both serious rivals of the Revue des deux mondes; Revue française d'Edimbourg (1897); Revue germanique (1905); Le Livre (1880), dealing with bibliography and literary history, and La Revue latine (1902), no longer published; La Revue, monthly. Mathematics.-Intermédiaire des mathématiciens (1894); Bulletin des sciences mathématiques (1896); Revue de mathématiques spéciales (1890); Journal de mathématiques pures et appliquées, quarterly. Medicine.-Revue de médecine (1881); Annales de l'Ecole de plein exercise de médicine et de pharmacie de Marseille (1891); La Chronique médecale (1893); Revue de gynécologie, bi-monthly; La Semaine médicale, weekly; Journal d'hygiène, monthly. Military.-Revue des troupes coloniales, monthly; La Revue d'infantrie, monthly.

Music.-Musica (1902); Revue d'histoire et de critique musicale (1901); Annales de la musique; Le Ménestral, weekly.

Philology.-L'Année linguistique (1901-1902); Bulletin de la société des parlers de France (1893); Bulletin des humanités français (1894); Bulletin hispanique (1899); Bulletin italien (1901); Lou-Gai-SabéAntoulongio prouvençalo (1905); Le Maître phonétique (1886); Le Moyen Age (1888); Revue de la renaissance (1901); Revue de métrique et de versification (1894-1895); Revue des études grecques (1888); Revue des études rabelaisiennes (1903); Revue des parlers populaires (1902); Revue des patois (1887); Revue hispanique (1894); Revue celtique, quarterly; Revue de philologie française et de littérature. Philosophy and Psychology. Revue philosophique (1876), monthly; Annales des sciences psychiques (1891); L'Année philosophique (1890), critical and analytical review of all philosophical works appearing during the year; L'Année psychologique (1894); Journal de psychologie normale et pathologie (1904); Bulletin de l'institut général de psychologie (1903); Revue de l'hypnotisme et de la psychologie physiologique (1900); Revue de métaphysique et de morale (1893); Revue de philosophie (1900); Revue de psychiatrie (1897). Physics and Chemistry.-Bulletin des sciences physiques (1888); L'Éclairage électrique (1894); Le Radium (1904); Revue générale des sciences pures et appliquées (1890); Revue pratique de l'électricité (1892). Popular and Family Reviews.-A travers le monde (1898); Femina (1901); Je sais tout (1905); La Lecture moderne (1901); La Revue hebdomadaire (1892); Les Lectures pour tous (1898); Mon❘ bonheur (1902); La Vie heureuse (1902).

Science (General).-La Nature, weekly; Revue scientifique (1863), weekly; La Science française, monthly.-Science (Applied): Les inventions illustrées, weekly; Revue industrielle, weekly.-Science (Natural): Archives de biologie; Journal de botanique (1887); L'Année biologique (1895); Revue des sciences naturelles de l'ouest (1891); Revue générale de botanique (1889); La Pisciculture pratique (1895).Science (Political, Sociological and Statistical): Annales économiques (founded as La France commerciale in 1885); L'Année sociologique (1896-1897); Bulletin de l'office du travail (1894); Bulletin de l'office international du travail (1902); Le Mouvement socialiste-international bi-monthly (1899); Notices et comptes rendus de l'office du travail (1892); L'Orient et l'abeille du Bosphore (1889); Revue politique et parlementaire (1894); Revue international de sociologie, monthly. SPORTS.--L'Aérophile (1893); L'Aéronautique (1902); L'Aérostation (1904); La Vie au grand air (1898); La Vie automobile (1901); Revue de l'aéronautique (1888).

