Ardennes is divided into five arrondissements, which are subdivided as follows: Arronds. Cantons. Communes. Pop. in 1872. ARDENNES, a department of France which steamers from Sedan [MEUSE]; it receives on consists of the northern part of the former pro- the right the Chiers and the Sémoy, on the left vince of Champagne, is bounded N. by the king- the Bar, the Vence, and the Sermonne. The dom of Belgium, E. by the department of Meuse, Aisne, which, crossing the S.W. of the departS. by that of Marne, and W. by that of Aisne. ment, receives on the right the Aire and the The department lies between 49° 13′ and 50° 10' Vaux, on the left the Retourne: the Ton and N. lat., and between 4° 5′ and 5° 21′ E. long. the Serre, which fall into the Oise on its left Its length is 63 miles, and its breadth 60 miles. bank, take their rise in the N.W. of the deIts area is 2021 square miles. The population. partment. The canal of Ardennes establishes in 1872 was 320,217, which gives an average of a communication between the Meuse and the 160 to the square mile, and shows a decrease of Aisne; it commences at Chêne-le-Popuieux, on over 6000 as compared with 1866. the Bar, which is navigable from this place to The department takes its name from the the Meuse, and joins the Aisne near Châteauforest region above described, which crosses its Porcien; its whole length being about twenty-five northern part. Another chain of hills, extending miles. from the Vosges Mountains, crosses it from S.E. to N.W. This ridge fills the space between the Aisne and the Meuse, and takes the name of Argonne as it approaches Mézières, below which it joins the table-land of Rocroi. That portion of the department N. of Fumay which projects into Mézières,. Belgium is calcareous, and contains grey marble Rocroy, and some veins of lead and iron ore. To the Rethel, S. of this a district, which includes Fumay and Vouziers,. Rocroy, crosses the department from E. to W., Sedan, and consists chiefly of slate, in which flint, quartz, granite, and pudding-stone occur, but no metals. The south-western portion of the department belongs to the great chalk formation of Aisne and Marne. Between the chalk and the clay-slate town is Mézières, which is also the capital of the districts extends the region of fossiliferous rocks, department. It stands on the Meuse, which here which is generally coincident with the range sent makes a considerable bend, and washes the city out from the Vosges Mountains: in this part good on the N. and S., in 49° 45′ N. lat., 4° 43′ E. building stone, plaster of Paris, and abundant de- long., 144 miles N.E. of Paris, by the road through posits of iron ore are found. South of the Aisne Soissons and Rheims. The town has a populathe surface consists of high plains, which are bare tion of 4312, and is strongly fortified; it has of trees; the more northern parts are hilly and manufactures of leather and edge-tools. generally well wooded, but there are extensive place was successfully defended by Bayard, against barren heaths in some parts. an Austrian army of 40,000 men, in 1520, but The forests of the department, which are ex-was captured by the Germans after a lengthened tensive, are a source of considerable wealth: the siege on January 2, 1871, and occupied by them The other towns aremost common trees are oak, beech, elm, maple, till July 22, 1873. Total,. 31 106 83,600 71 50,076 111 61,330 131 55,906 82 69,305 501 320,217 In the arrondissement of Mézières the chief This ash, and birch. There are extensive downs which Charleville, connected with Mézières by an avenue yield excellent pasture, especially in the chalk dis- and a suspension bridge; population, 12,676; the trict. The best arable land is in the valleys of the town is well built, and contains a tribunal of first centre of the department, and in the valley of the instance, a college, and a public library of 22,000 Aisne, which is one of the best corn-growing dis- volumes; the chief manufactures are hardware tricts in France, and also produces excellent wine. and nai's; there are also soaperies and iron and Great numbers of horses are bred, which are brass foundries in the town, which has a good serviceable for the army as well as for the farm. dock on the Meuse, and is the principal mart Sheep are numerous, and noted for the sweet- for the agricultural produce of the department: ness of their flesh and the fineness of their wool. Monthermé, 6 miles N. of Charleville, on the left The principal manufactures of the department are bank of the