to use the word magazine in the sense of a periodical of miscellaneous | literature. The specially antiquarian, biographical and historical features, which make this magazine so valuable a store-house for information for the period it covers, were dropped in 1868, when an" entirely new series," a miscellany of light literature was successively edited by Gowing, Joseph Hatton and Joseph Knight. Many other magazines were produced in consequence of the success of these two. It will be sufficient to mention the following: The Scots Magazine (1739-1817) was the first published in Scotland; from 1817 to 1826 it was styled the Edinburgh Magazine. The Universal Magazine (1747) had a short, if brilliant, career; but the European Magazine, founded by James Perry in 1782, lasted down to 1826. Of more importance than these, or than the Royal Magazine (17591771) was the Monthly Magazine (1796-1843), with which Priestley and Godwin were originally connected. During thirty years the Monthly was conducted by Sir Richard Phillips, under whom it became more statistical and scientific than literary. Class magazines were represented by the Edinburgh Farmer's Magazine (1800-1825) and the Philosophical Magazine (1798), established in London by Alexander Tilloch; the latter at first consisted chiefly of translations of scientific articles from the French. The following periodicals, all of which date from the 18th century, are still published: the Gospel Magazine (1766, with which is incorporated the British Protestant), the Wesleyan Methodist Magazine (1778), Curtis's Botanical Magazine (1786), Evangelical Magazine (1793; since 1905 the Evangelical British Missionary), the Philosophical Magazine (1798), now known as the London, Edinburgh and Dublin Philosophical Magazine.

The increased influence of this class of periodical upon public opinion was first apparent in Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine, founded in 1817 by the publisher of that name, and carried to a high degree of excellence by the contributions of Scott, Lockhart, Hogg, Maginn, Syme and John Wilson (“Christopher North "), John Galt and Samuel Warren. It has always remained Liberal in literature and Conservative in politics. The New Monthly Magazine is somewhat earlier in date. It was founded in 1814 by the London publisher, Colburn, and was edited in turn by Campbell, Theodore Hook, Bulwer-Lytton and Ainsworth. Many of Carlyle's and Thackeray's pieces first appeared in Fraser's Magazine (1830), long famous for its personalities and its gallery of literary portraits. The Metropolitan Magazine was started in opposition to Fraser, and was first edited by Campbell, who had left its rival. It subsequently came into the hands of Captain Marryatt, who printed in it many of his sea-tales. The British Magazine (18321849) included religious and ecclesiastical information. From Ireland came the Dublin University Magazine (1833). The regular price of these magazines was half a crown; the first of the cheaper ones was Tait's Edinburgh Magazine (1832-1861) at a shilling. It was Radical in politics, and had Roebuck as one of its founders. Bentley's Miscellany (1837–1868) was exclusively devoted to novels, light literature and travels. Several of Ainsworth's romances, • illustrated by Cruikshank, first saw the light in Bentley. The Nautical Magazine (1832) was addressed specially to sailors, and Colburn's United Service Journal (1829) to both services. The Asiatic Journal (1816) dealt with Oriental subjects.

From 1815 to 1820 a number of low-priced and unwholesome periodicals flourished. The Mirror (1823-1849), a two-penny illustrated magazine, begun by John Limbird, and Cheap Pub the Mechanics Magazine (1823) were steps in a better lications. direction. The political agitation of 1831 led to a further popular demand, and a supply of cheap and healthy serials for the reading multitude commenced with Chambers's Journal (1832), the Penny Magazine (1832-1845) of Charles Knight, and the Saturday Magazine (1832-1844), begun by the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. The first was published at 1d. and the last two at Id. Knight secured the best authors and artists of the day to write for and illustrate his magazine, which, though at first a commercial success, may have had the reason of its subsequent discontinuance in its literary excellence. At the end of 1832 it had reached a sale of 200,000 in weekly numbers and monthly parts. It came to an end in 1845 and was succeeded by Knight's Penny Magazine (1845), which was stopped after six monthly parts. These periodicals were followed by a number of penny weeklies of a lower tone, such as the Family Herald (1843), the London Journal (1845) and Lloyd's Miscellany. In 1850 the sale of the first of them was placed at 175,000 copies, the second at 170,000, and Lloyd's at 95,000. In 1846 fourteen penny and three half-penny magazines, twelve social journals, and thirty-seven book-serials were produced every week in London. A further and permanent improvement in cheap weeklies for home reading may be traced from the foundation of Howitt's Journal (1847-1849), and more especially Household Words (1850), conducted by Charles Dickens, All the Year Round (1859), by the same editor, and afterwards by his son, Once A Week (1859), and the Leisure Hour (1852). The plan of Notes and Queries (1849), for the purpose of inter-communication among those interested in special points of literary and antiquarian character, has led to the 1 John Limbird, to whom even before Chambers or Knight is due the carrying out the idea of a cheap and good periodical for the people, died on the 31st of October 1883, without having achieved the worldly prosperity of his two followers.

