which has jurisdiction over all the parishes of the county, except one, and over the shire of Bute.

Argyleshire contains many antiquities; such as the ecclesiastical ruins of Iona and Öronsa; Druidical circles and cairns; and castles at Dunstaffnage, Ardtornish, Inverary, Skipnish, and Kilchurn.

distant parts of the county are brought into communication with one another, and with Glasgow, to which they can now send their stock and produce, with the certainty of finding a good market. The Crinan Canal, from Loch Fine to Loch Crinan, saves a voyage of 120 miles. The Caledonian Canal connects Moray Frith with Loch Linnhe. After undergoing a variety of political changes, Argyleshire contains few towns. The chief we find, in the middle ages, the territory of Argyle is Campbeltown, near the extremity of Cantire, in subject to thanes, powerful, and in fact independ50° 26' N. lat., 5° 36′ W. long. The town is ent. The lordship of Argyle, with Mull and the built in the form of a crescent at the head of islands north of it, were subject to the M'Dougals Kilkerran Loch, which is about miles long and of Lorn; Isla, Cantire, and the southern islands, 1 broad, and forms an excellent harbour with from to the M'Donalds, known by the style of Lords 6 to 13 fathoms water. At the entrance of the of the Isles,' or 'Earls of Ross.' The nominal loch is the conical island of Devar, by which the allegiance of these last to the kings of Scotland harbour is well sheltered. The population of the was unsteady; but their power was broken in the burgh in 1871 was 6628. There are several reign of James III., towards the latter part of the churches and chapels in the town; its chief trade fifteenth century. The acquisition of Lorn by the is in whisky, of which over a million gallons were Stuart family, by marriage, and the erection of the distilled in the seventeen distilleries of the parish earldom of Argyle in favour of the Campbells of in 1878. The number of vessels registered in Loch Awe, weakened their sway still further, and 1877 was 44 (2472 tons). The entries in produced the diminution, and at last the annihila1876 were 890 (66,414 tons), and the clearances tion of it. In 1614 the M'Donalds rose in insur881 (65,510 tons). The customs revenue in rection to oppose the grant of Cantire to the Earl 1877 was nil. The chief imports are barley of Argyle and his relations, but the power of the coals, timber, iron; the principal exports are Campbells prevailed. In 1748 all heritable juriswhisky, black cattle, sheep, and farm produce. dictions were abolished by Act of Parliament, and Steamers ply regularly between this place and civilization has subsequently made great advances. Glasgow. Dunoon, on the S.E. coast, is one of The Gaelic language still predominates in Argylethe most frequented bathing places and summer shire.

residences in the west of Scotland, the visitors ARGYLE, DUKES AND EARLS OF. [CAMPbeing chiefly from Glasgow and Greenock. It is BELLS.]

well built, and there are many handsome villas in A'RGYRO CASTRO, a town of Albania, about the vicinity. The population is 3756. Inverary, 50 miles N.W. from Joannina, in 40° 7′ N. lat., at the mouth of the Aray, which falls into Loch 20° 13' E. long. The town is situated in the Fyne, is the capital of Argyleshire, it is a seaport, valley of Deropul, on the S.W. side, not far from but the harbour can be entered only by vessels of the little river Deropul, which is a branch of the light draught. The population of the burgh in Bojiessa, or Vouissa. Several deep ravines are 1871 was 902; they are chiefly employed in the separated from each other by steep and narrow herring fishery, the town being the head station of ridges. Upon three of these ridges the greatest the fishery in Argyleshire. There are about 1100 part of the town is placed. The central ridge is boats, employing 2700 men and boys, belonging surmounted by a castle built by Ali Pasha, which to it: the total value of the boats, nets, &c., being is of great extent. Ali erected a seraglio, or about 30,000. About 25,000 barrels of herrings palace, within this castle, and there are also a are caught yearly, in addition to large quantities mosque, barracks for 5000 troops, and subterof ling and cod. Inverary contains two churches, ranean magazines of ammunition and provisions. a chapel, a prison, and a savings bank. Near the Water is brought to the town generally, and also town stands Inverary Castle, the seat of the Duke to the castle, from a distance of 6 miles, by of Argyle, part of which was destroyed by fire in an aqueduct. The population is estimated at October, 1877. Oban is on the sea-coast on the 15,000. Argyro Castro appears to have enjoyed N.W. of the shire; the population of the burgh in a considerable degree of independence previous 1871 was 2424. The place has of late years been to 1811-12, when it was taken by Ali Pasha. inuch improved, and many new houses built. The When he was attacked by the forces of the town has an excellent harbour, and the bay has a Grand Seignior, the castle and town were surgood depth of water. The town has manufactures rendered to the Turks, in whose possession they of silk and straw hats, and exports slates, pig iron, still remain. whisky, wool, and fish. Steamers ply to Glasgow, Greenock, Liverpool, and the Western Isles.