Meuse; population 2299; glass, bricks, ironmongery of all kinds, broad cloth, cashmere and pottery are manufactured here, and in the enshawls and other woollen stuffs, shoe and white virons there are extensive slate-quarries: Ormont, leather, hosiery, coarse linen, and hats; there are 10 miles S. of Mézières, near which there are iron also several glass-works, iron-furnaces, and brass- mines: Renwetz, N. W. of Charleville, which has foundries. Coal, iron, slate, porcelain clay, and considerable manufactures of hosiery: and Signysand used in the manufacture of plate-glass, are l'Abbaye or Signy-le-Grand, on the Vaux; popufound. The navigation of the Meuse, which is lation, 3171; there are iron foundries and cloth much facilitated by the Sedan Canal that runs factories in this place, and slate quarries and along its banks, contributes greatly to the activity extensive nursery grounds near it; the town has of the trade of the department, which consists of its distinctive names from the large Cistercian its mineral and manufactured products, together abbey which it formerly contained. with corn, sheep, and wool. In the arrondissement of Rocroy the chief town The chief rivers are the Meuse, which drains is Rocroy, a fortress 15 miles N.N.W. of Mézières the N.E. of the department and is navigable for and 5 miles W. of the Meuse; population 3000. The town stands in a large plain, in which the events of the great war of 1870–71. On the 23rd great Condé gained the famous victory of Rocroy of August Marshal MacMahon left Rheims, accoinover the Spaniards, May 19, 1643; there is a panied by the emperor, and proceeded on his tribunal of first instance and an hospital in the march towards Rethel, and the north-east towards town, which has manufactures of tin and mechan- Stenay, in the expectation of being able to evade ical tools. The other towns are- -Fumay, prettily the crown prince (who was marching on Paris), situated on a holm on the left bank of the Meuse, and thus make a junction with Marshal Bazaine. and overhung by rocks 130 feet high, which are The Germans, however, were quite aware of the called 'Les Dames de la Meuse;' the district about possibility of such a movement; a halt was made the town abounds with slates of the best quality, at Châlons, and a part of the army of the crown many millions of which are annually exported by prince made forced marches to the north and the Meuse to Belgium and Holland; population north-east to meet MacMahon. A portion of the 4283: Givet, on the Meuse, which consists of French army under De Failly had got as far toGivet-St-Hilaire and Charlemont on the left bank wards Metz as Beaumont, a village near the eastern of the river, and Givet-Notre-Dame on the right; border of Ardennes, when, on August 30, 1870, it these are joined by a bridge, and all lie within a was intercepted by the Bavarians and some other line of fortifications; the town, the entire popula-detachments of the crown prince's army. tion of which is 5104, is well situated for trade, battle ensued, in which the French were defeated and is famous for its manufacture of leather; glue and driven across the Meuse at Mouzon, leaving and earthenware are also made here, and there are in the hands of the Germans all the tents and several breweries and a brass-foundry: Rumigny, camp equipage, twenty cannons, eleven mitraila small place S. W. of Rocroy, which was the birth-leuses, and about 7000 prisoners. On the 31st place of the astronomer La Caille; and Signy-le- the retreating French turned round and made a Petit, 12 miles W. of Rocroy, at which there are iron works, iron mines, and slate quarries; population 2286. In the arrondissement of Rethel the chief town is Rethel, which stands on the slope of a steep hill on the right bank of the Aisne, 29 miles S.S.W. of Mézières; population 7027. The town, which was the capital of the former district of Rethelais, is an ancient place, and is entered by three old gates; it has several suburbs, one of which, Les Minimes, is on the left bank of the Aisne, and is joined to the town by a wooden bridge. The streets are wide, but steep; there is a tribunal of first instance, a college, an hospital, a theatre, four churches, two prisons, and two squares, in one of which stands the Halle or corn-market. This busy place is largely engaged in the woollen manufactures; it contains also several tanneries, breweries, and iron-foundries. The environs are fertile, yielding good pasturage and timber, and contain stone quarries and iron mines. The other towns