occupation, as a botanical garden. It is beautifully wooded and
end of the town contains the pedestal for a statue of President
through it runs the Spruit. A park and sports ground at the western
Kruger. The statue itself remained for years at Lourenço Marques
and appears to have been lost. Adjoining this park on the north
of the British who fell during the war of 1899-1902. Signal Hill,
is the cemetery. Among those buried there are Kruger and many
which rises 400 ft. above the plain, is west of the park. The plateau
at its foot was the site of the English laager during the war of
1880-81, and is now occupied by the central railway station and
workshops. North of the cemetery is the prison, a building
which replaces a notoriously insanitary gaol used during the
republican régime.
The water supply of Pretoria is drawn from the source of the
Aapies River, where rise magnificent springs. The Fountains, as
they are called, are 3 m. west of Pretoria. Some 3 m. north of
the town is the Wonderboom, an enormous wild fig-tree, the only
one of its kind in the district. At West Fort, 7 m. from the town,
is a leper asylum; at Waterval, 15 m. north, the British prisoners
captured by the Boers up to the fall of Pretoria were confined.
Thirty miles east by north of Pretoria is the Premier Diamond mine.
British soldiers was ambushed by the Boers, lies about 30 m. east by
Bronkhorst Spruit, where in December 1880 a detachment of
south of the town.

Prestwich; edited by L. E. Milne, 1901). Prestwich retired | there is Burger's park, originally planned, during the first British from business in 1872, and two years later he was invited to take the chair of geology at Oxford, vacant through the death of John Phillips. This post he occupied until 1887. During his professorship he wrote his great work entitled Geology: Chemical, Physical and Stratigraphical (vol. i., 1886; vol. ii., 1888). On leaving Oxford Prestwich spent his remaining years in his country house, Darent-Hulme, Shoreham, Kent, erected by him in 1869. There, although seventy-six years of age, he maintained marvellous activity in geological research, devoting his attention to the superficial deposits of the Darent valley, to the occurrence of palaeolithic flint implements in the valleys and of an earlier type since called eolithic, on the chalk plateau of Kent; he likewise dealt generally with the raised beaches and rubble-drift of the south of England and their relation to recent changes of level. His latest publications were Collected Papers on some Controverted Questions of Geology, and On Certain Phenomena belonging to the Close of the Last Geological Period and on their Bearing upon the Tradition of the Flood (1895). He was knighted in 1896, and died on the 23rd of June in the same year, at Shoreham in Kent.

See Life and Letters of Sir Joseph Prestwich, edited by his wife (1899).

PRESTWICH, an urban district in the Prestwich parliamentary division of Lancashire, England, 5 m. N.N.W. of Manchester on the Lancashire & Yorkshire railway. Pop. (1901), 12,839. It possesses cotton manufactures, but consists chiefly of handsome mansions and villas inhabited by Manchester merchants.

PRETORIA, the administrative capital of the Union of South Africa and of the province of the Transvaal, 46 m. by rail N. by E. of Johannesburg. Pop. (1904) 36,839, of whom 21,114 were whites. Pretoria is situated on the banken veld or northern slopes of the high veld, on both banks of the Aapies tributary of the Limpopo, and is 4470 ft. above the sea, being 1300 ft. lower than Johannesburg. Built in a hollow surrounded by hills, the aspect of the town with the river flowing through it and its broad streets lined with willows is picturesque. In summer the heat and moisture are excessive, and the Aapies (which is spanned by four bridges) is liable to floods.

The town is regularly laid out in rectangular blocks of uniform width. The older part lies on the west side of the Aapies River and between it and a smaller stream known as the Spruit. In the centre of this part of Pretoria is Church Square, so named from the Dutch Reformed Church which stood in it, but was demolished in 1905. Government buildings on the south side of the square contain the chambers of the Provincial Council and other public offices. They were erected in 1892 and are a handsome block in Renaissance style, three-storied, with a central tower surmounted by a statue of Liberty. On the north side of the square are the law courts, on the west side the Post Office. The chief banking offices are also in the square.