A'RIA, a province of the ancient Persian empire. It formed part of Ariana, or Iran, and borThe county returns one member to the House of dered in the N. upon the Tápuri, Margiana, and Commons; and the burghs of Inverary, Oban, and Bactriana, in the E. upon the Paropamísadæ, and Campbeltown unite with Ayr and Irvine (Ayr- in the S. and W. upon Drangiana, Karmania, and shire) to return another. The number of voters Parthia. Its situation corresponds to that of the on the county register in 1878 was 3100. The modern Seistan and the southern part of Khorasan. Duke of Argyle, the Marquis of Tweeddale, and Earl Strabo (xi. c. 10) calls Aria and Margiana the best of Breadalbane are the chief landed proprietors, provinces of this part of the earth. They are, he especially the first. Argyle gives name to a synod, says, watered by the rivers Arios and Margos.

The former of these, caled also Arias, Areios, or could not be subject to the working of his almighty Arrianos, is described by Arrian (iv. c. 6) as a river hand, made first a single being whom he called not less than the Peneios of Thessalia, yet losing Son, or Logos, to be a link between God and the itself in the ground. This account answers to the world, by whom the whole universe was created. present Heri-Rud. The Margos is supposed to be (Compare Athanas. 'Orat. c. Arian.' i. § 5.) The the modern Murgh-ab. Arians did not deny that Christ, in the New TestaHerodotus enumerates the Arii ("Ague) as con-ment, was called God, and they ascribed to him a stituting with the Parthi, the Chorasmii, and the sort of divine dignity; but asserted that he had Sogdi, the sixteenth of the twenty satrapies into this dignity, not by his own essence, but merely which Darius divided the Persian empire. (He- by the grace of God the Father. (Athanas. 'Orat. rodotus, iii. 93.) The ancient name of the Medic. Arian,' i. § 6.) The Arians fully admitted was Arii. (Herod. vii. 62.) Lassen (Indische the incomprehensibility of God, and that Christians Bibliothek,' vol. iii. p. 71) supposes the name of the Arii to be etymologically identical with the word Arya, by which the followers of the Brahmanic religion are designated in Sanscrit.

Alexander the Great founded a town in Aria, which he named Alexandria Ariôn (Alexandria of the Arii). The site of this town is doubtful, but it is by some geographers supposed to be the present town of Herat.

ARIA, in Music. [AIR.]

ARIA'NA is the name given by ancient authors, after the age of Alexander the Great, to the eastern portion of those countries which form the highland of Persia. According to Eratosthenes (Strabo, p. 723, Casaub.), Ariana was bounded on the N. by the Paropamisus mountains and their western con tinuation as far as the Caspiæ Pyla; on the S. by the Great Sea (the Indian Ocean); on the E. by the river Indus, and on the W. by the hills which separate Parthyéne from Media, and Karmania from Paraitakéne and Persis.

ought to pay divine worship to Jesus Christ. This they proved from Christ's saying, 'That all men should honour the Son, even as they honour the Father. He that honoureth not the Son, honoureth not the Father who hath sent him.' (St. John, v. 23.) [ARIUS.]

ARIARATHES. [CAPPADOCIA.]