adoption of similar departments in a great number of newspapers and periodicals, and, besides several imitators in England, there are now parallel journals in Holland, France, and Italy. Shilling monthlies began with Macmillan (1859), the Cornhill (1860), first edited by Thackeray, and Temple Bar (1860). St James's Magazine (1861), Belgravia (1866), St Paul's (1867-1874), London Society (1862), and Tinsley's (1867) were devoted chiefly to novels and light reading. Sixpenny illustrated magazines commenced with Good Words (1860) and the Quiver (1861), both religious in tendency. In 1882 Fraser changed its name to Longman's Magazine, and was popularized and reduced to sixpence. The Cornhill followed the same example in 1883, reducing its price to sixpence and devoting its pages to light reading. The English Illustrated Magazine (1883) was brought out in competition with the American Harper's and Century. The Pall Mall Magazine followed in 1893. Of the artistic periodicals we may signalize the Art Journal (1849), Portfolio (1870), Magazine of Art (1878-1904), Studio (1893), Connoisseur (1901), and Burlington (1903). The Bookman (1886), for a combination of popular and literary qualities, and the Badminton (1895), for sport, also deserve mention. One of the most characteristic developments of later journalism was the establishment in 1890 of the Review of Reviews by W. T. Stead. Meanwhile the number of cheap periodicals increased enormously, such as the weekly Tit-bits (1881), and Answers (1888), and profusely illustrated magazines appeared, like the Strand (1891), Pearson's (1896), or Windsor (1895). Professions and trades now have not only their general class-periodicals, but a special review or magazine for every section. In 1910 the magazines and reviews published in the United Kingdom numbered 2795. Religious periodicals were 668; 338 were devoted to trade; 361 to sport; 691 represented the professional classes; 51 agriculture; and 218 were juvenile periodicals. The London monthlies were 797 and the quarterlies 155. Indexes to English Periodicals.-A large number of periodicals do not preserve literary matter of permanent value, but the highclass reviews and the archaeological, artistic and scientific magazines contain a great mass of valuable facts, so that general and special indexes have become necessary to all literary workers. Lists of the separate indexes to particular series are given in H. B. Wheatley's What is an Index? (1879), W. P. Courtney's Register of National Bibliography (1905, 2 vols.), and the List of Books forming the Reference Library in the reading room of the British Museum (4th ed. 1910, 2 vols). AUTHORITIES.- -" Periodicals," in the British Museum catalogue; Lowndes, Bibliographer's Manual, by Hy. G. Bohn, (1864); Cat. of Periodicals in the Boal. Lib., pt. i., English Periodicals (1878); Cat. of the Hope Collection of Early Newspapers and Essayists in the Bodl. Lib. (1865); Scudder, Cat. of Scientific Serials (1879); Andrews, Hist. of Brit. Journalism (1859); Čucheval Clarigny, Hist. de la Presse en Angleterre et aux États Unis (1857); Madden, Hist. of Irish Period. Lit. (1867); J. Grant, The Great Metropolis, ii. 229-327; " Periodical Essays of the Age of Anne,” in N. American Rev. vol. xlvi.; Drake, Essays on the " Spectator," Tatler," &c. (1810-1814); Courthope, Addison (" Engl. Men of Letters," 1884); "Forgotten Periodical Publications," in Notes and Queries, 3rd series, vol. ix. p. 53; "Account of Periodical Literary Journals from 1681 to 1749," by S. Parkes, in Quart. Journ. of Sc., Lit., &c., xiii. 36, 289; see also Notes and Queries, 1st series, vol. vi. pp. 327, 435; "Last Century Magazines," in Fraser's Mag. Sept. (1876), p. 325; "Periodicals during 1712-1732," in Notes and Queries, 3rd series, vol. ix. p. 72, &c., x. 134;" Catholic Period. Lit.," ib., 5th series, vol. xi. 427, 494; Early Roman Catholic Magazines," ib., 6th series, vol. iii. p. 43, &c., iv. 211; Timperley, Ency. of Lit. Anec. (1842); C. Knight, The Old Printer and the Modern Press (1854), and Passages of a Working Life (1864-1865); Memoir of Robert Chambers (1872); the London Cat. of Periodicals, Newspapers, &c. (1844-1910); The Bookseller (February 1867, June and July 1868, August 1874, July 1879); "On the Unstamped Press," Notes and Queries, 4th series, vol. x. and xi. (1872-1873), and English Hist. Review (1897), xii. 711-726; Contributions Towards an Index of Serial Stories," by W. L. Fletcher, Library Journal (1881), vi. 42, 166; Byways of Periodical Literature," Walford's Antiq. Mag. (1887), xi. 17-186, xii. 65-74; Catalogue of Magazines &c., recd. at the Melbourne Pub. Lib. (1891); “English Periodical Literature," by W. Robertson Nicoil, Bookman (1895), vol. i.; "The Periodical Press, 1855-1895,' by T. H. S. Escott, Blackwood (1894), pp. 156, 532; "Bibliography of Periodical Literature," by F. Campbell, The Library (1898), viii. 49; "Bibliography of the British Periodical Press," by 1). Williams in Mitchell's Newspaper Directory (1902), pp. 12-13; English Reviews," by A. Waugh, Critic, vol. 40; Excursus on Periodical Criticism," Saintsbury, History of Criticism (1904), iii. 408-428. As regards the treatment of periodicals in libraries see Helps for Cataloguers of Serials," by H. C. Bolton in Boston Bull. of Bibliography (1897); "Co-operative lists of periodicals," Library Journal, (1899), xxiv. 29-32, "Union List of Periodicals in Chicago Libraries," Public Libraries, Chicago (1900), v. 60; "Care of Periodicals in a Library," by F. R. Jackson, Public Libraries, Chicago (1906), vol. xi. Complete lists of current British__periodicals are included in Mitchell's Newspaper Press Directory, Street's Newspaper Directory, and Willing's Press Guide, and a select list and other information are given in the Literary Year Book.