Running east and west from Church Square is Church Street, the chief business thoroughfare. A little east of Church Square this street opens on to Market Square, with commodious market buildings. The former Presidency, the residence of Paul Kruger, is at the western end of the street near the Spruit. Opposite it is the Dopper Church, in which Kruger used occasionally to preach. Other churches in the heart of the town include the Anglican cathedral, dedicated to St Alban, and the Presbyterian Church, both in Schoemans Street, the Roman Catholic Church in Koch Street with schools, convent buildings and extensive grounds, and the new Dutch Reformed Church in Vermeulen Street. In the north of the town is the National Museum and adjacent are the Zoological Gardens. Other public buildings are the government library, the University College and the opera house. East of the Aapies and on the slopes of the hills are the residential districts of Arcadia, Sunnyside and Muckleneuk. Bryntirion, a suburb on the northern slopes of the hills, contains the residences of the chief officials, including Government House. Here is Meintjes Kop, with a broad natural shelf midway below the summit. This shelf was chosen in 1909 as the site of the public offices of the Union. The designs of Mr Herbert Baker were accepted for two large blocks of identical design connected by a semicircular colonnade (passing behind the narrow kloof which bisects the shelf). Besides other open spaces

History.-Pretoria was founded in 1855, the ground on which it stands being purchased by the Boer government from Marthinus Pretorius. It was made the centre of a new district created at the same time, both town and district being named in honour of Andries Pretorius. By treaty between the South | African Republic (then comprising the districts of Potchefstroom, Rustenburg, Pretoria and Zoutpansberg) and the republic of Lydenburg, concluded at Pretoria in 1860, the two republics were united and Pretoria chosen as the capital of the whole state, and in September of that year the Volksraad held its first meeting in the new capital. Until 1864, however, when the civil war in the Transvaal ended, Potchefstroom remained the virtual capital of the country. From that year the seat of government has always been at Pretoria. There in 1877 Sir Theophilus Shepstone proclaimed the annexation of the Transvaal to Great Britain. In December 1880 it was invested by the Boers, but held out until the conclusion of peace. In 1881 the convention restoring self-government to the Transvaal was signed at Pretoria. From that time until 1900 the dominating figure in the town was that of the president-Paul Kruger. As revenue flowed in from the gold-mines on the Rand many fine buildings were erected in the capital, which was placed in railway communication with Cape Town in 1893 and with Lourenço Marques and Durban in 1895. To Pretoria Dr Jameson and his troopers were brought prisoners (January 1896) after the fight at Doornkop (to be handed over in a few days to the British government), and thither also were brought the Reform Committee prisoners from Johannesburg. In May 1900 Kruger fled from the town, which on the 5th of June surrendered without resistance to Lord Roberts, despite its formidable encircling forts, which however were never effectively armed. On the 31st of May 1902 the articles of peace whereby the Boer leaders recognized British sovereignty were signed at Pretoria, and five years later there assembled in the capital the first parliament of the Transvaal as a self-governing state of the British Empire. On the establishment of the Union of South Africa in 1910 Pretoria became its administrative capital, the seat of the legislature being however at Cape Town. The Transvaal parliament was replaced by a Provincial Council (see TRANSVAAL: History).

men.