A'RIAS MONTA'NUS, BENEDICTUS, was born in 1527, of noble but poor parents, near the Andalusian border, in a mountainous district; and hence his surname Montano. His early studies were carried on at Seville, and subsequently at Alcala de Henares. He specially devoted himself to the study of Scripture in the original languages, and he acquired a knowledge of the Arabic, the Syriac, and the Chaldaic. In his travels through France, England, Italy, Germany, and the Netherlands, he acquired several modern tongues. On account of his great scholarship, the Bishop of Segovia, Martin Perez Ayala, took him to the Council of Trent, where he had his share in some of the The countries properly belonging to Ariana are, most important transactions. He was invited by according to Strabo, in the E., the Paropamisada, Philip II. to superintend the splendid and expenthe Arachoti, and Gedroseni along the Indus, pro-sive edition of the Polyglot Bible,' which, at the ceeding from N. to S.; the Drange towards the suggestion of the printer, Christopher Plantin, was W. of the Arachoti and Gedroseni; the Arii to-to be executed at Antwerp. Arias went to Antwards the W. of the Paropamisadæ, but extending werp in 1568, and devoted four years to this unconsiderably to the W. and S., so as nearly to en-dertaking, and he had the pleasure of presenting compass the Drange; the Parthyæi W. of the the finished work to Pope Gregory XIII. in 1572. Arii, towards the Caspia Pyla; and Karmania Unfortunately most of the copies of the work were to the S. of the Parthyæi.

The original form of the name Ariana in the Zend or ancient Persian language is Airyáne. From this seems to be derived the modern Persian name Iran, by which oriental writers designate the country between the Tigris, the Persian Gulf, the Oxus or Gihon, and the Indus.

lost in their passage from the Netherlands to Spain. The king remunerated Arias's labours with a pension of two thousand ducats, besides some lucrative offices. Arias was an upright orthodox Roman Catholic, and a truly learned man. His 'Antwerp Polyglot' received the approbation and praise of the pope, and that of the most eminent Roman ARIA'NO, an episcopal town in the province of Catholic universities; yet he was accused of a Principato Ultra in the kingdom of Italy; popu-leaning towards Judaism, and in fact of heresy in lation in 1872 was 15,000. It is situated on a general, and he narrowly escaped persecution. very steep hill on the main road from Naples to He died at Seville in 1598. Puglia, and in the highest point of the pass leading over the Apennine ridge into the plains of the latter country. Ariano is 44 miles E.N.E. of Naples, 32 S.W. of the town of Foggia, and stands in 41° 8' N. lat., 15° 1' E. long.

ARIANS, a name applied in common to all who entertain opinions concerning the relation between Jesus Christ and the Father similar to those entertained by Arius, although they have not always derived their notions from him. According to the second oration of Athanasius against the Arians (§ 24), Eusebius of Nicomedia, Asterius, and Arius, agreed in the following opinion: God being willing to create the universe, and seeing that it

VOL IL

Arias was the author of various works, most of which are on religious subjects.

ARICA, a town in the department of Moquega, in Peru, and the seaport of Tacna, with which it was connected by railway in 1863. From its position it is the natural outlet for the northern provinces of Bolivia, and the exports of copper, barilla, alpaca wool, Peruvian bark, and other articles, formerly amounted to 5,000,000 dollars per annum. The imports, chiefly from Great Britain and France, were valued at 1,000,000l. per annum. The town had frequently suffered from earthquakes, and consequently only contained a small population (4000), notwithstanding its fine

D

bay and excellent anchorage. This caution as to in the north than in the south, where near the residence was well justified, for the place was almost highest mountains the heat in summer is suffocatentirely destroyed on August 13, 1868. About ing, and the cold in winter is intense. There are 5 o'clock in the afternoon of that day it was visited large ponds and unhealthy marshes in some by a tremendous earthquake, which laid much of places.