|

the first number appeared in 1682, under the title of Acta eruditorum lipsiensium, and, like its successors, was written in Latin. Among the contributors to subsequent numbers were Leibnitz, Seckendorf and Cellarius. A volume came out each year, with supplements. After editing about thirty volumes Mencke died, leaving the publication to his son, and the Acta remained in the possession of the family down to 1745, when they extended to 117 volumes, which form an extremely valuable history of the learning of the period. A selection of the dissertations and articles was published at Venice in 7 vols. 4to (1740). The Acta soon had imitators. The Ephemerides litterariae (1686) came out at Hamburg in Latin and French. The Nova litteraria maris Balthici et Septentrionis (1698-1708) was more especially devoted to north Germany and the universities of Kiel, Rostock and Dorpat. Supplementary to the preceding was the Nova litteraria Germaniae collecta Hamburgi (1703-1709), which from 1707 widened its field of view to the whole of Europe. At Leipzig was produced the Teutsche acta eruditorum (1712), an excellent periodical, edited by J. G. Rabener and C. G. Jöcher, and continued from 1740 to 1758 as Zuverlässige Nachrichten. It included portraits.

The brilliant and enterprising Christian Thomasius brought out periodically, in dialogue form, his Monatsgespräche (1688–1690), written by himself in the vernacular, to defend his novel theories against the alarmed pedantry of Germany, and, together with Strahl, Buddeus and others, Observationes selectae ad rem litterariam spectantes (1700), written in Latin. W. E. Tenzel also published Monatliche Unterredungen (1689-1698), continued from 1704 as Curieuse Bibliothek, and treating various subjects in dialogue form. After the death of Tenzel the Bibliothek was carried on under different titles by C. Woltereck, J. G. Krause and others, down to 1721. Of much greater importance than these was the Monatlicher Auszug (1701), supported by J. G. Eccard and Leibnitz. Another periodical on Thomasius's plan was Neue Unterredungen (1702), edited by N. H. Gundling. The Gundlingiana of the latter person, published at Halle (1715-1732), and written partly in Latin and partly in German by the editor, contained a miscellaneous collection of juridical, historical and theological observations and dissertations. Nearly all departments of learning possessed their several special periodical organs about the close of the 17th or the beginning of the 18th century. The Anni franciscanorum (1680) was edited by the Jesuit Stiller; and J. S. Adami published, between 1690 and 1713, certain theological repertories under the name of Deliciae. Historical journalism was first represented by Electa juris publici (1709), philology by Neue acerra philologica (1715-1723), philosophy by the Acta philosophorum (1715-1727), medicine by Der patriotische Medikus (1725), music by Der musikalische Patriot (1725), and education by Die Matrone (1728). Reference has already been made to the Miscellanea curiosa medico-physica (1670-1704); the Monatliche Erzählungen (1689) was also devoted to natural science.

Down to the early part of the 18th century Halle and Leipzig were the headquarters of literary journalism in Germany. Other centres began to feel the need of similar organs of opinion. Hamburg had its Niedersächsische neue Zeitungen, styled from 1731 Niedersächsische Nachrichten, which came to an end in 1736, and Mecklenburg owned in 1710 its Neuer Vorrath, besides others brought out at Rostock. Prussia owes the foundation of its literary periodicals to G. P. Schulze and M. Lilienthal, the former of whom began with Gelehrtes Preussen (1722), continued under different titles down to

GERMANY

The earliest trace of the literary journal in Germany is to be found in the Erbauliche Monatsunterredungen (1663) of the poet Johann Rist and in the Miscellanea curiosa medico-physica (16701704) of the Academia naturae curiosorum Leopoldina-Carolina, the first scientific annual, uniting the features of the Journal des savants and of the Philosophical Transactions. D. G. Morhof, the author of the well-known Polyhistor, conceived the idea of a monthly serial to be devoted to the history of modern books and learning, which came to nothing. While professor of morals at Leipzig, Otto Mencke planned the Acta eruditorum, with a view to make known, by means of analyses, extracts and reviews, the new works produced throughout Europe. In 1680 he travelled in England and Holland in order to obtain literary assistance, and

In 1715 the Neue Zeitungen von gelehrten Sachen was founded by J. G. Krause at Leipzig and carried on by various editors down to 1797. It was the first attempt to apply the form of the weekly political journal to learned subjects, and was imitated in the Vermischte Bibliothek (1718-1720) and the Bibliotheca novissima (17181721), both founded by J. G. Francke in Halle. Shortly after the foundation of the university of Göttingen appeared Zeitungen von gelehrten Sachsen (1739), still famous as the Göttingische gelehrte Anzeigen, which during its long and influential career has been conducted by professors of that university, and among others by Haller, Heyne and Eichhorn.