Trek, and by way of what is now the Orange Free State crossed | Andries, was appointed in August 1853 to succeed his father as the Drakensberg into Natal, where he arrived in November commandant-general of Potchefstroom and Rustenburg, two 1838, at a time when the emigrants there were without a re- of the districts into which the Transvaal was then divided. In cognized leader. Pretorius was at once chosen commandant- 1854 he led his burghers against a chief named Makapan, who general and speedily collected a force to avenge the massacre had murdered a party of twenty-three Boers, including ten of Piet Retief and his party, who had been treacherously killed women and children. The natives were blockaded in a great by the Zulu king Dingaan the previous February. Pretorius's cave in the Zoutpansberg and about 3000 were starved to death force was attacked on the 16th of December (“ Dingaan's Day ") or shot as they attempted to escape. Having thus chastised by over 10,000 Zulus, who were beaten off with a loss of 3000 Makapan's clan, Pretorius turned his energies to the creation of a In January 1840 Pretorius with a commando of 400 strong central government, and from 1856 onward his dominating burghers helped Mpande in his revolt against his brother Dingaan idea appears to have been the formation of one Boer state to and was the leader of the Natal Boers in their opposition to include the Orange River burghers. In December 1856 reprethe British. In 1842 he besieged the small British garrison sentatives of the districts of Potchefstroom, Rustenburg and at Durban, but retreated to Maritzburg on the arrival of re- Pretoria met and drew up a constitution and on the 6th of inforcements under Colonel (subsequently Sir) Josias Cloete January the "South African Republic" was formally constituted and afterwards exerted his influence with the Boers in favour Pretorius having been elected president on the previous day. of coming to terms with the British. He remained in Natal as Though the Boers of the Lydenburg, Utrecht and Zoutpansa British subject, and in 1847 was chosen by the Dutch farmers berg districts refused to acknowledge the new republic, Pretorius, there to lay before the governor of Cape Colony the grievances with the active co-operation of Commandant Paul Kruger (afterunder which they laboured owing to the constant immigration wards President Kruger), endeavoured (1857) to bring about of natives, to whom locations were assigned to the detriment the union of the Orange Free State and the Transvaal, and a of Boer claims. Pretorius went to Grahams Town, where Sir commando crossed the Vaal to support Pretorius. The attempt Henry Pottinger (the governor) then was; but Sir Henry re- at coercion failed, but in December 1859 the partisans of Prefused to see him or receive any communication from him. torius in the Free State secured his election as president of that Pretorius returned to Natal determined to abandon his farm and republic. Pretorius had just effected a reconciliation of the once more trek beyond the British dominions. With a con- Lydenburg Boers with those of the other districts of the Transsiderable following he was preparing to cross the Drakensberg vaal, and hoping to complete his work of unification he accepted when Sir Harry Smith, newly appointed governor of the Cape, the presidency of the Free State, assuming office at Bloemfonreached the emigrants' camp on the Tugela (Jan. 1848). Sir tein in February 1860. But the condition of anarchy into Harry promised the farmers protection from the natives and which the Transvaal fell shortly afterwards effectually weaned persuaded many of the party to remain, but Pretorius departed, the Free State burghers from any thought of immediate amaland on the proclamation of British sovereignty up to the Vaal gamation with their northern neighbours. Pretorius however fixed his residence in the Magalisberg, north of that river. He continued to intervene in the affairs of the Transvaal and at was chosen by the burghers living on both banks of the Vaal length (April 15, 1863) resigned his Free State presidency. as their commandant-general. At the request of the Boers at Acting as mediator between the various Transvaal parties PreWinburg Pretorius crossed the Vaal in July and led the anti- torius in January 1864 succeeded in putting an end to the civil British party in their "war of freedom," occupying Bloem-strife and in May following once more became president of the fontein on the 20th of the same month. In August he was de- South African Republic-now for the first time a united comfeated at Boomplaats by Sir Harry Smith and thereupon re-munity. Conciliation was a marked feature of his character treated north of the Vaal, where he became leader of one of the and to Pretorius more than any other man was due the welding largest of the parties into which the trans-Vaal Boers were of the Transvaal Boers into one nation. Pretorius shared the divided, and commandant-general of Potchefstroom and Rust- ideas of his father and the Emigrant Farmers generally conenburg, his principal rival being Commandant-General A. H. cerning the title of the state to indefinite expansion north, east Potgieter. In 1851 he was asked by the Boer malcontents in and west. Although he had much difficulty in, maintaining the Orange River Sovereignty and by the Basuto chief Moshesh the authority of the republic over the natives within its recogto come to their aid, and he announced his intention of crossingnized borders, yet in April 1868, on the report of gold discoveries the Vaal to restore order" in the Sovereignty. His object, however, was rather to obtain from the British an acknowledgment of the independence of the Transvaal Boers. The British cabinet having decided on a policy of abandonment, the proposal of Pretorius was entertained. A reward of £2000 which had been offered for his apprehension after the Boomplaats fight, was withdrawn, Pretorius met the British commissioners at a farm near the Sand River, and with them concluded the convention (Jan. 17, 1852) by which the independence of the Transvaal Boers was recognized by Great Britain. Pretorius recrossed the Vaal and at Rustenburg on the 16th of March was reconciled to Potgieter, the followers of both leaders approving the convention, though the Potgieter party was not represented at the Sand River. In the same year Pretorius paid a visit to Durban with the object of opening up trade between Natal and the new republic. He also in 1852 attempted to close the road to the interior through Bechuanaland and sent a commando to the western border against Sechele. During this expedition David Livingstone's house at Kolobeng was looted. Pretorius died at his home at Magalisberg on the 23rd of July 1853. He is described by Theal as "the ablest leader and most perfect representative of the Emigrant Farmers." In 1855 a new district and a new town were formed out of the Potchefstroom and Rustenburg districts and named Pretoria in honour of the late commandant-general.

