated of in such articles as CIVIL an intricate channel, varying from two to five ARCHITECTURE, EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE, miles in breadth, called Smyth's Channel. They GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE, ITALIAN ARCHITECconsist of numerous elevated islands with sharp TURE, MOORISH ARCHITECTURE, NORMAN rugged peaks and serrated ridges, separated by ARCHITECTURE. narrow and deep passages.

ARCHIPELAGO, RECHERCHE DE L', a very scattered and intricate labyrinth of reefs and islands on the S. coast of New Holland. The largest island does not exceed four miles in length they are all barren and arid, producing little vegetation, and nothing esculent. The whole are included between 33° 45′ and 34° 0' S. lat., and 121° 35′ and 124° 4′ E. long.

ARCHIPELAGO, SOLOMON'S, a chain of large islands, E. of New Guinea, between 5° and 11' S. lat., and 154° and 162′ E. long. Some of them are 60 miles in length; they are very high, and thickly wooded from the summit to the beach; they appear to be but thinly inhabited by different races, some very black and others coppercoloured.

ARCHIPELAGO, SOOLOO, a group of islands, about sixty in number, lying between the S.W. point of Mindanao, and the N.E. point of Borneo, and consisting of some large islands, especially Sooloo, Beca, and Basseelan, with many smaller ones, and coral reefs so numerous as to render the navigation of the group very dangerous. All the islands are subject to a raja, who resides at Sooloo town in the island of Sooloo, which is 30 miles long, 12 broad, and contains about 60,000 inhabitants. The group is comprised between 4°30′ and 7° 0' N. lat. and 118° 30′ and 122° 30′ E. long.

ARCHITECTURE. The Greek term for architect is exTinTv (architecton), which we find employed by Herodotus (iii. 60) in the same sense as the word architect now is: he informs us, that Rhoecus, a Samian, was the architecton or architect of the great temple of Samos. We thus learn from positive testimony, that before the great buildings of Athens were erected, the term architect, and the profession of an architect, were distinctly recognised among the Greeks. But Herodotus also uses the word architecton in the passage just referred to in another sense: he applies it to a person who made a tunnel by which the city of Samos was supplied with water; and

ARCHITRAVE, from a Greek word and a Latin one, meaning, when put together, the principal beam, is the lower part of any structure supported by pillars, or the lower beam which rests upon the columns and joins them together, on which the whole entablature (or ornamental part which comes immediately above the columns) rests. When pillars support an arch, the voussoirs supply the place of an architrave, by which name they are sometimes called. In the same way the flat-beam, or row of stones above a door or window, is called the architrave.

ARCHIVE, or ARCHIVES, a chamber or apartment where the public papers or records of a state or community are deposited: sometimes, by a common figure, applied to the papers themselves.

The word archive is ultimately derived from the Greek 'Agxsiv (Archeion). The Greek word archeion seems, in its primary signification, to mean a council-house or state-house,' or 'a body of public functionaries,' as the Ephori at Sparta. (Aristotle, Politic.' ii. 9; and Pausanias, iii. 11.) Others derive the word archive from arca ‘a chest,' such being in early times a usual depository for records; but this is erroneous.

The Greek word archeion was introduced into the Latin language, to signify a place in which public instruments were deposited. ('Dig.' 48, tit. 19, s. 9.) The word archiva, from which the French and English archives is derived, is used by Tertullian (Facciol. 'Lexic.' Archium et Archivum); thus he speaks of the Romana Archiva.' The Latin word for Archeium is Tabularium.

In England the word archives is not used to indicate public documents. Such documents are called charters, muniments, records, and statepapers. [RECORDS.]

ARCHIVOLT, or ARCHIVAULT, means, literally, the principal turning, or arch, and is applied to any ornamented band or moulding which runs round the lower part of all the voussoirs of an arch.

ARCH-LUTE, a large lute, or double-stringed theorbo, formerly used by the Italians for the