the town in ruins, and killed and wounded many of The soil in most of the valleys is a deep black the inhabitants. Soon afterwards the sea retired, loam; in the plains about Pamiers and Saverdun and the vessels in the bay which had just before it is light and gravelly, and in some valleys it is been at anchor in 8 fathoms of water were either sandy, consisting chiefly of the detritus of the grounded or carried irresistibly seawards. In a granite rocks. The mountains are in many places few minutes the sea stopped; and then arose a rocky and bare. The south of the department mighty earthquake wave, 50 feet high, which came consists of transition rocks mixed with some layers in with a fearful rush, and carried everything before of granite and limestone: to the north of Foix it-every vessel being either cast on shore or turned first the Alpine limestone, then the tertiary rocks bottom upwards, and the American war steamer prevail. Marble, freestone, alabaster, plaster of Wateree being landed more than a quarter of a Paris, slate, coal, peat, amianthus, lead, copper, mile inland. During the interval between the first turquoise, jet, jasper, and alum are found. Gold shock and the earthquake wave many of the inhab-is found in several of the streams of the departitants had been able to save their lives by flying to ment. Iron is abundant, especially in the mines the neighbouring hills, but most of those who had of La Rancié in the valley of the Vic-Dessos, the been partially buried were drowned when the wave ores of which yield 60 per cent. of that metal, and burst over the city. From soundings which have contain also a portion of silver. There are two since been made near Arica, it appears that the sea salt springs in the department, and several hot bottom was permanently uplifted 2000 feet by the springs, the most frequented of which are those of Ax and Ussat. earthquake. The town has been partly rebuilt, and although its trade is not so extensive as formerly, much pasturage, and in many places are covered The high lands of the department contain about 250 vessels enter and clear annually.

with forests: in these the trees most commonly ARIE GE, a department of France, which is met with are firs, pines, and oak; elm, beech and formed out of the ancient county of Foix, of Cou- linden also flourish. Of fruit-trees, the apple, serans, which belonged to Gascoigne, and of a small peach, and sweet chestnut are extensively culti part of Languedoc. It is bounded N. and W. byvated. The low lands produce wheat, Indian the department of Haute Garonne, E. by that of corn, millet, buckwheat, hemp, and flax, the seed Aude, S.E. by that of Pyrénées Orientales, and S. of which mixed with that of the turnip furnishes by Andorra and the Pyrenees, which separate it the oil for burning chiefly used in the department. from Spain. The department lies between 42° 33' In the south the potato is extensively cultivated and 43° 19' N. lat., and between 0° 50' and 2° 8' to supply the deficiency of corn, which does not E. long. Its length from E. to W. is 66 miles, ripen on the mountains. The wine of the departand its breadth from N. to S. 49 miles. The area ment is of inferior quality, and is all consumed by of the department is 1756 square miles; the popu- the inhabitants. lation in 1872 was 246,298, which gives an cattle and mules, are very numerous; game is Sheep of good breed, horned average of 140 to the square mile, and shows a abundant. Of wild animals, bears, wild boars, decrease of 4000 as compared with 1866. wolves, foxes, badgers, roebucks, chamois, otters, Two-thirds of the department, coinciding gene- polecats, hares and rabbits are found. Eagles. rally with the arrondissements of Foix and St. hawks, owls, wild geese and ducks, partridges, &c. Girons, are covered with mountains, which rise are numerous. Fish, especially trout, abound in gradually from N. to S., and reach their highest the rivers: the marshes are infested with great elevation in the chain of the Pyrenees: the rest numbers of reptiles, among which the viper is of the department, comprehending the arrondisse common. ment of Pamiers, is mostly level. The principal The inhabitants of the department, besides the pics or summits of the Pyrenees in this depart usual agricultural pursuits, are engaged in the ment, with their height above the level of the sea manufacture of coarse woollens, linen, soap, hats, in feet, are-Fontargente 9164; Serrère 9592; combs, porcelain, and pottery. There are als Montcalm 10,513; Estats 10,611; Montvalier many tan-yards, paper-mills, saw-mills, glass9120; and Montouléon 9424. A spur from the works, and numerous establishments for smelting main chain of the Pyrenees projects into the cen-iron and copper ores. The principal article of extre of the department and forms the mountain of port from the department is iron, which is carried Plat de la Serre. The different branches sent out on the backs of mules to Auterive in Haute from this divide the waters of the department into Garonne, whence it is conveyed down the Ariège two basins, that of the Ariège on the E. and that to the canal of Languedoc and the Garonne. of the Salat on the W. Several of the valleys of Wool is largely imported from Spain, which rethis department are almost completely shut in, and ceives in return woollen fabrics, linen, cattle, and communicate with each other and with the rest of wax. Other articles of commerce are rosin, pitch, the department only by the cols or depressions in turpentine, cork, marble, medicinal herbs, &c. the mountains, which are here called ports. The The chief rivers are the Ariège and the Salat. temperature is in general mild, notwithstanding The Ariège rises in the Pyrenees near Montthe elevation of the surface, but it is more equable Louis, and falls into the Garonne 10 miles above

