46 In three-handed pinochle the "melds" are exposed before a | The viceroy appointed him ambassador to the king of Bungo card is played, and no player may meld" after he has played to the first trick. A rule is sometimes made that an overlooked in order to give the mission an official standing, and on the 18th combination may be scored by the other players. Four-handed of April he set sail with the provincial, Father Belchior Nunes. pinochle is played either with partners or each player for himself. Owing to bad weather and contrary winds, however, the misPINSK, a town of Russia, in the government of Minsk, sioners did not reach Japan until July 1556, but the success of at the confluence of the Strumen and Pina rivers, 196 m. S.W. the mission represented a notable service to the cause of Chrisby rail of Minsk. Pop., 27,938, two-thirds being Jews. The tianity and civilization. On the 14th of November 1556 Father town carries on considerable trade, due to the navigable river Belchior and Mendes Pinto began their return voyage and reached Pina, which connects it with the fertile regions in the basin of the Goa on the 17th of February 1557. During his stay of a twelveDnieper, and, by means of the Dnieper-and-Bug canal, with month there, the latter left the company, being dispensed from Poland and Prussia, while the Oginsky canal connects it with his vows for want of vocation at his own request, though a the basin of the Niemen. Pottery, leather, oil, soap and beer modern authority states that he was expelled because he was are the chief products of the local industries. The draining of found to be a marrano, i.e. to possess Jewish blood. He finally the marshes around Pinsk was begun by the government in returned to Portugal on the 22nd of September 1558, and settled 1872, and by 1897 8,000,000 acres had been drained at an average book, the Peregrination; the MS., in fulfilment of his wishes, at Pragal near Almada, where he married and wrote his famous cost of 3s. per acre. Pinsk (Pinesk) is first mentioned in 1097 as a town belonging to Sviatopolk, prince of Kiev. In 1132 it was presented by his daughter to the Casa Pia for penitent formed part of the Minsk principality. After the Mongol women in Lisbon, and it was published by the administrators invasion of 1239-42 it became the chief town of a separate in 1614. When Philip II. of Spain came to Portugal as its principality, and continued to be so until the end of the 13th king, he listened with pleasure to the account of Mendes century. In 1320 it was annexed to Lithuania; and in 1569, Pinto's travels, and by letter of the 15th of January 1583 after the union of Lithuania with Poland, it was chief town of gave him a pension for his services in the Indies. the province of Brest. During the rebellion of the Cossack the reward came too late, for the great traveller died on the chief, Bogdan Chmielnicki (1640), the Poles took it by assault, 8th of July. killing 14,000 persons and burning 5000 houses. Eight years later the town was burned by the Russians. Charles XII. took it in 1706, and burned the town with its suburbs. Pinsk was annexed to Russia in 1795. PINSUTI, CIRO (1829-1888), Anglo-Italian composer, was born at Siena, and was educated in music, for a career as a pianist, partly in London and partly at Bologna, where he was a pupil of Rossini. From 1848 he made his home in England, where he became a teacher of singing, and in 1856 he was made a professor at the Academy of Music in London. He became well known as a composer of numerous favourite songs and part-songs, as well as of three operas brought out in Italy, and it is by the former that he is still remembered. PINT (derived probably through Spanish, from Lat. pincta, picta, a painted or marked vessel), a liquid measure of capacity, equivalent to of a gallon. The imperial British pint=57 of a litre, 34.66 cub. in. The United States standard pint=47 of a litre, 28 cub. in. The word appears in French as pinte for a liquid measure as early as the 13th century. PINTO, ANÍBAL (1825-1884), Chilean president, was born at Santiago, Chile. After a diplomatic training in the legation at Rome he learned the practice of administration as intendente of Concepcion, and from 1871 to 1876 was minister of war and marine under Errázuriz. During his term of office as president (1876 to 1881) Pinto had to deal first with a severe financial crisis, and then to conduct the struggle with Peru and Bolivia, in which he displayed great coolness of judgment and devotion to duty. But In the light of our present-day knowledge of the East, Pinto is regarded as having been on the whole a careful observer and truthful narrator, but this was not always the case. Some witty countryman of his own parodied his name into Fernão, mentes? Minto! ("Ferdinand, do you lie? I do!"); and the English dramatist Congreve only expressed the general opinion of the unlearned when he wrote in Love for Love "Mendez Pinto was but a type of thee, thou liar of the first magnitude." It must be remembered that Pinto wrote the Peregrination long subsequent to the events he records, and this fact and a certain fertility of imagination sufficiently account for inexactitudes. Furthermore, as the book was only published posthumously, he never had the opportunity of correcting the proofs. Some of his most marvellous stories are expressly given on the authority of writers belonging to the countries