Influenced by a close study of English writers, the two Swiss, Bodmer and Breitinger, established Die Discurse der Maler (1721), and by paying more attention to the matter of works reviewed than to their manner, commenced a critical method new to Germany. The system was attacked by Gottsched, who, educated in the French school, erred in the opposite direction. The struggle between the two parties gave fresh life to the literature of the country but German criticism of the higher sort can only be said really to begin with Lessing. The Berlin publisher Nicolai founded the Bibliothek der schönen Wissenschaften, and afterwards handed it over to C. F. Weisse in order to give his whole energy to the Briefe, die neueste Literatur betreffend (1759-1765), carried on by the help

of Lessing, Mendelssohn and Abbt. To Nicolai is also due the Allgemeine deutsche Bibliothek (1765–1806), which embraced a much wider field and soon became extremely influential. Herder founded the Kritische Wälder in 1766. Der deutsche Merkur (1773-1789, revived 1790-1810) of Wieland was the solitary representative of the French school of criticism. A new era in German periodical literature began when Bertuch brought out at Jena in 1785 the Allgemeine Literaturzeitung, to which the leading writers of the country were contributors. On being transferred to Halle in 1804 it was replaced by the Jenaische allgemeine Literaturzeitung, founded by Eichstädt. Both reviews enjoyed a prosperous career down to the year 1848. At the beginning of the 19th century we find the Erlanger Literaturzeitung (1799-1810), which had replaced a Gelehrte Zeitung (1746); the Leipziger Literaturzeitung (1800-1834); the Heidelbergische Jahrbücher der Literatur (1808-1872); and the Wiener Literaturzeitung (1813-1816), followed by the Wiener Jahrbücher der Literatur (1818-1848), both of which received government support and resembled the English Quarterly Review in their conservative politics and high literary tone. Hermes, founded at Leipzig in 1819 by W. T. Krug, was distinguished for its erudition, and came out down to 1831. One of the most remarkable periodicals of this class was the Jahrbücher für wissenschaftliche Kritik (1827-1846), first published by Cotta. The Hallische Jahrbücher (1838-1842) was founded by Ruge and Echtermeyer, and supported by the government. The Repertorium der gesammten deutschen Literatur, established by Gersdorf in 1834, and known after 1843 as the Leipziger Repertorium der deutschen und ausländischen Literatur, existed to 1860. Buchner founded the Literarische Zeitung at Berlin in 1834. It was continued by Brandes down to 1849. The political troubles of 1848 and 1849 were most disastrous to the welfare of the literary and miscellaneous periodicals. Gersdorf's Repertorium, the Gelehrte Anzeigen of Göttingen and of Munich, and the Heidelbergische Jahrbücher were the sole survivors. The Allgemeine Monatschrift für Literatur (1850), conducted after 1851 by Droysen, Nitzsch and others, continued only down to 1854; the Literarisches Centralblatt (1850) is still published. The Blätter für literarische Unterhaltung sprang out of the Literarisches Wochenblatt (1818), founded by Kotzebue; after 1865 it was edited by R. Gottschall with considerable success. Many of the literary journals did not disdain to occupy themselves with the fashions, but the first periodical of any merit specially devoted to the subject was the Bazar (1855). The first to popularize science was Natur (1852). The Hausblätter (1855), a bi-monthly magazine, was extremely successful. The Salon (1868) followed more closely the type of the English magazine. About this period arose a great number of weekly serials for popular reading, known as Sonntagsblätter," of which the Gartenlaube (1858) and Daheim (1864) are surviving examples.