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44

UNITED STATES

The two earliest American miscellanies were produced almost simultaneously. Spurred by the success of the Gentleman's Magazine in England Benjamin Franklin founded the General Magazine (1741) at Philadelphia, but it expired after six monthly numbers had appeared. Franklin's rival, Andrew Bradford, forestalled him by three days with the American Magazine (1741) edited by John Webbe, which ran only to two numbers. Further attempts at Philadelphia in 1757 and 1769 to revive periodicals with the same name were both fruitless. The other pre-revolutionary magazines were the Boston American Magazine (1743-1747), in imitation of the London Magazine; the Boston Weekly Magazine (1743); the Christian History (1743-1744); the New York Independent Reflector (1752-1754); the Boston New England Magazine (1758-1760), a collection of fugitive pieces; the Boston Royal American Magazine (1774-1775); and the Pennsylvania Magazine (1775-1776), founded by Robert Aitken, with the help of Thomas Paine. The Columbian Magazine (1786-1790) was continued as the Universal Asylum (1790-1792). Matthew Carey brought out the American Museum in 1787, and it lasted until 1792. Among the other magazines which ran out a brief existence before the end of the century was the Philadelphia Political Censor or Monthly Review (1796-1797) edited by William Cobbett. One of the most successful was the Farmer's Weekly Museum (1790–1799), supported by perhaps the most brilliant staff of writers American periodical literature had yet been able to show, and edited by Joseph Dennie, who in 1801 began the publication of the Portfolio, carried on to 1827 at Philadelphia. For five years it was a weekly miscellany in quarto, and afterwards an octavo monthly; it was the first American serial which could boast of so long an existence. Charles Brockden Brown established the New York Monthly Magazine (1799), which, changing its title to The American Review, was continued to 1802. Brown founded at Philadelphia the Literary Magazine (1803-1808); he and Dennie may be considered as having been the first American professional men of letters. The Anthology Club was established at Boston in 1803 by Phineas Adams for the cultivation of literature and the discussion of philosophy. Ticknor, Everett and Bigelow were among the members, and were contributors to the organ of the club, the monthly Anthology and Boston Review (1803-1811), the forerunner of the North American Review. In the year 1810 Thomas (Printing in America, ii. 292) informs us that 27 periodicals were issued in the United States. The first serious rival of the Portfolio was the Analectic Magazine (1813-1820), founded at Philadelphia by Moses Thomas, with the literary assistance of W. Irving (for some time the editor), Paulding, and the ornithologist Wilson. In spite of a large subscription list it came to an end on account of the costly style of its production. The first southern serial was the Monthly Register (1805) of Charleston. New York possessed no periodical worthy of the city until 1824, when the Atlantic Magazine appeared, which changed its name shortly afterwards to the New York Monthly Review, and was supported by R. C. Sands and W. C. Bryant. N. P. Willis was one of the editors of the New York Mirror (1823-1842). Between 1840 and 1850 Graham's Magazine was the leading popular miscellany in the country, reaching at one time a circulation of about 35,000 copies. The first western periodical was the Illinois Monthly Magazine (1830-1832), published, owned, edited and almost entirely written by James Hall, who followed with his Western Monthly Magazine (1833-1836), produced in a similar manner. In 1833 the novelist C. F, Hoffman founded at New York the Knickerbocker (1833-1860), which soon passed under the control of Timothy Flint and became extremely successful, most of the leading native writers of the next twenty years having been contributors. Equally popular was Putnam's Monthly Magazine (1853-1857,1867-1869). It was revivedin 1906–1910. The Dial (18401844), Boston, the organ of the transcendentalists, was first edited by Margaret Fuller, and subsequently by R. W. Emerson and G. Ripley. Other magazines were the American Monthly Magazine (1833-1838), the Southern Literary Messenger (1834), Richmond, the Gentleman's Magazine (1837-1840), and the International Magazine (1850-1852), edited by R. W. Griswold. The Yale Literary Magazine dated from 1836. The Merchants' Magazine was united in 1871 with the Commercial and Financial Chronicle. First in order of date among the current monthly magazines comes the New York Harper's New Monthly Magazine (1850), the earliest existing illustrated American serial, then the Boston Atlantic Monthly (1857), with which was incorporated the Galaxy (1866) in 1878, famous for its editors Lowell, Howells and T. B. Aldrich, and its contributors O. W. Holmes, Longfellow, Whittier and others. Next came Lippincott's Magazine (1868) from Philadelphia, and the Cosmopolitan (1886) and Scribner's Monthly (1870, known as the Century Illustrated Magazine since 1881) from New York. These were followed by Scribner's Magazine (1887), the New England Magazine (1889), the Illustrated Review of Reviews (1890), McClure's Magazine (1893), the Bookman (1895), the World's Work (1902), the American Magazine (1906) succeeding Frank Leslie's Popular Monthly, and Munsey's Magazine (1889). All are illustrated, and three in particular, the Century, Scribner's and Harper's, carried the art of wood-engraving to a high standard of excellence.