he describes; others he tells from hearsay, and Oriental informants are prone to exaggeration. But if he somewhat adorned the truth, he did not wilfully misrepresent it. The book itself gives the impression of sincerity, and the editors of the first edition bear witness to the probity, good faith and truthfulness of Mendes Pinto as a man. Herrera Maldonado prefaced his Spanish translation of the Peregrination (1620) by a lengthy and erudite apology to demonstrate its authenticity, and Castilho has reinforced his arguments by modern testimonies. In the narrative portions of his work Pinto's style is simple, clear and natural, his diction rich, particularly in sea terms, and appropriate to his varying subjects. There is an entire absence of artifice about the book, which must always rank as a classic, and it might fairly be argued that Mendes Pinto did for the prose of Portugal what Camoens did for its poetry; this is the more remarkable, because it does not appear that he ever received any education in the ordinary He wrote the book for his children to learn to read by, and modestly excused its literary defects by alleging his rudeness and lack of talent. Tradition has it that the MS. was entrusted to the chronicler Francisco de Andrade for the purpose of being polished in style and made ready for press, but that all he did was to divide it into chapters. sense. The Peregrination has gone through many editions subsequent to that of 1614, and in 1865 Castilho published excerpts in his Livraria classica portuguesa with an interesting notice of Mendes PINTO, FERNÃO MENDES (1509-1583), Portuguese adventurer, was born at Montemor-o-Velho, of poor and humble parents, and entered the service of a noble lady in Lisbon, being afterwards for two years page to the duke of Aveiro in Setubal. Desiring to try his fortune in the East, he embarked for India in 1537 in a fleet commanded by the son of Vasco da Gama, and for twenty-one years travelled, fought and traded in China, Tartary, Pegu and the neighbouring countries, sailing in every sea, while in 1542-1543 he was one of the first Europeans to visit Japan, where he introduced the musket. Though he was thirteen times a captive and seventeen times sold into slavery, his gay and dauntless spirit brought him through every mis-Pinto's life and writings. Versions exist in German (3 editions), fortune. He was soldier and sailor, merchant and doctor, missionary and ambassador; moreover, as the friend and travelling companion of St Francis Xavier, he lent the apostle of the Indies the money with which to build the first Jesuit establish- ment in Japan. In January 1554 Mendes Pinto was in Goa, waiting for a ship to take him to Portugal, when he took a sudden resolution to enter the company of Jesus and devote a large part of the capital he had accumulated to the evangelization of Japan. French (3 editions), Spanish (4 editions), and in English by Henry Fernão Mendes Pinto e o Japão (Lisbon, 1906); also Subsidios. PINTO. The remarkable brown, black and blue spots of | a considerable distance below. No finer specimen of the decora discoloration of the whole body met with endemically in Mexico, tion of a simple quadripartite vault can anywhere be seen. Panama, Colombia and Venezuela, and known under the In 1492 Pinturicchio was summoned to Orvieto, where he name of "pinto" or "mal de los pintos," were first claimed by painted two Prophets and two of the Doctors in the duomo. In Gastambide (Presse med. Belge, 1881, Nos. 33-41) as due to the following year he returned to Rome, and was employed by the presence of a vegetable parasite, whose spores and even Pope Alexander VI. (Borgia) to decorate a suite of six rooms mycelial filaments may be detected among the deeper rows of in the Vatican, which Alexander had just built. These rooms, cells of the rete mucosum. The disease appears to be one called after their founder the Appartamenti Borgia, now form of the many forms of morbus miseriae; but it is contagious, and part of the Vatican library, and five of them still retain the fine is sometimes seen in the well-to-do. In some villages of the series of frescoes with which they were so skilfully decorated western districts of Tabasco (Mexico) it has been estimated by Pinturicchio. The upper part of the walls and vaults, not that 9% of the inhabitants suffer from the pinto; M'Clellan only covered with painting, but further enriched with delicate says that in 1826 in the City of Mexico he saw a whole regiment stucco work in relief, are a masterpiece of decorative design of " pintados." applied according to the truest principles of mural ornament-a much better model for imitation in that respect than the more celebrated Stanze of Raphael immediately over the Borgia rooms. The main subjects are: (1) the Annunciation, the Nativity, the Magi, and the Resurrection; (2) Scenes from the lives of St Catherine, St Antony and other saints; (3) allegorical figures of music, arithmetic and the like; (4) four figures in half length, with rich arabesques; (5) figures of the planets, the occupations of the various months, and other subjects. The sixth room was repainted by Perino del Vaga.! PINTURICCHIO (1454-1513), Italian painter, whose full name was BERNARDINO DI BETTI, the son of a citizen of Perugia, Benedetto or Betto di Biagio, was one of a very important group who inherited the artistic traditions and developed the style of