at Tati, he issued a proclamation annexing to the Transvaal on the west the whole of Bechuanaland and on the east territory up to and including part of Delagoa Bay. As to Delagoa Bay Portugal at once protested and in 1869 its right to the bay was acknowledged by Pretorius, who in the same year was re-elected president. The right of the Boers to the whole of Bechuanaland was not pressed by Pretorius in the face of British opposition, but in 1870, when the discovery of diamonds along the lower Vaal had led to the establishment of many diggers' camps, an attempt was made to enforce the claims of the Transvaal to that district. Pretorius aroused the hostility of the diggers by granting an exclusive concession to one firm. Realizing his mistake, the concession was cancelled and in September 1870 he issued a proclamation notable as offering to the diggers very large powers of self-government. Pretorius went to the western frontier and in repeated conferences with the Bechuana chiefs attempted to get them to acknowledge the Boer contention and by joining the Transvaal to "save" their territory from the British. His diplomacy failed, and finally, without consulting his colleagues, he agreed to refer the question of the boundary to the arbitration of Mr R. W. Keate, then lieutenant-governor of Natal. The award, given on the 17th of October 1871, was against the Boer claims. Pretorius loyally accepted the decision, but it aroused a storm of indignation in the Transvaal. The Volksraad refused to ratify the award and Pretorius 2. MARTHINIUS PRETORIUS (1819-1901), the eldest son of resigned the presidency (November 1871).

From this time Pretorius took little further part in public | the order in Paris, pursuing his studies at the same time at the affairs until after the first annexation of the state by Great college of La Flèche. At the end of 1716 he left the Jesuits to Britain. In 1878 he acted as chairman of the committee of Boer join the army, but he soon tired of life in barracks, and returned leaders who were seeking the restoration of the independence of to Paris in 1719 with the idea, apparently, of resuming his their country, and for his action in that capacity he was arrested novitiate. He is said to have travelled in Holland about this in January 1880 by order of Sir Garnet Wolseley on a charge time; in any case he returned to the army, this time with a of treason. (See the BLUE BOOK [C. 2584] of 1880 for details commission. Some of his biographers have assumed that he of this charge.) He was admitted to bail and shortly afterwards suffered some of the misfortunes assigned to his hero Des Grieux. urged by Wolseley to accept a seat on the executive council. However that may be, he joined in 1719-1720 the learned comThis offer Pretorius declined, but he consented to tour the munity of the Benedictines of St Maur, with whom he found country with a proclamation by Wolseley counselling the Boers refuge, he himself says, after the unlucky termination of a love to submit, and promising them self-government. In December affair. He took the vows at Jumièges in 1721 after a year's of the same year he was appointed, with Paul Kruger and P. novitiate, and received in 1726 priest's orders at St Germer Joubert, to carry on the government on the part of the insurgent de Flaix. He resided for seven years in various houses of the Boers. He was one of the signatories to the Pretoria Conven- order, teaching, preaching and studying. In 1728 he was at the tion and continued to act as a member of the Triumvirate until abbey of St Germain-des-Prés, Paris, where he was engaged on the election of Kruger as president in May 1883. He then with the Gallia christiana, the learned work undertaken by the monks drew from public life; but lived to see the country re-annexed in continuation of the works of Denys de Sainte-Marthe, who to Great Britain, dying at Potchefstroom on the 19th of May had been a member of their order. His restless spirit made 1901. He is stated to have disapproved the later developments him seek from the Pope a transfer to the easier rule of Cluny; of Krugerism, and within four months of his death visited Louis but without waiting for the brief, he left the abbey without Botha and Schalk Burger, on behalf of Lord Kitchener, with leave (1728), and, learning that his superiors had obtained a the object of bringing the war to an end. lettre de cachet against him, fled to England.

For the elder Pretorius see G. M. Theal, Compendium of the History and Geography of South Africa, 3rd ed. (London, 1878), and History of South Africa, vol. iv. [1834-1854) (London, 1893). For the younger Pretorius see vol. v. of the same series.

are

PRETTY, a word usually applied in the sense of pleasing in and two years later at Amsterdam. In 1729 he left England for appearance, without connoting those qualities which described as beautiful or handsome. In Old English praettig meant tricky, cunning or wily, and is thus used to translate the Latin sagax, astutus, callidus, in a vocabulary of about 1000. Praett meant a trick, and this word is seen in many forms in Dutch, cf. the words prettig, sportive, part, trick. A connexion has been suggested with the Greek πрактikós, πрάттEш, to do, make, through Latin practica, practice, performance; but the New English Dictionary rejects these, as also Celtic sources, as unfounded. From cunning" to skilful, and thence to its use as a term of general appreciation as is so often used by Pepys, the development is easy.

PREVARICATION, a divergence from the truth, equivocation, quibbling, a want of plain-dealing or straightforwardness, especially a deliberate misrepresentation by evasive answers, often used as a less offensive synonym for a lie. The Latin praevaricatio was specifically applied to the conduct in an action at law in which an advocate (praevaricator) in collusion with his opponent put up a bad case of defence. Praevaricare meant literally to walk with the legs very wide apart, to straddle, hence to walk crookedly, to stray from the direct road, varicus, straddling, being derived from varus, bow-legged, a word which has been connected etymologically with German quer, transverse, across, and English "queer."