Toulouse, having run a course of about 90 miles, hot sulphureous springs, of which there are above of which the last 20 are navigable. Between 30 in the town; it stands among granitic Foix and Saverdun particles of gold are found in mountains at the junction of three valleys, from the sands of this river and its affluents; this which three mountain torrents issue, and, uniting circumstance has given origin to the name Ariège, near the town, form the Ariège; population which is a corruption of Aurigera. The feeders 1991: La-Bastide-de-Serou, on the Arize, 10 of the Ariège on the left are the Vic-Dessos and miles N.W. of Foix, at which hats, tiles, bricks, the Lèze, and on the right the Criew, the Lers, and fine pottery are made; grains of gold are and the Hize. The Salat rises in the col of Sa- found in the streams near this place; population lau, and falls into the Garonne after a course of 2865: Les Cabanes, 9 miles down the river from about 55 miles, a little below St. Martory: its Ax, at which there are silver and iron mines, chief feeders are the Arac, the Garbet, and the crystal also is found here; the fine old castles of Lez. The other rivers are the Volp and the Grudannes and Lordat are near this place: LaveArize, which are affluents of the Garonne. Most lanet, 16 miles E. of Foix; population 2710 of these streams flow with a rapid descent, and there are factories for broad-cloth and woollen many of them are used for purposes of irrigation, yarn, and saw-mills which are worked by water and as moving power for machinery. power; jet is found in the neighbourhood: QueOf the roads by which the department is rigut, 40 miles S. E. of Foix; it is built on a pass traversed, the most important is the one that leads over the Pyrenees, which is commanded by a fort from Toulouse to Puycerda in Spain: it follows in the town: Tarascon, on the right bank of the the valley of the Ariège all the way, and crosses Ariège, near where that river is joined by the the Pyrenees by the port of Puymaurin, having Vic-Dessos; population 1560; it is a small place, sent off a branch from Tarascon up the valley of but important for its extensive iron-works; there the Vic-Dessos. On the port of Puymaurin, are large fairs for cattle and farm produce, which which is 6295 feet above the sea-level, the French are much frequented by the Spaniards: and Viccustom-house is planted. The valley of the Salat Dessos, on a small river and in a valley of the communicates with Spain by the port of Salau, same name, 7 miles S. W. of Tarascon ; population and with the valley of the Ariège by the port 1142; the village is surrounded with smeltingof Lirs. The other passes of Pyrenees are furnaces, and the whole valley is studded with much frequented by smugglers. The department iron-works, with the neat residences of the iron is also crossed by the great roads leading from masters and their workmen, and with many fine Carcassone to St. Girons, from Perpignan to Bay-old feudal castles; the iron mines of Vic-Dessos onne, and from Albi into Spain. There are also have been worked from time immemorial. short lines of railway from Toulouse to Foix, and from Boussens to St. Girons.

The department is divided into three arrondissements, which, with the cantons, communes, and population in each, are as follows:

Arronds.

Foix,

Pamiers,

St. Girons,

Total,

996

Cantons.