the older Perugian painters, such as Bonfigli and Fiorenzo di Lorenzo. According to Vasari he was a pupil of Perugino; and so in one sense no doubt he was, but rather as a paid assistant than as an apprentice. The strong similarity both in design and methods of execution which runs through the works of this later Perugian school is very striking; paintings by Perugino, Pinturicchio, Lo Spagna and Raphael (in his first manner) may often be mistaken one for the other. In most cases, especially in the execution of large frescoes, pupils and assistants had a large share in the work, either in enlarging the master's sketch to the full-sized cartoon, in transferring the cartoon to the wall, or in painting backgrounds, drapery and other accessories. After assisting Perugino in the execution of his frescoes in the Sistine Chapel, Pinturicchio was employed by various members of the Della Rovere family and others to decorate a whole series of chapels in the church of S. Maria del Popolo in Rome, where he appears to have worked from 1484, or earlier, to 1492 with little interruption. The earliest of these is an altarpiece of the "Adoration of the Shepherds," in the first chapel (from the west) on the south, built by Cardinal Domenico della Rovere; a portrait of the cardinal is introduced as the foremost of the kneeling shepherds. In the lunettes under the vault Pinturicchio painted small scenes from the life of St Jerome. The frescoes which he painted in the next chapel, that built by Cardinal Innocenzo Cibo, were destroyed in 1700, when the chapel was rebuilt by Cardinal Alderano Cibo. The third chapel on the south is that of Giov. della Rovere, duke of Sora, nephew of Sixtus IV., and brother of Giuliano, who was afterwards Pope Julius II. This contains a fine altarpiece of the "Madonna enthroned between Four Saints," and on the east side a very nobly composed fresco of the Assumption of the Virgin." The vault and its lunettes are richly decorated with small pictures of the life of the Virgin, surrounded by graceful arabesques; and the dado is covered with monochrome paintings of scenes from the lives of saints, medallions with prophets, and very graceful and powerfully drawn female figures in full length in which the influence of Signorelli may be traced. In the fourth chapel Pinturicchio painted the Four Latin Doctors in the lunettes of the vault. Most of these frescoes are considerably injured by damp, but happily have suffered little from restoration; the heads are painted with much minuteness of finish, and the whole of the pictures depend very largely for their effect on the final touchings a secco. The last paintings completed by Pinturicchio in this church were the frescoes on the vault over the retro-choir, a very rich and well-designed piece of decorative work, with main lines arranged to suit their surroundings in a very skilful way. In the centre is an octagonal panel of the coronation of the Virgin, and round it medallions of the Four Evangelists-the spaces between them being filled up by reclining figures of the Four Sibyis. On each pendentive is a figure of one of the Four Doctors enthroned under a niched canopy. The bands which separate these pictures have elaborate arabesques on a gold ground, and the whole is painted with broad and effective touches, very telling when seen (as is necessarily the case) from Though not without interruption, Pinturicchio, assisted by his pupils, worked in these rooms from 1492 till 1498, when they were completed. His other chief frescoes in Rome, still existing in a very genuine state, are those in the Cappella Bufalini at the south-west of S Maria in Ara Coeli, probably executed from 1497 to 1500. These are well-designed compositions, noble in conception, and finished with much care and refinement. On the altar wall is a grand painting of St Bernardino of Siena between two other saints, crowned by angels; in the upper part is a figure of Christ in a vesica-glory, surrounded by angel musicians; on the left wall is a large fresco of the miracles done by the corpse of St Bernardino, very rich in colour, and full of very carefully painted heads, some being portraits of members of the Bufalini family, for whom these frescoes were executed. One group of three females, the central figure with a child at her breast, is of especial beauty, recalling the grace of Raphael's second manner. The composition of the main group round the saint's corpse appears to have been suggested by Giotto's painting of St Francis on his bier in S. Croce at Florence. On the vault are four noble figures of the Evangelists, usually attributed to Luca Signorelli, but certainly, like the rest of the frescoes in this chapel, by the hand of Pinturicchio. On the vault of the sacristy of S. Cecilia in Trastevere, Pinturicchio painted the Almighty surrounded by the Evangelists. During a visit to Orvieto in 1496 Pinturicchio painted two more figures of the Latin Doctors in the choir of the duomo-now, like the rest of his work at Orvieto, almost destroyed. For these he received fifty gold ducats. Among his panel pictures the following are the most important. An altarpiece for S Maria de' Fossi at Perugia, painted in 1496-1498, now moved to the picture gallery, is a Madonna enthroned among Saints, graceful and sweet in expression, and very minutely painted; the wings of the retable have standing figures of St Augustine and St Jerome; and