The first attempt to carry on an American review was made by Robert Walsh in 1811 at Philadelphia with the quarterly American

Review of History and Politics, which lasted only a couple of years. Still more brief was the existence of the General Repository and Review (1812), brought out at Cambridge by Andrews Norton with the help of the professors of the university, but of which only four numbers appeared. Niles's Weekly Register (1811-1848) was political, historical and literary. The North American Review, the oldest and most famous of all the American reviews, dates from 1815, and was founded by William Tudor, a member of the previously mentioned Anthology Club. After two years' control Tudor handed over the review to the club, then styled the North American Club, whose most active members were E. T. Channing, R. H. Dana and Jared Sparks. In 1819 E. Everett became the editor; his brother Alexander acquired the property in 1829. The roll of contributors numbers almost every American writer of note. Since 1879 it has been published monthly (except in Sept. 1906-Sept. 1907, when it ap peared semi-monthly). The American Quarterly Review (1827-1837), established at Philadelphia by Robert Walsh, came to an end on his departure for Europe. The Southern Quarterly Review (18281832), conducted by H. Legaré, S. Elliot and G. W. Simms in defence of the politics and finance of the South, enjoyed a shorter career. It was resuscitated in 1842, and lived another thirteen years. These two were followed by the Democratic Review (1838-1852), the American Review (1845-1849), afterwards the American Whig Review (18501852), the Massachusetts Quarterly Review (1847–1850), and a few more. The New Englander (1843-1892), the Biblical Repertory and Princeton Review (1825), the National Quarterly Review (1860) and the New York International Review (1874-1883), may also be mentioned. The critical weeklies of the past include the New York Literary Gazette (1834-1835, 1839), De Bow's Review (1846), the Literary World (1847-1853), the Criterion (1855-1856), the Round Table (1863-1864), the Citizen (1864–1873), and Appleton's Journal (1869). The leading current monthlies include the New York Forum (1886), Arena (1890), Current Literature (1888), and Bookman, the Chicago Dial (1880), and the Greenwich, Connecticut, Literary Collector. Foremost among the weeklies comes the New York Nation (1865). Religious periodicals have been extremely numerous in the United States. The earliest was the Theological Magazine (1796-1798). The Christian Examiner dates from 1824 and lasted down to 1870. The Panoplist (1805) changed its name to the Missionary Herald, representing the American Board of Missions. The Methodist Magazine dates from 1818 and the Christian Disciple from 1813. The American Biblical Respository (1831-1850), a quarterly, was united with the Andover Bibliotheca Sacra (1843) and with the Theological Eclectic (1865). Brownson's Quarterly Review began as the Boston Quarterly Review in 1838, and did much to introduce to American readers the works of the modern French philosophical school. Other serials of this class are the Protestant Episcopal Quarterly Review (1854), the Presbyterian Magazine (1851-1860), the Catholic World (1865), the Southern Review (1867), the New Jerusalem Magazine (1827), American Baptist Magazine (1817), the Church Review (1848), the Christian Review (1836), the Universalist Quarterly (1844). Current religious quarterlies are the Chicago American Journal of Theology and the Oberlin Bibliotheca Sacra. The Chicago Biblical World is published monthly.

