COPYRIGHT in all countries subscribing to the Bern Convention by THE CHANCELLOR, MASTERS AND SCHOLARS of the UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE All rights reserved ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA A DICTIONARY OF ARTS, SCIENCES, LITERATURE AND GENERAL INFORMATION ELEVENTH EDITION VOLUME XXI PAYN to POLKA New York Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 342 Madison Avenue Copyright, in the United States of America, 1911, by The Encyclopædia Britannica Company, Deacidified using the Bookkeeper process. Preservation Technologies A WORLD LEADER IN PAPER PRESERVATION 111 Thomson Park Drve Cranberry Township, PA 16066 RTAA INITIALS USED IN VOLUME XXI. TO IDENTIFY INDIVIDUAL CONTRIBUTORS, WITH THE HEADINGS OF THE ARTICLES IN THIS VOLUME SO SIGNED. A. B. R. A. F. P. A. G. A. G. T. A. H.* A. H. C. ALFRED BARTON RENDLE, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S., F.L.S. Keeper, Department of Botany, British Museum. Author of Text Book on Classi-Plants: Classification. ALBERT FREDERICK POLLARD, M.A., F.R.HIST.S. Professor of English History in the University of London. Fellow of All Souls' MAJOR ARTHUR George Frederick Griffiths (d. 1908). ARTHUR GEORGE TANSLEY, M.A., F.L.S., Author of The Chronicles of Newgate; Police. Lecturer in Botany in the University of Cambridge. Formerly Assistant Professor Plants: Anatomy. ALBERT HAUCK, D.TH., D.PH. Professor of Church History in the University of Leipzig, and Director of the Museum of Ecclesiastical Archaeology. Geheimer Kirchenrat of the Kingdom of Saxony. Member of the Royal Saxon Academy of Sciences and Corresponding Member of Pilgrimage. the Academies of Berlin and Munich. Author of Kirchengeschichte Deutschlands; &c. Editor of the new edition of Herzog's Realencyklopädie für protestantische SIR ARTHUR HERBERT CHURCH, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S., F.S.A. Professor of Chemistry, Royal Academy of Arts, London. Author of Chemistry Pigments. of Paints and Painting; English Earthenware; English Porcelain; &c. ARTHUR HORSLEY HINTON (1863-1908). Editor of The Amateur Photographer, 1897-1908, and the Photographic Trades Photography: Pictorial. A. H. H. A. H.-S. SIR A. HOUTUM-SCHINDLER, C.I.E. A. J. H. A. J. L. A. Ma. General in the Persian Army. Author of Eastern Persian Irak. Professor of New Testament and Church History, Yorkshire United Independent Persia: Geography and Statistics. Persepolis (in part). College, Bradford. Sometime Registrar of Madras University, and Member of Plymouth Brethren (in part). Professor of Anatomy in the University of Cambridge, and Fellow of St John's Physiognomy. |