the predella has paintings in miniature of the Annunciation and the Evangelists. Another fine altarpiece, similar in delicacy of detail, and probably painted about the same time, is that in the cathedral of San Severino-the Madonna enthroned looks down towards the kneeling donor. The angels at the sides in beauty of face and expression recall the manner of Lorenzo di Credi or Da Vinci. The Vatican picture gallery has the largest of Pinturicchio's panels-the Coronation of the Virgin, with the apostles and other saints below. Several well-executed portraits occur among the kneeling saints. The Virgin, who kneels at Christ's feet to receive her crown, is a figure of great tenderness and beauty, and the lower group is composed with great skill and grace in arrangement. Other important panel paintings by Pinturicchio exist 1 See Guattani, Quadri nell' appart. Borgia (Rome, 1820). in the cathedral of Spello, in the Siena gallery, at Florence, at | and from that time his work was in constant demand. There Perugia, and in other collections. are many of his compositions in Good Words, The Sunday Magazine, The Quiver and London Society, but his most important productions made for the Dalziel brothers were illustrations of Goldsmith, of Jean Ingelow's poems, Robert Buchanan's Ballads of the Affections, and the Arabian Nights. In 1501 Pinturicchio painted several fine frescoes in S. Maria Maggiore at Spello-all very decorative and full of elaborate architectural accessories. One of them, the Annunciation, is signed" Bernardinvs Pintvrichivs Pervsinvs." The most striking of all Pinturicchio's frescoes, both for brilliance of colour and their wonderful state of preservation, are those in the cathedral library at Siena, a large room built in 1495 by Cardinal Francesco Piccolomini, afterwards Pius III. In 1502 the cardinal contracted with Pinturicchio to decorate the whole room with arabesques on the vault, and on the walls ten scenes from the life of Aeneas Sylvius Piccolomini, Pius II., the uncle of Cardinal Francesco. The contract specially provided that the cartoons, their transference on to the walls, and all the heads, were to be by Pinturicchio's own hand, thus contradicting Vasari's assertion that the cartoons were the work of Raphael. The document provides for the price of these frescoes, namely one thousand gold ducats, to be paid in various instalments. The work was begun early in 1503. but was interrupted for a while by the death of Pius III. His will, however, provided for the completion of the work by his executors, and the whole series were finished in 1507. The subjects are (1) the journey of the young Sylvius Piccolomini to the Council of Basel, in the suite of Cardinal Capranica; (2) his reception by James I. of Scotland as envoy from the Council of Basel; (3) his being crowned with the poet's laurel by Frederick III.; (4) his reception by Pope Eugenius IV. as ambassador from Frederick III.; (5) outside the wall of Siena he presents to Frederick III. his bride Leonora, infanta of Portugal; (6) he receives the cardinal's hat from Pope Calixtus III.; (7) he is borne in procession after his election as Pope Pius II.; (8) he presides at a council at Mantua; (9) he canonizes St Catherine of Siena; (10) he arrives in Ancona to promote the crusade against the Turks. In addition to these there is, outside the library, over the door, the coronation of Pius III. In the lower part of the scene of St Catherine's canonization he has introduced his own portrait, and standing by him is a youth who bears some resemblance to Raphael. In 1508 Pinturicchio painted another panel of the Madonna enthroned among saints for the church of the Minori Conventuali at Spello. It is now over the altar in the sacristy. On his return to Siena he painted a whole series of frescoes on the walls of the Palazzo Petrucci, now all destroyed except one scene of the return of Ulysses to Penelope (or possibly Collatinus and Lucretia), which is now in the National Gallery of London, transferred to canvas. One of his last works, painted in 1513, the year of his death, is a very beautiful and highly finished panel with Christ bearing His Cross, now in the Palazzo Borromeo in Milan. Pinturicchio married Grania di Niccolò, and had by her two sons and four daughters; there is probably no truth in the story of his being starved by his wife during his last illness. Pinturicchio's worth as a painter has been for the most part undervalued, partly owing to the very strong prejudice and dislike which tinges Vasari's biography of him. Even Crowe and Cavalcaselle hardly did him justice. A fairer estimate of his position in the history of art is given by Vermiglioli, Memorie di Pinturicchio (Perugia, 1837); and in the valuable notes and appendix of Milanesi's edition of Vasari, iii. 493-531 (Florence, 1878). See also Schmarsow, Raphael und Pinturicchio in Siena (Stuttgart, 1880), and Pinturicchio in Rom (Stuttgart, 1882), both well illustrated by photo-lithography. (J. H. M.) PINWELL, GEORGE JOHN (1842-1875), British water-colour painter, was born at Wycombe, and educated at Heatherley's Academy. He is one of the most interesting personalities in the little group of water-colour painters which included Frederick Walker and A. B. Houghton, a group whose style was directly derived from the practice of drawing upon wood for book illustration. He was one of the most delightful book illustrators