as

In course of time a large number of similar publications were issued, some illustrated, for instance: Illustrierte Zeitung (Leipzig, 1843), Berliner Illustrierte Zeitung (1892), Die Woche (1899) the last the most widely circulated of the kind, 500,000 being printed. At a somewhat earlier date commenced a long series of weekly and monthly periodicals of a more solid character, of which the following list indicates the more important in chronological order: Die Grenzboten (1862), weekly; the Deutsches Museum (1851-1857), of Prutz and Frenzel; Berliner Revue (1855-1873); Westermanns Monatshefte (1856), monthly; Unsere Zeit (1857-1891), beginning a kind of supplement to Brockhaus's Conversationslexikon; Preussische Jahrbücher (1858), monthly; Deutsches Magazin (18611863); Die Gegenwart (1873), weekly; Konservative Monatsschrift (1873), preceded by the Volksblatt für Stadt und Land (1843); Deutsche Rundschau (1874), fortnightly, conducted upon the method of the Revue des deux mondes; Deutsche Revue (1876), monthly; Nord und Süd (1877), monthly; Das Echo (1882), weekly; Die Zukunft (1882), weekly; Die neue Zeit (1883), weekly; Reclams Universum (1884), weekly; Velhagen und Klasings Monatshefte (1889), monthly: Die deutsche Rundschau (1890), monthly; Die Wahrheit (1893-1897); Kritik (1894-1902); Die Umschau (1897), weekly; Das literarische Echo (1898), fortnightly; Kynast (18981899), known later as Deutsche Zeitschrift (1899-1903) and Iduna (1903-1906); Der Türmer (1898), monthly; Die Warte (1900), weekly; Deutschland (1902-1907); Deutsche Monatsschrift (1902-1907); Hochland (1903), monthly; Charon (1904), monthly; Süddeutsche Monatshefte (1904); Der Deutsche (1905-1908); Deutsche Kultur (1905-1908); Arena (1906), monthly; Das Blaubuch (1906), weekly; Eckart (1906), monthly; Die Standarte (1906), weekly; März (1907), fortnightly; Morgen (1907), weekly; Neue Revue (1907), weekly; Internationale Wochenschrift für Wissenschaft, Kunst, und Technik (1907), weekly supplement to the Münchener allgemeine Zeitung; Wissen (1907), weekly; Unsere Zeit (1907), monthly; Hyperion (1908), bi-monthly; Xenien (1908), monthly; Das neue Jahrhundert (1909), monthly; Die Tat (1909), monthly.

Periodicals have been specialized in Germany to an extent perhaps unequalled in any other country. No subject of human interest is now without one or indeed several organs. Full details of these serials are supplied by a special class of periodical with which every department of science, art and literature in German