are- —Asfeld-la-Ville, 12 miles W.S.W. of Rethel, on the Aisne; population 1221: ChâteauPorcien, on the right bank of the Aisne, which here forms an island on which part of the town is built; population 2463; it has some tanneries and woollen manufactures: Chaumont-Porcien, N.W. of Rethel, which has manufactures of linen and serge; population 1100: and Juniville, on the Retourne, in which large horse and cattle fairs are annually held; population 1460. In the arrondissement of Sedan the chief town is Sedan, a fortress on the right bank of the Meuse, which commands the entrance into France from Luxembourg; it is also a thriving manufacturing town, and has a population of 14,345. Sedan is 160 miles N.E. of Paris, by the railway through Soissons and Rheims, 49° 42′ N. lat., 4° 57′ E. long.; it contains tribunals of first instance and of commerce, a college, an arsenal, five churches, one of which is Calvinistic, a foundling hospital, and a public library. It was the scene of some of the most memorable, and, for France, disastrous, A stand at the plain of Douzy, near Carignan and the encampment of Vaux. After a long and severe engagement, in which the same positions were taken and retaken several times, the Germans turned the flank of their enemies, who were then compelled to fall back upon Sedan. Here, on September 1, the series of desperate conflicts was brought to a close by a fierce battle between the French army of the north under Marshal MacMahon (150,000 men), and the greater part of the three German armies under the king and crown prince of Prussia and the crown prince of Saxony (about 250,000 men). The battle began with attacks on the French right and left about five a.m., and was very severe at two p.m. At four p.m. the Germans remained masters of the field, and the crown prince of Prussia announced a complete victory, the chief part of the French army retreating into Sedan. The Emperor Napoleon was present during the battle, and during four hours was fully exposed to the German grenades. The impossibility of further resistance was then evident. The Germans had contracted their circle close round Sedan; their formidable artillery held all the heights, from which they could now at pleasure wholly destroy the town and army; and only 2000 men were in a condition to respond to the commander's call, and to make a supreme effort to break through the enemy with the emperor and escape to Montmèdy. In these circumstances a capitulation was proposed, and a flag of truce despatched to the Germans; but at first General de Wimpffen (called to command when MacMahon was wounded) indignantly rejected the terms offered by the victor. If, however, the French were to be saved from annihilation, there was now no time to hold out for better terms, for the German artillery so dominated the town that the unhappy army were in a position only to be compared to the bottom of a seething cauldron. At seven o'clock the emperor wrote in autograph to the king of Prussia, 'As I cannot die at the head of my army, I lay my sword at the feet of your majesty.' Early on arins. Monthois are small places W. of Grandpré. ARDOCH, the name of a quoad-sacra parish in Perthshire, Scotland, in which are the remains of a Roman station and three Roman camps, more perfect than any others in Great Britain. ARDROSSAN. [AYRSHIRE.] A'REA. This term is a Latin word, and means the same thing as superficies, or quantity of surface, but is applied exclusively to plane figures. The word is also applied to signify any large open space. the morning of the 2nd September the emperor | discovered in the neighbourhood: Machault and had a long interview with Count von Bismarck at Donchery, the result being that a capitulation of Sedan and the whole army therein was signed by Generals von Moltke and De Wimpffen at the chateau of Bellevue, near Frenois, at half-past eleven a.m. At two p.m. an interview took place between the king and emperor, who was downcast but dignified. The conflict was principally carried on by the artillery, in which (according to the ARE, the modern French measure of surface, emperor) the Germans had the advantage, not forming part of the new decimal system adopted only in number (600 to 500), but in weight, in that country after the revolution. It is obrange, and precision. The carnage was awful; tained as follows:-the mètre or measure of and the field the next day was a mass of shattered length, being the forty-millionth part of the bones, torn flesh, and coloured rags. About 25,000 whole meridian, as determined by the survey, is French prisoners were taken on the field of battle, 3-2809167 English feet; and the are is a square, and 83,000 surrendered the next day, together the side of which is 10 mètres long. The hecwith 70 mitrailleuses, 400 field-pieces, and 150 tare is generally used in describing a quantity of fortress guns. About 14,000 French wounded land. It is 2-4711695 English acres, or 404 were found lying in the neighbourhood, and about hectares make 1000 acres. 