K. G. KARL FRIEDRICH GELDNER, PH.D. Professor of Sanskrit and Comparative Philology in the University of Marburg. Persia: Language. Lincoln College, Oxford. Professor of Early Christian Literature and New Testa-Peter, Saint; ment Exegesis in the University of Leiden. Author of The Text of the New Testa- ment; The Historical Evidence for the Resurrection of Jesus Christ; &c. Chamberlain of H.M. the Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia. Hon. Member of the Royal Society of Literature. Member of the Bohemian Academy, &c. Auther Poděbrad, George of. of Bohemia, a Historical Sketch; The Historians of Bohemia (Ilchester Lecture, at the Archives Nationales. Formerly President of the Société de l'Histoire de Pisa, Council of. France and the Société de l'École des Chartes. Author of La France et le grand NORTHCOTE WHITRIDGE THOMAS, M.A. Government Anthropologist to Southern Nigeria. Corresponding Member of the Société d'Anthropologie of Paris. Author of Thought Transference; Kinship and Physical Phenomena. H.M. Inspector of Schools and Inspector of Training Colleges, Board of Education, London. Author of Louis XIV. and the English Restoration; Charles Editor of The Ancestor, 1902-1905. Hon. Genealogist to Standing Council of the Pole (family). Honourable Society of the Baronetage. REV. OWEN CHARLES WHITEHOUSE, M.A., D.D. Senior Theological Tutor and Lecturer in Hebrew, Cheshunt College, Cambridge. Pentecost. Principal of the Countess of Huntingdon's College, Cheshunt, 1895-1905. OLAUS MAGNUS FRIEDRICH HENRICI, PH.D., LL.D., F.R.S. Professor of Mechanics and Mathematics in the Central Technical College of the City and Guilds of London Institute. Author of Vectors and Rotors; Congruent PRINCE PETER ALEXEIVITCH KROPOTKIN. See the biographical article: KROPOTKIN, PRINCE P. A. Perm (in part); Podolia (in part); Poland, Russian (in part). P. A. T. P. C. M. P. G. P. Gi. P. La. P. Sm. P. V. P. A. TIELE. Formerly Librarian, Utrecht University. Author of Biographical and Historical Plantin. PETER CHALMERS MITCHELL, M.A., F.R.S., F.Z.S., D.Sc., LL.D. Secretary of the Zoological Society of London. University Demonstrator in Phosphorescence: in Zoology. Author of Outlines of Biology; &c. PERCY GARDNER, LL.D., F.S.A., D.LITT. See the biographical article: Gardner, Percy. PETER GILES, M.A., LL.D., LITT.D. Pheidias. Fellow and Classical Lecturer of Emmanuel College, Cambridge, and University Philology (in part). PHILIP LAKE, M.A., F.G.S. R. L.* R. N. B. R. Po. R. P. S. See the biographical article: Garnett, RichaRD. REGINALD INNES POCOCK, F.Z.S. Superintendent of the Zoological Gardens, London. SIR ROBERT KENNAWAY DOUGLAS. Pindar (in part). {Peacock, Thomas Love. {Pedipalpi; Pentastomida. Formerly Professor of Chinese, King's College, London. Keeper of Oriental Printed Formerly Master of the Architectural School, Royal Academy, London. Professor of Agriculture and Rural Economy at Edinburgh University, and Garton STANLEY ARThur Cook, M.A. Lecturer in Hebrew and Syriac, and formerly Fellow, Gonville and Caius College, SIDNEY FREDERIC HARMER, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S., F.Z.S. Keeper of Zoology, Natural History Department, British Museum. Fellow, Phoronidea. S. H. V.* S. N. T. As. T. Ba. T. F. C. T. G. Br. T. M. L. Th. N. T. S.* Professor Superintendent, Brown Animal Sanatory Institution, University of on Physiology, London School of Medicine for Women. Fellow of King's College, REV. THOMAS MARTIN LINDSAY, LL.D., D.D. Principal of the United Free Church College, Glasgow. Formerly Assistant to the Plymouth Brethren (in part) THEODOR NÖLDEKE, PH.D. See the biographical article: Nöldeke, Theodor. SIR THOMAS STEVENSON, M.D., F.R.C.P. (1838-1908). Persepolis (in part). Formerly Senior Scientific Analyst to the Home Office. Lecturer on Chemistry Poison. W. C. Su. Professor of Comparative Religion, Manchester University. President of the WALTER COVENTRY SUMMERS, M.A. Professor of Latin in the University of Sheffield. Formerly Fellow of St John's Persius; Petronius (in part). W. D. C. W. D. W. W. E. G. F. W. F. C. W. Ga. W. Hi. WILLIAM