159

speaking countries is equipped, the Jahresberichte and Bibliographien, which give each year a full account of the literature of the subject with which they are concerned. The chief of these are:Bibliography and Librarianship: Bibliographie des Buch- und Bibliothekswesens (1905); Chemistry: Jahresbericht über die Fortschritte der Chemie (1847); Classical Archaeology and Philology: Jahresbericht über die Fortschritte der klassischen Altertumswissenschaft (1873); Education: Jahrbuch der pädagogischen_Literatur (1901); Geography: Geographisches Jahrbuch (1874); Bibliotheca geographica (1891); History: Jahresberichte der Geschichtswissenschaft (1878); Fine Arts: Internationale Bibliographie der Kunstwissenschaft (1902); Law and Political Economy: Uebersicht der gesamten staats- und rechtswissenschaftlichen Literatur (1868); Jurisprudentia Germaniae (1905); Bibliographie des bürgerlichen Rechts (1888); Bibliographie der Sozialwissenschaften (1905); Bibliographie für Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte (1903); Bibliographie für Volkswirtschaftslehre und Rechtswissenschaft (1906); Literature and Languages: Bibliographie der vergleichenden Literaturgeschichte (1903); Jahresberichte für neuere deutsche Literaturgeschichte (1890); Jahresbericht über die Erscheinungen auf dem Gebiete der germanischen Philologie (1879); Uebersicht über die auf dem Gebiete der englischen Philologie erschienenen Bücher, Schriften, und Aufsätze (1878); Kritischer Jahresbericht über die Fortschritte der romanischen Philologie (1875); Bibliographie für romanische Philologie-Supl. zur Zeitschr. f. roman. Philologie (1875); Orientalische Bibliographie (1888); Mathematics: Jahrbuch über die Fortschritte der Mathematik (1869); Medicine and Surgery: Jahresbericht über die Leistungen und Fortschritte der gesamten Medizin (1866); Jahresbericht über die Leistungen auf dem Gebiete der Veterinärmedizin (1881); Military: Jahresbericht über Veränderungen und Fortschritte im Militärwesen (1874); Jahresbericht über die Leistungen und Fortschritte auf dem Gebiete des Militärsanitätswesens (1873); Natural Science: Naturae novitates (1879), fortnightly; Bibliographie der deutschen naturwissenschaftlichen Literatur (1901); Bibliographia zoologica (1896); Zoologischer Jahresbericht (1879); Justs botanischer Jahresbericht (1873); Die Fortschritte der Physik (1847); Technicology: Repertorium der technischen Journalliteratur (1874); Theology: Theologischer Jahresbericht (1881); Bibliographie der Kirchengeschichtlichen Literatur (1877). AUSTRIA

The most notable periodicals of a general character have been the Wiener Jahrbücher der Literatur (1818-1848) and the Oesterreichische Revue (1863-1867). Among current examples the following may be mentioned: Heimgarten (1877), monthly; OesterreichischUngarische Revue (1886), monthly; Allgemeines Literaturblatt (1892), fortnightly; Die Kultur (1899), quarterly; Deutsche Arbeit (1900), monthly; Oesterreichische Rundschau (1904), fortnightly; Die Karpathen (1907); fortnightly,

There were in Austria 22 literary and 41 special periodicals in 1848, and 110 literary and 413 special periodicals in 1873 (see the statistical inquiry of Dr Johann Winckler, Die period. Presse Oesterreichs, 1875). In 1905 the total number had increased to 806, of which 564 were published in Vienna.

According to the Deutscher Zeitschriften-Katalog (1874), 2219 periodicals were published in Austria, Germany and Switzerland in 1874 in the German language. In 1905 the number of periodicals in German-speaking countries was 5066, of which 4019 appeared in Germany (in Berlin alone 1107) 806 in Austria and 218 in Switzerland (Börsenblatt für den deutschen Buchhandel, 1909, No. 124). AUTHORITIES.-C. Juncker, Schediasma de ephemeridibus eruditorum (Leipzig, 1692); H. Kurz, Geschichte der deutschen Literatur (Leipzig, 1852); R. Prutz, Geschichte des deutschen Journalismus (1845) vol. i.,-unfortunately it does not go beyond 1713); H. Wuttke, Die deutschen Zeitschriften (1875); P. E. Richter, Verzeichnis der Periodica im Besitze der k. off. Bibl. zu Dresden (1880); Generalkatalog der laufenden periodischen Druckschriften an den oesterr. Universitäts- und Studienbibliotheken hrsg. von F. Grassauer (Vienna, 1898); Königliche Bibliothek zu Berlin, Alphabetisches Verzeichnis der laufenden Zeitschriften (1908); Systematisches Verzeichnis der laufenden Zeitschriften (1908); Alphabetisches Verzeichnis der laufenden Zeitschriften, welche von der K. Hof- und Staatsbibliothek München und einer Anzahl anderer Bibliotheken Bayern gehalten werden (München, 1909); Kürschner, Jahrbuch der Presse (1902); Sperlings Zeitschriften Adressbuch (Stuttgart, 1910); Bibliographisches Repertorium, Berlin: Walzel-Houben, Zeitschriften der Romantik (1904); Houben, Zeitschriften des jungen Deutschlands (1906); Luck, Die deutsche Fachpresse (Tübingen, 1908). The Bibliographie der deutschen Zeitschriftenliteratur, edited by F. Dieterich, which has appeared annually since 1896, describes about 1300 periodicals (mostly scientific) by subjects and titles; from 1900 it has been supplemented by Bibliographie der deutschen Recensionen, which indexes notices and reviews in over 1000 serials each year, chiefly scientific and technical.