3000 escaped into Belgium and laid down their The great army of the north had ceased to exist. The French emperor and his suite were sent to Wilhelmshöhe, a castle near Cassel. In the course of the conflict of September 1, the village of Bazeilles, near Sedan, was stormed by the Bavarians, and burnt, it was said, because the inhabitants fired on the ambulances. Of the 2000 inhabitants scarcely fifty remained alive, and these indignantly denied any provocation having been given. The place had been previously twice bombarded and stormed by the maddened combatants. The environs of Sedan are studded with factories and workshops, engaged in the woollen trade; there are also several ironworks, tanyards, and dyehouses. The other towns areCarignan, a small place, 12 miles E. of Sedan; population, 2054: Donchery, 3 miles W. of Sedan, on the right bank of the Meuse, and near its junction with the Bar; the town, which is in shape a square and is fortified, contains an hospital and large cavalry barracks, and has manufactures of ironmongery, serge, linen, and lace; population 2032: Mouzon, on the right bank of angle may be measured separately by either of the Meuse, population 2390; the town is ancient, the following rules; in which the word in italics and the parish church is one of the largest and may mean inches, yards, miles, or any other unit, finest ecclesiastical buildings in the department; provided only that it stands for the same throughit has manufactures of woollen cloth and sole out. 1, Measure a side, A B, of the triangle leather, and some trade in honey, corn, hay, and A B C, and the perpendicular C D which is let wine: Raucourt or Rocourt, 5 miles S. of Sedan, fall upon it from the opposite vertex, both in which has manufactures of hardware and iron-units. mongery; population 1505. In the arrondissement of Vouziers the chief town is Vouziers, 33 miles S. of Mézières; it stands in a fertile district on the Aisne, and has some trade in corn and wine; population 2862. There are also iron-foundries here, and hurdle and basketmaking gives employment to many people in the district. The other towns are- -Attigny, on the left bank of the Aisne, which was one of the summer residences of the ancient kings of France: Buzancy or Barles, a small place E. of Vouziers: Grandpré, on the right bank of the Aire, and near its junction with the Aisne; population 1365; the town stands in a very fertile district, and has extensive tileworks; a vein of silver ore has been The measuring unit of every area is the square described upon the measuring unit of length: thus, we talk of the square inches, square feet, square yards, or square miles, which an area contains. Any figure which is entirely bounded by straight lines may be divided into triangles, as in the adjoining diagram. The area of every tri C D B Half the product of A B and C D is the number of square units in the triangle A B C. Thus, if A B be 30 yards, and C D 16 yards, the triangle contains 240 square yards. 2, Measure the three sides, A C, C B, B A, in units; take the half sum of the three, from it subtract each of the sides, multiply the four results together, and extract the square root of the product; this gives the number of square units in the triangle. For instance, let the three sides be 5, 6, and 7 inches; the half sum is 9; which, diminished by the three sides respectively, gives 4, 3, and 2: 9, 4, 3, 2, multiplied together, give 216, the square root of which is 147, 147 very nearly. The triangle, therefore, contains about 14 square inches. The following rules may be applied in the fol- | yellowish skin, are white and sweet. The trunk lowing cases :-) -For a parallelogram, multiply A B, с D B R T Ꭸ R Ꮓ S V when felled and exposed to the air quickly rots in the centre, and becomes a natural hollow cylinder, which, on account of the hardness of its outside, forms a very durable water-pipe, often as much as a hundred feet long, and is said to become, when buried, almost as hard as iron. AREMBERG, DUCHY OF, a large division of the former kingdom of