PREVEZA, or PREVESA, a seaport of Albania, European Turkey, in the vilayet of Iannina; at the entrance to the Gulf of Arta, an inlet of the Ionian Sea. Pop. (1905), 6500, of whom about four-fifths are Christian Albanians or Greeks, and onefifth Moslems. The town is surrounded by dense olive groves, and most of its houses stand in their own gardens. The harbour is small, and closed to large vessels by a bar of sand; but it is a port of call for the Austrian Lloyd steamers, and annually accommodates about 1500 small vessels, the majority of which are engaged in the coasting trade. Preveza exports dairy produce, valonia, hides and wool, olives and olive oil. The yearly value of its trade varies from about £70,000 to £80,000. About 3 m. north are the ruins of Nicopolis (q.v.).

PRÉVOST, ANTOINE FRANÇOIS (1697-1763), French author and novelist, was born at Hesdin, Artois, on the 1st of April 1697. He first appears with the full name of Prévost d'Exiles in a letter to the booksellers of Amsterdam in 1731. His father, Liévin Prévost, was a lawyer, and several members of the family had embraced the ecclesiastical estate. Prévost was educated at the Jesuit school of Hesdin, and in 1713 became a novice of

In London he acquired considerable knowledge of English history and literature, traceable throughout his writings. Before leaving the Benedictines Prévost had begun his most famous romance, Mémoires et avantures d'un homme de qualité qui s'est retiré du monde, the first four volumes of which were published in Paris in 1728, Holland, where he began to publish (Utrecht, 1730) a romance, Philosophe anglois, ou Histoire de Monsieur Cleveland, fils naturel the material of which, at least, had been gathered in London-Le de Cromwell, écrite par lui-mesme, et traduite de l'anglois (Paris 1731-1739, 8 vols., but most of the existing sets are partly Paris and partly Utrecht). A spurious fifth volume (Utrecht, 1734) contained attacks on the Jesuits, and an English translation of the whole appeared in 1734. Meanwhile, during his residence at the Hague, he engaged on a translation of the Historia of De Thou, and, relying on the popularity of his first book, published at Amsterdam a Suite in three volumes, forming volumes v., vi., and vii. of the original Mémoires et avantures d'un homme de qualité. The seventh volume contained the famous Manon Lescaut, separately published in Paris in 1731 as Les Aventures du chevalier des Grieux et de Manon Lescaut, par Monsieur D....The book was eagerly read, chiefly in pirated copies, as it was forbidden in France. In 1733 he left the Hague for London in company with a lady whose character, as given by Prévost's enemies, was far from desirable. In London he edited a weekly gazette on the model of Addison's Spectator, Le Pour et contre, which he continued to produce, with short intervals, until 1740.

In the autumn of 1734 Prévost was reconciled with the Benedictines, and, returning to France, was received in the Benedictine monastery of La Croix-Saint-Leufroy in the diocese of Evreux to pass through a new, though brief, novitiate. In 1735 he was dispensed from residence in a monastery by becoming almoner to the prince de Conti, and in 1754 obtained the priory of St Georges de Gesnes. He continued to produce novels and translations from the English, and, with the exception of a brief exile (1741-1742) spent in Brussels and Frankfort, he resided for the most part at Chantilly until his death, which took place suddenly while he was walking in the neighbouring woods on the 23rd of December 1763. Hideous particulars have been added, but the cause of his death, the rupture of an aneurism, has been definitely established. Stories of crime and disaster were related of Prévost by his enemies, and diligently repeated, but they have proved to be as apocryphal as the details given of his death.

Manon Lescaut, one of the greatest novels of the century, is very short; it is entirely free from improbable incident, it is penetrated by the truest and most cunningly managed feeling; and almost every one of its characters is a triumph of that analytic portraiture which is the secret of the modern novel. The chevalier des Grieux, the hero, is probably the most perfect example of the carrying out of the sentiment All for love and the world well lost" that exists in fiction, at least where the circumstances are those of ordinary and probable life. Tiberge, his friend, is hardly inferior in the brother, has vigorous touches as a bully and Bohemian; but the difficult part of mentor and reasonable man. Lescaut, the heroine's triumph of the book is Manon herself. Animated by a real affection

64

Memoir with portrait, by J. Gosselet, Ann. soc. géol. du nord, France and Prussia occurred. He shot himself at Washington tome xxv. 1896.