SWITZERLAND

The Nova litteraria helvetica (1703-1715) of Zurich is the earliest literary periodical which Switzerland can show. From 1728 to 1734 a Bibliothèque italique, and towards the end of the century the Bibliothèque britannique (1796-1815), dealing with agriculture, literature, and science, in three separate series, were published at Geneva. The latter was followed by the leading periodical

during its long life. The next of any note was the Republijk der Geleerden (1710-1748). The English Spectator was imitated by J. van Effen in his Misanthrope (1711-1712), written in French, and in the Hollandsche Spectator (1731-1735), in Dutch. An important serial was the long-lived Vaderlandsche Letteroefeningen (1761). The Algemeene Kunst en Letterbode (1788) was long the leading review of Holland; in 1860 it was joined to the Nederlandsch Spectator (1855). Of those founded in the 19th century may be mentioned the Recensent (1803), and Nieuwe Recensent; the Nederlandsch Museum (1835); the Tijdstroom (1857); the Tijdspiegel, a literary journal of Protestant tendency; the Theologisch Tijdschrift (1867), the organ of the Leiden school of theology; and the Dietsche Warande, a Roman Catholic review devoted to the national antiquities. Colonial interests have been cared for by the Tijdschrift voor nederlandsch Indie (1848). Current periodicals are Hollandsche revue, monthly; De Gids (1837), monthly; De nieuwe Gids (1886), monthly; De Architect, bi-monthly; Caecilia (for music); Tijdschrift voor Strafrecht; Museum, for philology (1893), monthly; Tijdschrift voor nederlandsche taal en letterkunde; Nederlandsch Archievenblad; De Paleograaf: Elseviers geïllustreerd Maandschrift, monthly; Groot Nederland, monthly.

DENMARK

Early in the 18th century Denmark had the Nye Tidender (1720), continued down to 1836 under the name of Danskliteraturtidende. The Minerva (1785) of Rahbek was carried on to 1819, and the Skandinavisk Museum (1798-1803) was revived by the LitteraturSelskabs Skrifter (1805). These were followed by the Laerde Efterretninger (1799-1810), afterwards styled Litteratur-Tidende (18111836), the Athene (1813-1817), and Historisk Tidsskrift (1840). In more modern times appeared Tidsskrift for Litteratur og Kritik (1832-1842, 1843); Maanedsskrift for Litteratur (1829-1838); Nord og Syd (1848-1849) of Goldschmidt, succeeded by Ude og Hjemme, and the Dansk Maanedsskrift (1858) of Steenstrup, with signed historical and literary articles. One of the most noteworthy Scandinavian periodicals has been the Nordisk Universitets Tidsskrift (1854-1864), a bond of union between the universities of Christiania, Upsala, Lund and Copenhagen. Current periodicals are: Studier fra Sprog- og Oldtidsforskning (1891), quarterly; Danske Magazin, yearly; Nyt Tidsskrift for Mathematik, monthly; Theologisk Tidsskrift, monthly; Nationalökonomisk Tidsskrift, bi-monthly; Dansk bogfortegnelse, bi-monthly for bibliography; Athenaeum finsk; Tilskueren, monthly; Aarboger for Nordisk Oldkyndighed (archaeology) quarterly. Iceland has had the Islenzk Sagnablöd (1817-1826), Ný Fjelagsrit (1841-1873), and Gefn (1870-1873). Skirnir (1831), which absorbed in 1905 Timarit hins islenska Bokmentafélags (1880-1904), is still published.