of his day, poetic in imagination, with considerable inventive power and an admirable sense of colour. As he died young his works are few, but their promise was so great that had he lived he would probably have attained a very high position. His early life was one of considerable privation. In 1862 he entered at Heatherley's studio and there obtained his art education. His earliest drawings appeared in Lilliput Levée. He did a little work for Fun and executed several designs for the silversmiths, Elkingtons. In 1863 his first drawing appeared in Once a Week, Of Pinwell's pictures in colour, which are distinguished by a remarkable, jewel-like quality and marked by his strong love of pure, bright colour and opalescent effect, the chief are the two scenes from the Pied Piper of Hamelin, Gilbert à Becket's Troth, Out of Tune or The Old Cross, A Seat in St James's Park, and The Elixir of Life. In 1874 Pinwell fell seriously ill and went to Africa for the winter. He painted several remarkable pictures at Tangier, but his strength gradually broke down and he returned to die in his wife's arms on the 8th of September 1875. Pinwell was an exhibitor at the Dudley gallery, and in 1869 was elected associate of the Royal Water-Colour Society and full member in 1870; to this gallery he contributed fifty-nine works. A posthumous exhibition of his works was held in 1876 in Bond Street. See Life of George J. Pinwell, by George C. Williamson, quarto, 1900. (G. C. W.) PINZON, a family of wealthy Spanish navigators, of Palos in Andalusia, three members of which--Martin Alonzo, Francisco and Vicente Yañez, brothers-were associated with Columbus in the discovery of America. MARTIN ALONZO PINZON, born about the middle of the 15th century, gave material assistance to Columbus in carrying out his project. "If Colon was the head, Pinzon was the right arm (Asensio). In the expedition of 1492 he commanded the " Pinta," on which his brother Francisco was pilot; another brother, Vicente Yañez, commanded the "Nina." On the 6th of October Martin Alonzo suggested to Columbus (when already in the longitude of the Bermudas) to change the course of the expedition from due west to south-west; on the 7th of October this suggestion-strengthened by the observation of a flight of birds to the south-west-was adopted, bringing the fleet, four days later, to the landfall at Guanahani (San Salvador, Watling Island) in the Bahamas (Oct. 12, 1492). On the 21st of November 1492, near the east end of the north coast of Cuba, Martin Alonzo left Columbus, making eastward in search of the gold-land of which they had heard the natives speak. On the 6th of January 1493 he rejoined the admiral, who accepted his excuses. But on the return journey he again left his leader, and when Columbus arrived at Palos on the 15th of March 1493 he learned that Alonzo had already landed at Bayona in Galicia. If his object was to forestall Columbus and pose as discoverer of the New World, he was foiled; audience was refused him by Ferdinand and Isabella; and soon after he died, perhaps of chagrin. VICENTE YAÑEZ PINZON, who commanded the "Nina" in 1492-1493, also gave Columbus material help, and remained loyal to his leader throughout. In after years he made important discoveries on his own account. Late in December 1499 he sailed with four caravels across the Atlantic to the south-west, and on the 7th of February 1500 he struck the South American continent at Cape S. Agostinho, near its most easterly projection (called by him Cape Santa Maria de la Consolacion) almost three months before the Portuguese navigator Cabral reached Brazil, the discovery of which is generally attributed to him. Proceeding southwards a short distance, he then turned north, followed the coast to the north-west, discovered the Amazon estuary, and went at least as far as what is now Costa Rica. After touching at Haiti, and losing two of his vessels among the Bahamas, Vicente returned to Palos in the end of September 1500. Although concessions were made to him, and he was created governor of the newly discovered lands by Ferdinand and Isabella, he does not seem to have ever taken possession. In 1507 we find Vicente sailing with Juan Diaz de Solis along the east coast of Central America. In 1509, again with De Solis, he coasted the Atlantic side of South America as far as the La Plata estuary, hoping to find an opening westwards leading to the Spice Islands. According to Herrera, he even reached 40° S., passing the La Plata without recognizing it, and turning back | important custom-houses in Russia, and the annual trade is about the mouth of the Rio Negro, but this is probably an estimated at £12,000,000. exaggeration. After 1523 all traces of Vicente are lost. See Navarrete, Coleccion de viajes; Washington Irving's Columbus, Bk. XIV., ch. ii.; bibliography in Joaquim Caetano da Silva's L'Oyapoc et l'Amazone (Paris, 1861); Herrera, Indias Occid., Dec. I., lib. vi. cap. 17; lib. vii., caps. I and 9 (Madrid, 1730); Oviedo, Hist. general de las Indias, lib. xxiii. cap. 1 (Madrid, 1852); O. Peschel, Geschichte der Erdkunde, pp. 230, 233, 249 (Munich, 1865); Zeitalter der Entdeckungen, pp. 305, &c., 426; Jose Maria Asensio, Cristoval Colon, su vida, sus viajes, sus descobrimientos (Barcelona, 1891); Cesareo Fernandez Duro, Colon e Pinzon. PIO DI SAVOIA, an ancient noble Italian family, first mentioned by good authorities in the 14th