DOUglas Caröe, M.A., F.S.A., F.R.I.B.A. Trinity College, Cambridge. Architect to the Ecclesiastical Commission and the Pearson, John Loughborough WILLIAM DWIGHT WHITNEY. See the biographical article: WHITNEY, WILLIAM Dwight. SIR WILLIAM DE WIVELESLIE ABNEY, K.C.B., D.C.L., D.Sc., F.R.S. Adviser in Science to the Board of Education for England. Member of the {Philology (in part). Advisory Council for Education to the War Office. Formerly President of Royal Photography. of Instruction in Photography; Colour Vision; &c. WILLIAM EDWARD GARRETT FISHER, M.A. Author of The Transvaal and the Boers. WILLIAM FREAM, LL.D. (d. 1906). { Phylloxera. Formerly Lecturer on Agricultural Entomology, University of Edinburgh, and Pig (in part). WILLIAM FEILDEN CRAIES, M.A. Barrister-at-Law, Inner Temple and Lecturer on Criminal Law, King's College, Pleading. WALTER GARSTANG, M.A., D.Sc. Professor of Zoology in the University of Leeds. Formerly Fellow of Lincoln College, Oxford. Scientific Adviser to H.M. Delegates on the International Council Pisciculture. WHEELTON HIND, M.D., F.R.C.S., F.G.S. Surgeon, North Staffs Infirmary. Lyell Medallist, Geological Society, 1902. Author Pendleside Series. W. H. F. SIR WILLIAM HENRY FLOWER, F.R.S. See the biographical article: FLOWER, SIR W. H. {Platypus (in part). W. R. M. WILLIAM RICHARD MORFILL, M.A. (d. 1910). See the article: COURTNEY, Baron. Perino del Vaga; {Phrygia; Pisidia. Peterborough and Monmouth, Formerly Professor of Russian and the other Slavonic Languages in the University Poland: Literature. W. S. R. W. T. T.-D. W. W. R.* W. Y. S. See the biographical article: SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON. Author of Russia; {Phylactery (in part). Associate Professor of History, Bryn Mawr College, Pennsylvania. Author of Polk, James Knox. WILLIAM SMYTH ROCKSTRO. Author of A Great History of Music from the Infancy of the Greek Drama to the Plain Song. SIR WILLIAM TURNER THISELTON-DYER, F.R.S., K.C.M.G., C.I.E., D.Sc., LL.D., PH.D., F.L.S. Hon. Student of Christ Church, Oxford. Director, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Plants: Distribution. WILLIAM WALKER ROCKWELL, LIC.THEOL. Assistant Professor of Church History, Union Theological Seminary, New York. WILLIAM YOUNG SELLAR, LL.D. See the biographical article: Sellar, W. Y. Pius VI., VII., and VIII. Petronius (in part). PAYN, JAMES (1830-1898), English novelist, was born at | Cheltenham, on the 28th of February 1830, his father being clerk to the Thames Commissioners and treasurer to the county of Berkshire. He was educated at Eton, and afterwards entered the Military Academy at Woolwich; but his health was not equal to the demands of a military career, and he proceeded in 1847 to Trinity College, Cambridge. He was among the most popular men of his time, and served as president of the Union. Before going to Cambridge he had published some verses in Leigh Hunt's Journal, and while still an undergraduate put forth a volume of Stories from Boccaccio in 1852, and in 1853 a volume of Poems. In the same year he left Cambridge, and shortly afterwards married Miss Louisa Adelaide Edlin, sister of Sir Peter Edlin. He then scttled down in the Lake district to a literary career and contributed regularly to Household Words and Chambers's Journal. In 1858 he removed to Edinburgh to act as joint-editor of the latter periodical. He became sole editor in 1859, and conducted the magazine with much success for fifteen years. He removed to London in 1861. In the pages of the Journal he published in 1864 his most popular story, Lost Sir Massingherd. From this time he was always engaged in novel-writing, among the most popular of his productions being Married Beneath Him (1865), Carlyon's Year (1868), By Proxy (1878), and The Talk of the Town (1885). In 1883 he succeeded Leslie Stephen as editor of the Cornhill Magazine and continued in the post until the breakdown of his health in 1896. He was also literary adviser to Messrs Smith, Elder & Company. His publications included a Handbook to the English Lakes (1859), and various volumes of occasional essays, Maxims by a Man of the World (1869), Some Private Views (1881), Some Literary Recollections (1884). A posthumous work, The Backwater of Life (1899), revealed much of his own personality in a mood of kindly, sensible reflection upon familiar topics. He died in London, on the 25th of March 1898. A biographical introduction to The Backwater of Life was furnished by Sir Leslie Stephen. PAYNE, PETER (c. 1380-1455), English Lollard and Taborite, the son of a Frenchman by an English wife, was born at Houghon-the-Hill near Grantham, about 1380. He was educated at Oxford, where he adopted Lollard opinions, and had graduated as a master of arts before the 6th of October 1406, when he was concerned in the irregular proceedings through which a letter declaring the sympathy of the university was addressed to the Bohemian reformers. From 1410 to 1414 Payne was principal of St Edmund Hall, and during these years was engaged in controversy with Thomas Netter of Walden, the Carmelite defender of Catholic doctrine. In 1414 he was compelled to leave Oxford and taught for a time in London. Ultimately XXI. I he had to flee from England, and took refuge in Bohemia, where he was received by the university of Prague on the 13th of February 1417, and soon became a leader of the reformers. He joined the sect of the "Orphans," and had a prominent part in the discussions and conferences of the ten years from 1420 to 1430. When the Bohemians agreed to send representatives to the Council of Basel, Payne was naturally chosen to be one of their delegates. He arrived at Basel, on the 4th of January 1433, and his unyielding temper and bitter words probably did much to prevent a settlement. The Bohemians left Basel in April. The party of the nobles, who had been ready to make terms, were attacked in the Diet at Prague, by the Orphans and Taborites. Next year the dispute led to open war. The nobles were victorious at Lipau on the 29th of May 1434, and it was reported in England that Payne was killed. When soon afterwards the majority of the Orphans joined the moderate party, Payne allied himself with the more extreme Taborites. Nevertheless his reputation was so great that he was accepted as an arbitrator in doctrinal disputes amongst the reformers. In February 1437 the pope desired the emperor Sigismund to send Payne to be tried for heresy at Basel. Payne had to leave his pastorate at Saas, and took refuge with Peter Chelcicky, the Bohemian author. Two years later he was captured and imprisoned at Gutenstein, but was ransomed by his Taborite friends. Payne took part in the conferences of the Bohemian parties in 1443-1444, and again in 1452. He died at Prague in 1455. He was a learned and eloquent controversialist, and a faithful adherent to Wycliffe's doctrine. Payne was also known as Clerk at Oxford, as Peter English in Bohemia, and as Freyng, after his French father, and Hough from his birth place. BIBLIOGRAPHY.-The chief facts of Payne's English career are given in the Loci e libro veritatum of T. Gascoigne (ed. Thorold Rogers, Oxford, 1881). For his later life the principal sources are contained in the Monumenta conciliorum generalium saeculi v., Saeculi xv., or saeculi quintodecimi, vols. i.-iii. (Vienna, 1857-1894). For modern authorities consult Palacky, Geschichte von Böhmen, vii.-ix., and Creighton's History of the Papacy. The biography by James Baker, A Forgotten Great Englishman (London, 1894) is too partial, (C. L. K.) PAYNTER (or PAINTER), WILLIAM (c. 1540-1594), English author, was a native of Kent. He matriculated at St John's College, Cambridge, in 1554. In 1561 he became clerk of the ordnance in the Tower of London, a position in which he appears to have amassed a fortune out of the public funds. In 1586 he confessed that he owed the government a thousand pounds, and in the next year further charges of peculation were brought against him. In 1591 his son Anthony owned that he and his father had abused their trust, but Paynter retained his office until his death. This event probably followed II |