8

139 114

83

336

83,636 77,692 84,970 246,298

20

In the arrondissement of Pamiers the chief town is Pamiers, an episcopal town on the right bank of the Ariège, 11 miles N. of Foix; population 7500. The town is pretty, and stands in a very heautiful district, rich in corn, fruit, and pasturage. The most important building is the cathedral, Communes. Pop. in 1872. which is surmounted by an ancient Gothic brick tower. There is a tribunal of first instance, a college, a seminary for the education of the clergy, some manufactures of hardware and woollens, and a thriving trade in corn in this place. There is a chalybeate spring in the neighbourhood. The other towns are- -Daumazan, a small place on the left bank of the Arize, and 17 miles W. of PaIn the arrondissement of Foix the chief town is miers: Le-Fossat, a small place on the left bank Foix, which is also the capital of the department, of the Lèze; population 1007: Le-Mas-d'-Azil, as it was of the former county of Foix. The town 13 miles W.S.W. of Pamiers, on the Arize; popu is ancient: it stands on the left bank of the lation 2738; this town stands in a lovely valley Ariège, in the gorge of a narrow valley, which is surrounded by fertile hills; it has manufactures of bounded by precipitous hills, at a distance of 404 alum, copperas, and horn-combs; several large miles S. from Paris, 42° 58′ N. lat., 1° 36′ E. cattle fairs are held: Mazères-en-Foix, 10 miles long.; population 6746. The streets are narrow, N. of Pamiers, on the left bank of the Lers; but the houses are well built. There is a tribunal population 3694; che counts of Foix had a castle of first instance, a college, and a public library and resided here; the Huguenots held the town of 8000 volumes in the town, which has manu- during the 16th century till the final extinction factures of ironmongery, leather, coarse woollens, of their party under Louis XIII.: Mirepoix, 14 serge, hats, and hosiery. The most remarkable miles E. of Pamiers, on the Lers; population. public buildings are the castle of the ancient 4160; coarse woollens, box-wood combs, soap, counts of Foix, the court-house, the church of St. and woollen yarn are manufactured; there are Volusien, and the stone bridge over the Ariège.jet, iron, and coal mines in the environs: SaverThe castle stands on an isolated rock, which dun, 8 miles N. of Pamiers, on the left bank of rises from amidst the houses of the town, and is the Ariège, the birthplace of Benedict XII. ; now converted into the Palais de Justice. The population 4292; the town has some trade in other towns are-Ax or Aqs, famous for its timber, tiles, cattle, and fruits and Varilhes, on

the great road between Pamiers and Foix; popu-stars, a and 6, the only two of any note, which lation 1700. are near together, and may be found by continuing the line drawn from Procyon through Aldebaran; or, by continuing the line drawn through the pole star, and Cassiopeia, the nearest to the Great Bear of the five.

ARIETTA, in music (the diminutive of the Italian word aria), a short air.