century. From the house of Este (q.v.) they received the lordship of Carpi, and later they acquired the fiefs of Meldola, Sassuolo, &c. Many members of the family were distinguished as condottieri, diplomats and ecclesiastics. Alberto Pio obtained from the house of Savoy in 1450 the privilege of adding "di Savoia" to his name as a reward for his military services. Another Alberto Pio (14751531), who was French ambassador in Rome, won fame as a man of learning, and Cardinal Rodolfo Pio (1516-1564) was a trusted adviser to Pius III. and helped to establish the Inquisition at Milan. Ascanio Pio (d. 1649) was a dramatic poet of some merit. Spain conferred the title of prince on the family, and one branch of it is to this day established in Spain. See P. Litta, Le Famiglie celebri italiane (Milan); G. Campori Memorie storiche di Marco Pio di Savoia (Modena, 1876); A. Ceriani and G. Porro, Il Rotolo epistografo dei principi Pio di Savoia," in the Archivio storico lombardo, ser. II. an. XI. fasc. I, ser. III. an. VIII. 96, and ser. III. an. XIX. 453. PIOMBINO, a seaport of Tuscany, Italy, in the province of Pisa, 8 m. by rail W.S.W. of Campiglia Marittima (which is 53 m. S.S.E. of Pisa), 62 ft. above sea-level, at the southern extremity of the peninsula of the Monte Massoncello. Pop. (1901), 5979 (town); 7703 (commune). It is surrounded by old walls, and contains some interesting Renaissance works by a master of about 1458 under the influence of Alberti. It is the port of embarcation for Elba, the nearest point of which is about 6 m. to the south-west, and originally belonged to Pisa. It gives the title of prince to the Buoncompagni Ludovisi family, who, however, no longer own it. PIONEER, properly a foot-soldier (Med. Lat. pedo, pedonis, through Ó. Fr. peonnier, pionnier, cf. " pawn ") who with spade, axe and other implements, precedes an army or smaller military body, and clears or makes a road, digs intrenchments, prepares a camping ground, &c. The word is thus applied to all who, actually or figuratively, are first in exploring or working an undiscovered or undeveloped country or field of inquiry. PIOTRKOW (Ger. Petrikau), a government of Russian Poland, bounded by the government of Warsaw on the N., Radom and Kielce on the E., Kalisz on the W. and Prussian Silesia on the S. Area, 4729 sq. m.; pop. (1906, estimate), 1,675,200. Geologically it represents a continuation of Upper Silesia, and is built up of Upper Carboniferous deposits, containing near Bendzin a bed of coal 265 sq. m. in extent. Permian and Jurassic deposits, containing zinc ores, as also lignite and limonite iron ores, overlie the Carboniferous. The surface consists of a series of heights, 1000 to 1600 ft. above sea-level, intersected by ravines, and stretching from south-west to north-east. The government is drained by the Warta and the Pilica, and was formerly covered with thick forests. It was colonized by Mazurs and Poles (Veliko-Polyans and Malo-Polyans). The government, which is the most densely peopled in the Russian Empire, is divided into eight districts, of which the chief towns are Piotrkow, Bendzin, Brzeziny, Czenstochowa, Lask, Lodz, Nowo-Radom and Rawa. Agriculture and cattle-breeding are extensively carried on; and coal and iron are mined. Textile industries developed with extraordinary rapidity during the closing years of the 19th and the opening years of the 20th centuries, the towns of Lodz, Pabianice, Zgerz and Bendzin all being important centres. Other branches of productive industry are distilleries, breweries, flour-mills, brickyards, sugar, cement, glass and candle factories. Granica and Sosnowice, in this government, are two of the most PIOTRKOW, a town of Russian Poland, capital of the government of the same name, and formerly the seat of the high court of Poland, on the railway from Warsaw to Vienna, 90 m. southwest of the former and 5 m. west of the river Pilica. Pop. (1900), 32,173. It is a well-kept town, with numerous gardens, and has flour-mills, saw-mills, tanneries, agricultural machinery works, and breweries. One of the oldest towns in Poland, Piotrkow was in the 15th and 16th centuries the place of meeting of the diets, and here the kings were elected. In the 14th century and surrounded the town with walls. Here in 1769 the Russians Casimir the Great built here a castle (now a military church) defeated the (Polish) forces of the Bar Confederation. known as the friend (Mrs Thrale) of Samuel Johnson (q.v.), was PIOZZI, HESTER LYNCH (1741-1821), English writer, well born on the 16th of January 1741, her father being John SalusRobert Salusbury Cotton, contemplated providing for his niece, bury of Bobbel, Carnarvonshire. Her maternal uncle, Sir but he died without having carried out his intention. She and her mother lived in London, and amongst her childish recollections were meetings with James Quin and David Garrick. She received a solid education, for she was acquainted with Latin as well as with French, Italian and Spanish. In 1763 she was married to Henry Thrale, a rich Southwark brewer, whose house was at Streatham on the south-east corner of Tooting Bec Common. There was very little sympathy between the lively girl and Thrale, who was thirteen years her senior, but gradually she drew round her a distinguished circle of friends. She was introduced to Samuel Johnson in 1765 by Arthur Murphy, who was an old friend of her husband's. In 1766 Johnson