Among historical periodicals may be numbered the American Register (1806-1811), Stryker's American Register (1848-1851), Edwards's American Quarterly Register (1829-1843), the New England Historical and Genealogical Register (1847), Folsom's Historical Magazine (1857), the New York Genealogical Record (1869), and the Magazine of American History (1877). There is also the Lancaster, Pennsylvania, American Historical Review, issued quarterly.

Many serial publications have been almost entirely made up of extracts from English sources. Perhaps the earliest example is to be found in Select Views of Literature (1811-1812). The Eclectic Magazine (1844) and Littell's Living Age (1844) may be mentioned. In 1817 America possessed only one scientific periodical, the Journal of Mineralogy. Professor Silliman established the journal known by his name in 1818. Since that time the American Journal of Science has enjoyed unceasing favour. The special periodicals of the day are very numerous. Among the most representative are: the Popular Science Monthly, New York; the monthly Boston Journal of Education; the quarterly American Journal of Mathematics, Baltimore; the monthly Cassier's Magazine (1891), New York; the monthly American Engineer (1893), New York; the monthly House and Garden, Philadelphia; the monthly Astrophysical Journal, commenced as Sidereal Messenger (1882), Chicago; the monthly American Chemical Journal, Baltimore; the monthly American Naturalist, Boston; the monthly American Journal of the Medical Sciences, Philadelphia; the monthly Outing, New York; the weekly American Agriculturist, New York; the quarterly Metaphysical Magazine (1895) New York; the bi-monthly American Journal of Sociology, Chicago; the bi-monthly American Law Review, St Louis; the monthly Banker's Magazine, New York; the quarterly American Journal of Philology (1880), Baltimore; the monthly Library Journal (1876), New York; the monthly Public Libraries, Chicago; the weekly Scientific American, New York; the quarterly American Journal of Archaeology (1885), New York.

The number of periodicals devoted to light literature and to female readers has been, and still remains, extremely large. The earliest

Indexes to Periodicals.-The contents of English and American periodicals of the last 100 years are indexed in the following publications: W. F. Poole's Index to Periodical Literature (1802-1881, revised ed., Boston, 1891); 1st supplement, 1882-1887, by W. F. Poole and W. I. Fletcher, 1888; 2nd supplement, 1887-1892, by W. I. Fletcher, 1893; 3rd supplement, 1892-1896, by W. I. Fletcher and F. O. Poole, 1898; 4th supplement, 1897-1902, 1902; 5th supplement, 1902-1907, 1908; Poole's Index, abridged edition, by W. I. | Fletcher and M. Poole (Boston, 1901); 1st supplement, 1900-1904 (Boston, 1905); The Co-operative Index to Periodicals (1885–1894, ed. W. I. Fletcher, 1886-1894); The Annual Literary Index, including Periodicals, ed. by W. I. Fletcher and R. R. Bowker (New York, 10 vols., 1892-1907); "Index of Periodicals for 1890," &c. (Review of Reviews), by Miss Hetherington (13 vols., 1891-1902); Q. P. Indexes; Cotgreave's Contents Subject Index to General and Periodical Literature (1900); Cumulative Index to a Selected list of Periodicals, begun in the Cleveland Public Library in 1896 and 1897 by W. H. Brett, merged in 1903 with the Reader's Guide to Periodical Literature (8 vols., 1901-1908, ed. by A. L. Guthrie, Minneapolis, U.S.); Magazine Subject Index, by F. W. Faxon (Boston, 1908), continued quarterly in Bulletin of Bibliography, which in 1907 began a magazine subject index; Eclectic Library Catalogue (Minneapolis, 1908), issued quarterly. CANADA

Canadian periodicals have reached a higher standard than in any other British self-governing colony. Like that of South Africa, the press is bi-lingual. The first Canadian review, the Quebec Magazine (1791-1793), was published quarterly in French and English. It was followed by the British American Register (Quebec, 1803), L'Abeille canadienne (Montreal, 1818), edited by H. Mezière, the Canadian Magazine (Montreal, 1823-1825), the Canadian Review (Montreal, 1824-1826), La Bibliothèque canadienne (Montreal, 1825-1830), continued as L'Observateur (1830-1831), and the Magasin du Bas-Canada (Montreal, 1832). The three latter were edited by Michel Bibaud. The Literary Garland (Montreal, 1838-1850), edited by John Gibson, was for some time the only English magazine published in Canada. Later magazines were L'Echo du cabinet du lecture paroissial (Montreal, 1859), 15 vols.; Le Foyer canadien (Quebec, 1863-1866), one of the most interesting French-Canadian reviews; La Revue canadienne, which was started at Montreal in 1864, and contained the best writings of contemporary French-Canadian littérateurs; La Revue de Montréal (1877-1881), edited by the abbé T. A. Chandonnet; the Canadian Journal (Toronto), commenced in 1852 under Henry Youle Hind and continued by Daniel Wilson; L'Abeille (Quebec, 1848-1881), and the Canadian Monthly (Toronto, 1872-1882). The Bystander (Toronto, 1880-1883), was edited by Goldwin Smith. Le Canada français (Quebec, 1888-1891), edited by the staff of the Laval University, and Canadiana (1889-1890), were important historical and literary reviews. Contemporary magazines are the Canadian Magazine (1893), the Westminster, both produced at Toronto, La Nouvelle-France (Quebec), the Canada Monthly (London, Ontario), and the University Magazine, edited by Professor Macphail, of the McGill University.