Hanover, and therefore now incorporated with the kingdom of Prussia. It was situated close to the Dutch frontier, and consisted of the sovereign domains of Meppen and of Recklinghausen. The extent of this duchy is 1019 square miles, and the number of its population is 90,000. Meppen, named from Meppen, a town of 3000 inhabitants, which fell to the house of Aremberg in 1803, and became part of a side, by CD, its perpendicular distance from the French empire in 1810, being afterwards the opposite side;-for a rectangle, multiply toge-made over to Prussia, was relinquished by that ther adjoining sides, P Q and PR;-for a four-power in favour of the King of Hanover in 1815, sided figure, in which RT and S V are parallel, when it was erected into a duchy, with a seat in but TV and RS converge, multiply R S, one of the Upper Chamber of the Hanoverian states. the converging sides, by Y Z, its perpendicular It is a most cheerless, sterile tract, and consists of distance from the middle point of the other. an extensive plain, in which heath alternates When RT and SV are perpendicular to RS, then Y Z is half the sum of RT and S V. ments were made. A with morass; the area contains 722 square miles, and the population is 39,244. This inhospitable To find the area of region is traversed by the Ems in the west, and a circle, multiply the the Hase, which flows into the former, in the radius OA by itself south; it is also watered by the North and South and the result by 355; Ratte, the first running into the Ems, and the then divide by 113. second into the Hase. The climate is temperate, In all these cases, the but moist, gloomy, and variable. The districts result is in the square where rye and buckwheat are grown do not prounits corresponding to duce half enough for the wants of the inhabitants; the linear units in the growth of flax also is much less than adewhich the measure-quate to their consumption. The principal source of profit is the breeding of horned cattle, sheep, and bees. The chief town, Aremberg, lies at the confluence of the Hase and Ems, about 10 miles N. of Lingen; it has a grammar-school, soap and succory manufactories, two churches, an hospital, bleaching grounds, and some external trade. The population is 2500. Haselüne, on the Hase, is the seat of the local court of justice, and manufactures agricultural implements; it has a convent, and about 1780 inhabitants. The area of a curvilinear figure can only be strictly found by mathematical processes too difficult to be here described. The investigation of the area of a curve was formerly called the quadrature of the curve (quadratum, a square), because, before the application of arithmetic to geometry, the most convenient method of representing an area was by giving the square to which it is equal. ARE'CA, a genus of palms containing two remarkable species: The circle of Recklinghausen is situated in the government-circle of Münster, in the Prussian proAreca catechu is described by Dr. Roxburgh as vince of Westphalia, and is bounded S. by the circle being the most beautiful palm in India, with a of Arnsberg and Düsseldorf, and W. by Cleves. Its remarkably straight, high, smooth trunk. It is superficial extent is 297 square miles, and the cultivated all over India for the sake of its nuts, population is 43,169. The face of the country which, under the name of pinang or betel nut, are is a plain intersected with gentle eminences; the so universally chewed in the East Indies. It has Lippe traverses it, and its western districts are an austere and astringent flavour, and is not eat-watered by the Emster. The soil is strong and able alone; but mixed with lime, and with the leaf of the betel pepper, it becomes milder and pleasant. Height 40 to 50 feet. fertile; the people depend chiefly upon agriculture and the breeding of cattle, though they are also employed very generally in making yarn and Areca oleracea, or the cabbage palm, is found linen. It produces iron, freestone, turf, and coals. in great abundance in the mountainous parts of Recklinghausen, on the Lippe, is the chief town; Jamaica and other West India Islands, growing it lies at the foot of the Hard, the highest spot to the height of from one to two hundred feet, in the circle, and is about 50 miles N.E. of Cowith a trunk not more than six or seven inches in diameter. The leaves at the top, which form what is called the cabbage, are considered a great delicacy, either raw or boiled. The nuts, which are about the size of a filbert and covered with a logne. It has