paid a long visit to Streatham, and from that time was more or less domesticated with the Thrales. In time it became his custom to spend the middle of the week at Streatham, devoting the remaining days to his own heterogeneous "family." He was genuinely attached to his hostess, and thoroughly appreciated the luxury in which the Thrales lived. They were able to soften some of his eccentricities, and they certainly made him happy. He travelled with them in Wales in 1774, and in France in 1775Dr Burney gave lessons to one of the Miss Thrales, and in 1778 he brought his daughter Fanny to Streatham. She became a warm friend of Mrs Thrale, and has left an account of the Streatham household in her diary. This friendship was by no means always unclouded. Fanny Burney was very sensitive, and sometimes thought that Mrs Thrale gave herself airs of patronage. Meanwhile, in 1772, Thrale's business was seriously injured, and he was threatened with bankruptcy. The situation was saved by his wife's efforts, and in the next year Thrale travelled, leaving her in charge of his affairs. He was twice returned for the borough of Southwark, chiefly through her efforts. In 1781 Mr Thrale died, and Dr Johnson helped the widow with her business arrangements, advising her to keep on the brewery, until she "cured his honest heart of its incipient passion for trade, by letting him into some, and only some, of its mysteries.' The brewery was finally sold for £135,000. Mrs Thrale had met Gabriele Piozzi, an Italian musician, in 1780. Johnson was now in failing health, and soon began to feel himself slighted. His suspicions were definitely aroused when she laid aside her mourning for Thrale in 1782, and the Streatham house was sold. In 1783 her engagement to Piozzi was announced. The objections of her daughters and her friends induced her to break it off for a time, but it was soon resumed, and in 1784 they were married. Johnson told Miss Burney that he drove the memory of Mrs Thrale from his mind, burning every letter of hers on which he could lay his hand. The Piozzis presently left England to travel in Italy. At Florence they fell in with Robert Merry and the other " Della Cruscan" writers ridiculed by William Gifford in his Maeviad and Baviad, and she contributed some verses to their Florence Miscellany in 1785. In 1786 she published Anecdotes of the late Samuel Johnson, during the last twenty years of his life, which was severely criticized by Boswell. She was ridiculed by "Peter Pindar" in Bossy and Piozzi; or the British Biographers, A Town Eclogue (1786). | remains of baked clay pipes, are found throughout the American But though Miss Burney and some others held aloof, the Piozzis continent testifies to the universal prevalence of smoking in the found plenty of friends when they returned to London in 1787. pre-Columbian era. Many of the ancient clay pipes found in Piozzi died at Brynbella, a villa he had built on his wife's Mexico, &c., are elaborately moulded and ornamented, while Carnarvonshire estate in 1809, and Mrs Piozzi gave up her others show considerable similarity to the early clay pipes, of Welsh property to her husband's son, and spent most of the rest Europe. Among the North-American Indian tribes the tobacco of her life at Bath and Clifton. When long past seventy she took pipe occupies a position of peculiar symbolic significance in a fancy to William Augustus Conway, the actor. She retained connexion with the superstitious rites and usages of the race. her vivacity to the last, celebrating her 80th birthday by a ball The calumet, peace pipe or medicine pipe, is an object of the to six or seven hundred people at Bath. She died at Clifton most profound veneration, entrusted to the care of a highly on the 2nd of May 1821. honoured official, and produced and smoked with much ceremony only on occasions of great importance and solemnity. It is remarkable that, whilst the most ancient American pipes had no separate stem, it is the stem only of the medicine pipe which is the object of veneration among the Indians, the bowl used being a matter of indifference. The favourite material for fine-grained easily-worked stone of a rich red colour of the Indian pipe bowls is the famous red pipe stone (catlinite), a Côteau des Prairies, west of the Big Stone Lake in S. Dakota, The quarries were formerly neutral ground among the warring Indian tribes, many sacred traditions being associated with the locality and its product. mankind (1801). From 1776 to 1809 she kept a note-book which she called "Thraliana.' Her well-known poem of the "Three Warnings is to be found in many popular collections. Letters to and from the late Samuel Johnson appeared in 1788; Observations and Reflections made in the course of a Journey, through France, Italy and Germany, in 1789; and in 1801 she published Retrospection; or a review of the most striking and important events, characters, and situations. which the last eighteen hundred years have presented to the view of See Letters and Literary Remains of Mrs Piozzi (Thrale), edited with notes and an Introductory Account of her Life and Writings by A. Hayward (1861); Piozziana; or Recollections of the late Mrs Piozzi by a Friend (1833), the anonymous friend being Edward Mangin (1772-1852); L. B. Seeley, Mrs Thrale, afterwards Mrs Piozzi... (1891), and G. Birkbeck Hill, Johnsonian Miscellanies (1897). Also works noted in bibliography to