See H. J. Morgan, Bibliotheca canadensis (1867), "Canadian Magazines," by G. Stewart, Canadian Monthly, vol. xvii.; "Periodical Literature in Canada," by J. M. Oxley, North Am. Rev. (1888); P. Gagnon, Essai de bibliographie canadienne (1895), and S. E. Dawson, Prose Writers of Canada (1901).

SOUTH AFRICA

The earliest magazine was the South African Journal, issued by the poet Pringle and John Fairbairn in 1824. It was followed by the South African Quarterly Journal (1829-1834), the Cape of Good Hope Literary Gazette (1830-1833), edited by A. J. Jardine, the Cape

New South Wales.-The Australian Magazine was published monthly at Sydney in 1821-1822. This was followed by the South Asian Register (1827), the Australian Quarterly Journal (1828), edited by the Rev. P. N. Wilton, the New South Wales Magazine (1833), the New South Wales Literary, Political and Commercial Advertiser (1835), edited by the eccentric Dr Lhotsky, Tegg's Monthly Magazine (1836), the Australian Magazine (1838), the New South Wales Magazine (1843), the Australian Penny Journal (1848) and many others. The Sydney University Magazine (1855), again published in 1878-1879, and continued as the Sydney University Review, is the first magazine of a high literary standard. The Sydney Magazine of Science and Art (1857) and the Month (1857) were short-lived. Of later magazines the Australian (18781881), Aurora australis (1868), and the Sydney Magazine (1878), were the most noteworthy. Of contemporary magazines Dalgety's Review is mainly agricultural, the Australian Magazine (1909) and the Lone Hand (1907) are popular, and the Science of Man is an anthropological review.

See Australasian Bibliography (Sydney, 1893); G. B. Barton, Literature of N. S. W. (1866); E. A. Petherick, Catalogue of Books Relating to Australasia (1899).

Victoria. The Port Phillip Magazine (1843) must be regarded as the first literary venture in Victoria. This was followed by the Australia Felix Magazine (1849), and the Australasian Quarterly Reprint (1850-1851) both published at Geelong, the Illustrated Australian Magazine (1850-1852), the Australian Gold-Digger's Monthly Magazine (1852-1853), edited by James Bonwick, and the Melbourne Monthly Magazine (1855-1856), The Journal of Australasia (1856-1858), the Australian Monthly Magazine (1865-1867), which contained contributions from Marcus Clarke and was continued as the Colonial Monthly (1867–1869), the Melbourne Review (1876-1885) and the Victorian Review (1879-1886) may also be mentioned. The Imperial Review, apparently the work of one pen, has been published since 1879; the Pastoralists' Review appeals more especially to the agricultural community. A Library Record of Australasia was published in 1901-1902. An Australian edition of the Review of Reviews is published at Melbourne.

See "Some Magazines of Early Victoria," in the Library Record of Australasia, Nos. 2-4 (1901).

South Australia. The South Australian Magazine was issued monthly in 1841-1843, the Adelaide Magazine (1845), the Adelaide Miscellany (1848-1849), and the Wanderer in 1853. The South Australian Twopenny Magazine was published at Plymouth, England, in 1839, and the South Australian Miscellany and New Zealand Review at London in the same year.

See T. Gill, Bibliography of South Australia (1886). Tasmania.—The first magazine was Murray's Austral-Asiatic Review, published at Hobart in 1828. The Hobart Town Magazine appeared in 1833-1834, and the Van Diemen's Land Monthly Magazine in 1835. New Zealand.-The New Zealand Magazine, a quarterly, was published at Wellington in 1850. In 1857 appeared the New Zealand Quarterly Review, of little local interest, followed by Chapman's New Zealand Monthly Magazine (1862), the Southern Monthly Magazine (1863), the Delphic Oracle (1866-1870), the Stoic (1871), the Dunedin Review (1885), the Literary Magazine (1885), the four latter being written by J. G. S. Grant, an eccentric genius, the Monthly Review (1888-1890), the New Zealand Illustrated Magazine (1899-1905), chiefly devoted to the light literature of New Zealand subjects, the Maori Record (1905–1907), and the Red Funnel, published since 1905.

See T. M. Hocken, Bibliography of New Zealand (1909).