NORWAY

The first trace of the serial form of publication to be found in Norway is in the Ugentlige korte Afhandlinger (1760-1761), " Weekly Short Treatises," of Bishop Fr. Nannestad, consisting of moral and theological essays. The Maanedlige Afhandlinger (1762), "Monthly Treatises," was supported by several writers and devoted chiefly to rural economy. These two were followed by Politik og Historie (1807-1810); Saga (1816-1820), a quarterly review edited by J. S. Munch; Den norske Tilskuer (1817-1821), a miscellany brought out at Bergen; Hermoder (1821-1827), a weekly aesthetic journal; Iduna, (1822-1823), of the same kind but of less value; Vidar (1832-1834), a weekly scientific and literary review; Nor (1840-1846), of the same type; Norsk Tidsskrift for Videnskab og Litteratur (1847-1855); Illustreret Nyhedsblad (1851-1866). Illustrated News"; Norsk Maanedsskrift (1856-1860), Monthly Review for Norway," devoted to history and philology; and Norden (1866), a literary and scientific review. Popular serials date from the Skilling Magazin (1835), which first introduced wood-engraving. Representative current periodicals are: Samtiden, monthly; Elektroteknisk tidsskrift; nordisk musik-revue, fortnightly; Naturen; Norsk havetidende, monthly; Urd; Norvegia.

SWEDEN

The Swenska Argus (1733-1734) of Olof Dalin is the first contribution of Sweden to periodical literature. The next were the Tidningar om den Lärdas Arbeten (1742) and the Lärda Tidningar. The patriotic journalist C. C. Gjörwell established about twenty literary periodicals of which the most important was the Swenska Mercurius (1755-1789). Atterbom and some fellow-students founded about 1810 a society for the deliverance of the country from French pedantry, which with this end carried on a periodical entitled Phosphoros (1810-1813), to propagate the opinions of Schlegel and Schelling. The Svensk Literatur-Tidning (1813-1825) of Palmblad and the Polyfem (1810-1812) had the same objects. Among later periodicals we may mention Skandia (1833-1837); Literaturbladet (1838-1840); Ställningar och Forhallanden (1838) of Crusenstolpe, a monthly review of Scandinavian history; Tidskrift för Litteratur (1850); Norsk Tidsskrift (1852), weekly, Förr och Nu; and the Revue suédoise (1858) of Kramer, written in French. Among the monthlies which now appear are the following: Social Tidskrift, Nordisk Tidskrijt and Ord och Bild

XXI. 6

SPAIN

Spain owes her intellectual emancipation to the monk Benito Feyjóo, who in 1726 produced a volume of dissertations somewhat after the fashion of the Spectator, but on graver subjects, entitled Teatro critico, which was continued down to 1739. His Cartas eruditas (1742-1760) were also issued periodically. The earliest critical serial, the Diario de los literatos (1737-1742), kept up at periodicals which appeared in the 18th century were Mañer's Mercurio the expense of Philip V., did not long survive court favour. Other (1738); the Diario noticioso (1758-1781); El Pensador (1762-1767) of Joseph Clavijo y Fajardo; El Belianis literario (1765), satirical in character; the Semanario erudito (1778-1791), a clumsy collection of documents; El Correo literario de la Europa (1781-1782); El Censor (1781); the valuable Memorial literario (1784-1808); El Correo literario (1786-1791), devoted to literature and science; and the special organs El Correo mercantil (1792-1798) and El Semanario de agricultura (1797-1805). In the 19th century were Variedades de ciencias, literatura, y artes (1803-1805), among whose contributors have been the distinguished names of Quintana, Moratin and Antillon; Miscelánea de comercio (1819); and Diario general de las ciencias medicas. The Spanish refugees in London published Ocios de españoles refugiados (1823-1826) and Miscelánea hispanoamericana (1824-1828), and at Paris Miscelánea escojida americana (1826). The Crónica científica y literaria (1817-1820) was afterwards transformed into a daily newspaper. Subsequently to the extinction of El Censor (1820-1823) there was nothing of any value until the Cartas españolas (1832), since known as the Revista española (1832-1836) and as the Revista de Madrid (1838). U of Ferdinand VII. periodicals had a new opening; in 1836 there were Upon the death published sixteen journals devoted to science and art. The fashion of illustrated serials was introduced in the Semanario pintoresco español (1836-1857), noticeable for its biographies and descriptions of Spanish monuments. El Panorama (1839-1841) was another literary periodical with engravings. Of later date have e been the Revista ibérica (1861-1863), conducted by Sanz del Rio; La America (1857-1870), specially devoted to American subjects and edited by the brothers Asquerino; Revista de Cataluña, published at Barcelona; Revista de España; Revista contemporánea; España moderna (1889), and Revista critica (1895). Current special perio dicals are: Euskal-erria, revista bascongada (1880, San Sebastian); Monumenta historica societatis Jesu (1894); El Progreso matematico, afterwards Revista de matematicas puras y aplicadas (1891); Revista de bibliografia Catalano (Catalunya, Baleares, Rosselò, Valencia, 1901); La Naturaleza, fortnightly; La Energia eléctrica, fortnightly; Revista minera, weekly; Revista de medicina, weekly; Bibliografia española, fortnightly; La Lectura; España y America, monthly.