In the arrondissement of St. Girons the chief town is St. Girons, on the right bank of the Salat, 26 miles W. of Foix, and at the foot of the Pyrenees, it is a pretty little town, and has a population of 4454. The chief fabrics are linen, coarse wooilens, and paper the town has also a good trade with Spain in iron, wool, mules, and swine; it has ten ARI'LLUS, in botany, is a fleshy expansion great yearly fairs, at which there are extensive either of the umbilical cord by which seeds are sales of cloth, linen, corn, and beasts. There is a attached to the placenta, or of the placenta itself. tribunal of first instance and a college in the It is never formed till after the fertilization of the town. The other towns are- -Castillon, a small seed, and is only met with in a few plants; its place on the Lez, 7 miles W. of St. Girons; popu-use is entirely unknown. The most remarkable lation 1215 Sainte-Croix-de-Volvestre, on the instance of the arillus among species of common Volp, which has six yearly fairs, some manufac- occurrence is in the spindle tree, Euonymus Eurotures of woollens, drugget, glass, and pottery paus, in which it is the fleshy red covering of the population 1886; Erce, 13 miles W.S.W. of Foix; seed that renders that plant so ornamental in the population 3232; there are quarries of white mar- autumn and beginning of winter. Another familiar ble, tin and iron mines here, and also iron-works, case is the mace of the nutmeg; this substance is, in which the water-power of the little river Erce, when fresh, a crimson lacerated covering of the on which the town stands, is made available: St. nut, which acquires its pale brown colour in conLizier, on the right bank of the Salat, a little sequence of the preparation it undergoes in being below St. Girons; paper, cottons, and woollens dried and prepared for market. are the chief fabrics; white, black, and grey mar- ARIMA'NES and AREIMA'NIOS are Greek ble, as also copper and lead, are found in the neigh-corruptions of the Persian name Ahriman or Aheribourhood of the town; population 1272; this town, man, which, according to the doctrine of Zoroaster, which was formerly the seat of a bishop, is very is the name of the author of evil, and the opponent ancient, and was first known by the name of Aus-of Ormuzd, who is the author of good. Ormuzd tria Consorannorum, from its being the chief and Ahriman were, according to the 'Zend-Avesta,' town of the Consoranni or Consuarani, a tribe men- the offspring of Zeruane-Akerene, the indefinite tioned by Pliny, who held the district since called and impersonal divine substance and cause of all from them Couserans; the town took its present existence. Both were primarily equal in intellect name from St. Lizier, one of its bishops, who died and power; but Ormuzd was, from the beginning, in 742; its prelates, however, were styled bishops pure, good, and luminous; Ahriman was dark and of Austria till the 12th century; the episcopal wicked, and bent on destruction and mischief. palace, now converted into an hospital, is a re- Ormuzd is represented as the creator of the world: markably fine building: Massat, 14 miles E. of St. Ahriman constantly counteracts the designs of his Girons, which has several furnaces for smelting goodness. The struggle of the two deities will, iron, hydraulic saw-mills, and oil and flour mills; according to Zoroaster, continue 12,000 years, after there are iron and lead mines, and also marble and which Ormuzd will defeat Ahriman, who will beslate quarries near the town: and Oust, on the come a convert to truth and goodness, and a new right bank of the Salat; population 1700, in world, happier and better than the present, will be which there are iron-works: a vein of lead ore created. Westergaard published the text of the containing silver has been discovered in the neigh- Zend-Avesta, at Copenhagen, in 1854. bourhood of the town. The Persian doctrine of the two opposite prinThe department forms the bishopric of Pamiers, ciples was known to Aristotle and returns three members to the Chamber of ARINOS, a river of Brazil. After a northDeputies; it is within the jurisdiction of the Uni-westerly course of 700 miles it joins the Tapajos, versity Academy of Toulouse. one of the affluents of the Amazon.

A'RIES (constellation), the Ram, is the first ARI'ON, a native of Lesbos, the inventor of the constellation of the ancient zodiac. The sign of dithyrambus, and a great musician, was contemthe zodiac, so called, including the first thirty porary with Periander of Corinth, and with degrees of the ecliptic, reckoning from the vernal Alyattes, king of Lydia (B.c. 628-571). He equinox, owing to the precession of the equinoxes travelled as far as Taras (Taranto) in Southern now begins in the constellation Pisces; and although Italy, and acquired considerable wealth by his prothe sun at the vernal equinox will always be at the fessional skill. His adventure with the dolphin first point of Aries, yet nearly 24,000 years will is well told by Herodotus, i. 23, &c. elapse before that point will again coincide with ARIO'SO, in music, 'in the manner of an air,' the beginning of the constellation Aries. as contradistinguished from recitative. When applied to instrumental music, it denotes a sustained, or vocal style.

The Greek mythology makes Aries to be the commemoration of the golden fleece, in quest of which the Argonautic expedition was undertaken. [ARGONAUTS.]

This constellation is surrounded by Cetus, Taurus, Perseus, Andrómeda, and Pisces, the first of which is directly below it. In the horns are two

ARIO'STO, LODOVÍco, was born at Reggio, near Modena, September 8, 1474. He was the son of Nicolò Ariosto of Ferrara, a military officer in the service of Duke Hercules I. d'Este. Lodovico was the eldest born of a family of five brothers