WEST INDIES AND BRITISH CROWN COLONIES

In Jamaica the Columbian Magazine was founded at Kingston in 1796 and ceased publication in 1800. Two volumes were

published of a New Jamaica Magazine which was started about 1798. The Jamaica Magazine (1812-1813), the Jamaica Monthly Magazine (1844-1848), and the Victoria Quarterly (1889-1892), which contained many valuable articles on the West Indies, were other magazines. The West Indian Quarterly was published at Georgetown, British Guiana, from 1885 to 1888. At Georgetown was also published the well-known Timehri (1882-1898) which contained | many important historical articles. In Trinidad the Trinidad Monthly Magazine was started in 1871, and the Union Magazine in 1892. Malta had a Malta Penny Magazine in 1839-1841, and the Revue historique et littéraire was founded in Mauritius in 1887. Many magazines dealing with the colonies have been published in England, such as the Colonial Magazine (1840-1843).

See F. Cundall, Bibliographia Jamaicensis (1902-1908).

INDIA AND CEYLON

Calcutta. The first Indian periodical was the Asiatick Miscellany (Calcutta, 1785-1789), probably edited by F. Gladwin. The Calcutta Monthly Register was published in 1790, and the Calcutta Monthly Journal from 1798 to 1841. Among other early Calcutta magazines were the Asiatic Observer (1823-1824), the Quarterly Oriental Magazine (1824-1827), and the Royal Sporting Magazine (1833-1838). The Calcutta Literary Gazette was published in 1830-1834, and the Calcutta Review, still the most important serial of the Indian Empire, first appeared in 1846 under the editorship of Sir J. W. Kaye.

Bombay. The Bombay Magazine was started in 1811 and lasted but a short time. The Bombay Quarterly Magazine (1851-1853) gave place to the Bombay Quarterly Review, issued in 1855. Madras.-Madras had a Journal of Literature and Science and the Oriental Magazine and Indian Hurkuru (1819). The Indian Antiquary was started at Bombay in 1872 and still continues. Of other contemporary magazines the Hindustan Review (Allahabad), the Modern Review (Calcutta), the Indian Review (Madras), the Madras Review, a quarterly first published in 1895, and the Calcutta University Magazine (1894), are important. Ceylon-In Ceylon the Religious and Theological Magazine was started at Colombo in 1833, the Colombo Magazine in 1839, the Ceylon Magazine in 1840, and the Investigator at Kandy in 1841. Of contemporary magazines the Tropical Agriculturist was started in 1881, the Ceylon Literary Register (1886-1896), afterwards the Monthly Literary Register and the Ceylon National Review in 1893. In Burma the quarterly Buddhism appeared in 1904. Singapore had a Journal of the Indian Archipelago from 1847 to 1859, and the Chinese Repository (1832-1851) was edited at Carton by Morrison. See" Periodical Literature in India," in Dark Blue (1872-1873).

FRANCE

We owe the literary journal to France, where it soon attained to a degree of importance unapproached in any other country; The first idea may be traced in the Bureau d'adresse (1633-1642) of Théophraste Renaudot, giving the proceedings of his conferences upon literary and scientific matters. About the year 1663 Mézeray obtained a privilege for a regular literary periodical, which came to nothing, and it was left to Denis de Sallo. counsellor of the parliament of Paris and a man of rare merit and learning, to actually carry the project into effect. The first number of the Journal des savants appeared on the 5th of January 1665, under the assumed name of the sieur d'Hédouville. The prospectus promised to give an account of the chief books published throughout Europe, obituary notices, a review of the progress of science, besides legal and ecclesiastical information and other matters of interest to cultivated persons. The criticisms, however, wounded alike authors and the clergy, and the journal was suppressed after a career of three months. Colbert, seeing the public utility of such a periodical, ordered the abbé Gallois, a contributor of De Sallo's, to re-establish it, an event which took place on the 4th of January 1666. It lingered nine years under the new editor, who was replaced in 1675 by the abbé de la Roque, and the latter in his turn by the president Cousin, in 1686. From 1701 commenced a new era for the Journal, which was then acquired by the chancellor de Pontchartrain for the state and placed under the direction of a commission of learned men. Just before the Revolution it developed fresh activity, but the troubles of 1792 caused it to be discontinued until 1796, when it again failed to appear after twelve numbers had been issued. In 1816 it was definitely re-established and replaced under government patronage, remaining subject to the chancellor or garde-des-sceaux until 1857, when it was transferred to the control of the minister of public instruction. Since 1903 the organization of the publication has changed. The state subsidy having been withdrawn, the Institute voted a yearly subscription of 10,000 francs and nominated a commission of five members, one for each section, who managed the Journal. Since 1909, however, the various sections have left to the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres the entire direction of the Journal, while still paying the annual subsidy. It now restricts itself to publishing contributions relating to antiquities and the middle ages and Oriental studies.