See E. Hartzenbusch, Periódicos de Madrid (1876); Lapeyre, Catalogo-tarifa de los periódicos, revistas, y ilustraciones en España (1882); Georges le Gentil, Les Revues littéraires de l'Espagne pendant la première moitié du XIXe siècle (Paris, 1909).

PORTUGAL

clopedico (1779-1806), which had many interruptions; then came Portugal could long boast of only one review, the Jornal encithe Jornal de Coimbra (1812-1820); the Panorama (1836-1857), founded by Herculano; the Revista universal lisbonense (1841-1853). established by Castilho; the Instituto (1853) of Coimbra; the Archivo pittoresco (1857) of Lisbon; and the Jornal do sociedade dos amigos das letteras. In 1868 a review called Vox femenina, and conducted by women, was established at Lisbon. Current periodicals maticas et astronomicas (1877); Revista lusitana, Archivo de estudos include: O Archeologo portuguès (1895); Jornal de sciencias mathephilologicos e ethnologicos relativos á Portugal (1887); Ta-ssi-Yangartistico, fortnightly; Revista militar; Arte musical, fortnightly; Kuo, Archivos e annaes de extremo oriente portuguez (1899); Portugal Boletim do agricultor, monthly; Archivo historico portuguez, monthly.

GREECE

The periodical literature of modern Greece commences with 'O Aóylos 'Epuns, brought out at Vienna in 1811 by Anthimos Gazi and continued to 1821. In Aegina the Aiywaîa appeared in 1831, edited by Mustoxidis; and at Corfu, in Greek, Italian and English, the 'Avolovia (1834). After the return of King Otho in 1833 a literary review called 'Ipis was commenced. Le Spectateur de l'Orient, in French, pleaded the national cause before Europe for three years from 1853. A military journal was published at Athens in 1855, and two years later the archaeological periodical conducted by Pittakis and Rangabes. For many years Hardwpa (1850-1872), edited by Rangabes and Paparrigopoulos, was the leading serial. Puous dealt with natural science, the FewTovɩKά with agriculture, and 'Iepourμ with theology. 'EVIKOV TAVERLOTÝμLOV (1831) and Piλodoyikos σúdλoyos Пapvaσσós (1863) appear annually, and 'A0qvâ (1899) quarterly.

See A. R. Rangabé, Hist. littéraire de la Grèce moderne (Paris, 1879); R. Nicolai, Geschichte der neugriechischen Literatur (1876).

RUSSIA

The historian Gerhard Friedrich Müller made the first attempt to establish periodical literature in Russia in his Yejem'yes vatchniya