JOHNSON, SAMUEL PIPE, a term used of a musical wind-instrument of tubular form, and hence of any cylindrical hollow tube. The original application of the term is to the musical instrument (see PIPE AND TABOR below), and the source is to be found in Lat. pipare, to chirp, of a bird. The general meaning of " pipe," in the sense of a tube for such purposes as carrying water, gas, sewage, &c., is treated under TUBE. Among specific uses of the word are those for the hollow stem of clay, wood or other material with a bowl at one end in which tobacco is smoked (see below); for the metal or wooden sound tubes in an organ (q.v.); and for various forms of cylindrical veins, hollows, channels, &c., in mining and geology. The Great Roll of the Exchequer was known as the "Pipe Roll", this contained the various "pipes" or enrolled accounts of the sheriffs, &c., which were so called either from being sent in a cylindrical case or as resembling a pipe in shape when rolled (see RECORDS). Tobacco Pipe.-The smoking of tobacco in pipes is a custom which prevailed in America for a period of unknown duration previous to the discovery of that continent by Columbus. The most ancient pipes of which remains exist have been found in mounds or tumuli called pipe mounds, principally in Ohio, Indiana, Illinois and Iowa. These mound pipes, which are carved in porphyry and other hard stones, are very uniform in type. The pipe, cut out of a single piece of stone, consists of a slightly convex platform or base, generally from 3 to 4 in. in length, and about an inch broad, with the bowl on the centre. A fine hole is pierced from one end of the platform to the bottom of the bowl, the opposite end being obviously for holding in the hand while the pipe is being smoked. In the commonest forms the bowl is a simple cylinder or urn (fig. 1), but in many cases remarkable artistic skill has been displayed in carving the bowls into miniature figures of birds,mammals,reptiles and human heads, often grotesque and fantastic, but always vigorously expressed (fig. 2). These mound or platform pipes with carved human and animal forms are objects of the highest ethnographic interest and importance, being among the FIG. 1.-" Monitor" Pipe. FIG. 2.-Heron Pipe. most characteristic remains of the ancient inhabitants of the Mississippi valley. The wide area over which they, as well as It is disputed whether pipes for smoking were at all known in Europe previous to the discovery of America. That tobaccosmoking was unknown is certain; but pipes of iron, bronze and clay have been so frequently found associated with Roman remains and other antiquities as to lead many authorities to maintain that such pipes must have been anciently used for burning incense or for smoking aromatic herbs or hemp. Throughout Great Britain and Ireland small clay pipes are frequently dug up, in some instances associated with Roman relics. These are known amongst the people as elfin, fairy or Celtic pipes, and in some districts supernatural agencies have been called in to account for their existence. The elfin pipes have commonly flat broad heels in place of the sharp spur now found on clay pipes, and on that flat space the mark or initials of the maker is occasionally found. There is no reason to believe that these pipes are older than the 17th century. The introduction of the tobacco pipe into Europe is generally ascribed to Ralph Lane, first governor of Virginia, who in 1586 brought an Indian pipe to Sir Walter Raleigh, and taught that courtier how to use the implement. The pipe-makers of London became an incorporated body in 1619, and from England the other nations of Europe learned the art of making clay pipes. The habit of smoking with pipes spread with incredible rapidity; and among the various peoples the pipe assumed special characteristics, and its modifications became the medium of conveying social, political and personal allusions, in many cases with no little artistic skill and humour. The pipe also became the object of much inventive ingenuity, and it varied as greatly in material as in form-wood, hcrn, bone, ivory, stone, precious and other metals, amber, glass, porcelain and, above all, clay being the materials employed in various forms. By degrees pipes of special form and material came to be associated with particular people, e.g. the elongated painted porcelain bowis and pendulous stem of the German peasantry, the red clay bowl and long cherry wood stem of the Turk, and the very small metallic bowl and cane stem of the Japanese, &c. Among other kinds of pipe which have been popular at various times are the "corn-cob," where the bowl is made of the cob of maize or Indian corn, and the " calabash " with the bowl of a small gourd. The "churchwarden" is a clay pipe with a slender stem, some 16 or 20 in. long. The most luxurious and elaborate form of pipe is the Persian kalyún, hookah or water tobacco pipe. This consists of three pieces, the head or bowl, the water bottle or base, and the snake or long flexible tube ending in the mouthpiece. The tobacco, which must be previously prepared by steeping in water, is placed in the head and lighted with live charcoal, a wooden stem passes from its bottom down into the water which fills the base, and the tube is fitted to a stem which ends in the bottle above the water. Thus the smoke is cooled and washed before it reaches the smoker by passing through the water in |