Louis Auguste de Bourbon, sovereign prince of Dombes, having transferred his parliament to Trévoux, set up a printing press, and was persuaded by two Jesuits, Michel le Tellier and Philippe Lalleman, to establish the Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire des sciences et des arts (1701-1767), more familiarly known as the Journal des Trévoux, long the best-informed and best-written journal in France. One feature of its career was its constant appeal for the literary assistance of outsiders. It was continued in a more popular style as Journal des sciences et des beaux-arts (1768-1775) by the abbé Aubert and by the brothers Castilhon (1776–1778), and as Journal de littérature, des sciences, et des arts (1779-1782) by the abbé Grosier.

The first legal periodical was the Journal du palais (1672) of Claude Blondeau and Gabriel Guéret, and the first devoted to medicine the Nouvelles découvertes dans toutes les parties de la médecine (1679) of Nicolas de Blégny, frequently spoken of as a charlatan, a term which sometimes means simply a man of many ideas. Religious periodicals date from 1680, and the Journal ecclésiastique of the abbé de la Roque, to whom is also due the first medical journal (1683). The prototype of the historico-literary periodical may be discovered in La Clef du cabinet des princes de l'Europe (1704-1706), familiarly known as Journal de Verdun, and carried on under various titles

down to 1794.

sources.

Literary criticism was no more free than political discussion, and no person was allowed to trespass either upon the domain of the Journal des savants or that of the Mercure de France (see NEWSPAPERS) without the payment of heavy subsidies. This was the origin of the clandestine press of Holland, and it was that country criticism from the pens of French Protestant refugees. During that which for the next hundred years supplied the ablest periodical period thirty-one journals of the first class proceeded from these From its commencement the Journal des savants was pirated in Holland, and for ten years a kind of joint issue made up with the Journal des Trévoux appeared at Amsterdam. From 1764 to 1775 miscellaneous articles from different French and English reviews were added to this reprint. Bayle, a born journalist and the most able critic of the day, conceived the plan of the Nouvelles de la république des lettres (1684-1718), which at once became entirely successful and obtained for him during the three years of his control the dictatorship of the world of letters. He was succeeded as editor by La Roque, Barrin, Bernard and Leclerc. Bayle's method was followed in an equally meritorious periodical, the Histoire des ouvrages des Savants (1687-1704) of H. Basnage de Beauval. Another continuator of Bayle was Jean Lcclerc, one of the most learned and acute critics of the 18th century, who carried on three reviews the Bibliothèque universelle et historique (16861693), the Bibliothèque choisie (1703-1713), and the Bibliothèque ancienne et moderne (1714-1727). They form one series, and, besides valuable estimates of new books, include original dissertations, articles and biographies like our modern learned magazines. The Journal littéraire (1713-1722, 1729-1736) was founded by a society of young men, who made it a rule to discuss their contributions in common. Specially devoted to English literature were the Bibliothèque anglaise (1716-1728), the Mémoires littéraires de la Grande Bretagne (1720-1724), the Bibliothèque britannique (1733-1734), and the Journal britannique (1750-1757) of Maty,' who took for his principle, pour penser avec liberté il faut penser seul." One of these Dutch-printed reviews was L'Europe savante (1718-1720), founded chiefly by Themiseul de Saint-Hyacinthe, with the intention of placing each separate department under the care of a specialist. The Bibliothèque germanique (1720-1740) was established by Jacques Lenfant to do for northern Europe by the Nouvelle bibliothèque germanique (1746-1759). The Bibliowhat the Bibliothèque britannique did for England. It was followed thèque raisonnée des ouvrages des savants (1728-1758) was supplementary to Leclerc, and was succeeded by the Bibliothèque des sciences et des beaux-arts (1754-1780). Nearly all of the preceding were produced either at Amsterdam or Rotterdam, and, although out of place in a precise geographical arrangement, really belong to France by the close ties of language and of blood.

Taking up the exact chronological order again, we find the success of the English essay-papers led to their prompt introduction to the Continent. An incomplete translation of the Spectator was published at Amsterdam in 1714, and many volumes of extracts early in the 18th century. from the Tatler, Spectator and Guardian were issued in France Marivaux brought out a Spectateur Français (1722), which was coldly received; it was followed by fourteen or fifteen others, under the titles of La Spectatrice (17281730), Le Radoteur (1775), Le Babillard (1778-1779), &c. Of a similar character was Le Pour et le contre (1723-1740) of the abbe Prévost, which contained anecdotes and criticism, with special reference to Great Britain. Throughout the 18th century, in France subjects under the assumed character of a foreigner, generally an as in England, a favourite literary method was to write of social

1 Matthew Maty, M.D., born in Holland, 1718, died principal librarian of the British Museum, 1776. He settled in England in 1740, published several books, and wrote the preface to Gibbon's first work, Étude de la littérature.