a ducal residence, two churches, an asylum for females of noble birth, some linen manufactories, and a steel-work; population 2450. The other towns of note in this circle areDorsten, population 2800: and Buer, which, with 45 ARENG. its dependencies, contains above 4000 inhabitants. | over the ordinary courts, and was the guardian ARENICOLA, the lob or lug worm, a genus of worms belonging to the class Annelida. By the regulations of Solon, the archons were chosen from the highest of the four classes into which he had divided the citizens, and of the archons the council of Areopagus was formed. This permanent body, which possessed a general control over the state, was composed of men of the highest rank, and doubtless in considerable proportion of Eupátridæ, or nobles by blood. The strength of the democracy lay in the ecclésia, or popular assembly, and in the ordinary courts of justice, of which the dikasts, or jurors, were taken indiscriminately from the citizens; and the council of Areopagus exercised authority directly or indirectly over both. The tendency of this institution to be a check on the popular part of that mixed government of Solon, is noticed by Aristotle. ( Polit.' ii. 9, and v. 3, ed. Schneid.) The council, from its restoration by Solon to the time of Pericles, seems to have remained untouched by any direct interference with its constitution. But during that interval the election of the chief magistrates by suffrage was exchanged for appointment by lot, and the highest offices of B.O. 459, Pericles abridged the authority of the state were thrown open to all the people. About ii. 9; Diodorus, xi. 77.) Plutarch, who has told council, and broke its power. (Aristotle, 'Polit.' us more than others (Cim.' c. 15; Pericl.' c. 7), says only that he removed from its cognizance the ARENSBURG, the capital of a circle in the island of Oesel, at the entrance of the Gulf of Riga, and within the limits of the Russian govern-greater part of those causes which had previously ment of Livonia. It lies on the Peddus, a small river on the S.E. side of the island, and has a harbour; but this is so shallow that loaded vessels, unless very small, are compelled to anchor about five miles below the town. cus. come before it in its judicial character, and that, Pericles was struggling for power by the favour AREO'PAGUS, COUNCIL OF, a council at Athens, so called from the hill of that name, on which its sessions were held; it was also called of the people, and it was his policy to increase the the Council Above, to distinguish it from the business of the popular courts, by which he conCouncil of Five Hundred, whose place of meeting ciliated his friends and strengthened their hands. was in a lower part of Athens, called the Ceramí- The council possessed originally some authority in In later times the popular assembly Its authentic history commences with the matters of finance, and the appropriation of the age of Solon, who so completely reformed its con- revenue. stitution, that he received, as Plutarch says, from had the full control of the revenue, and the admost authors, the title of its founder. The Coun-ministration of it was in the hands of the popular cil was composed of the archons of the year and council, the senate of Five Hundred. It seems that, of those who had borne the office of archon. The at first, the Areopagites were invested with an latter became members for life: but before their irresponsible authority. Afterwards they were their administration to the people. admission they were subjected to a rigid scrutiny obliged, with other public functionaries, to render into their conduct in office and their morals. an account It is probable that the accounts which limit (Eschines, Contr. Ctes.' p. 56, 30.) Both these the number of the members are applicable only to changes may with some probability be attributed an earlier period of its existence. Modern his- to Pericles. After all, the council retained a tories of this council do not commonly give the large portion of its former dignity and very extenactual archons a seat in it. They are, however, sive powers. The change operated by Pericles placed there by Lysias the orator. (Areop.' p. seems to have consisted principally in this: from 110, 16-20.) As a court of justice, the Areopagus having exercised independent and paramount auThe Areopagites exercised some power similar had direct cognizance of the more serious crimes, thority, it was made subordinate to the ecclesia. such as murder. It exercised a certain control |