FROM A SOUTH CAROLINIAN.

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"Accept my thanks for the Southern Literary Messenger. Its contents I have perused with pleasure. Its execution is not to be surpassed in accuracy and neatness. Can a discerning public withhold encouragement, especially when the benefits will be mutual? Indeed I consider the advantages more likely to be on the side of the public provided a liberal spirit prevail, and the well stored minds of the South contribute to establish, through the Messenger, that high literary reputation which is within their power to erect. The pride of the Old Dominion should respond to your appeal by a gene rous contribution of subscriptions and mental effusions.

Please consider me a subscriber."

at least equal to those of any class of men on earth. Incitement is all that is wished, and your paper, southern in its principles, and established in a southern city, will produce it, if any thing can. Capacity it is well known is not deficient. Only bring it fairly into play, and your columns will, and a hundred such would be

filled with the most valuable matter-with the most finished efforts in every branch of literature."

FROM THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.

"I have yours, with the several copies of the Literary Messenger, which I will dispose of to the best advantage, and shall be happy if I can be instrumental in circulating extensively in the West, a periodical that promises so much, and in its first number presents evidences so flattering, of the genius and refined taste of Virginians. I hope you will find ample encouragement to persevere in your work. The pride of Virginia,—the mother of states,—will surely not allow a work such as yours to fail for the want of patronage."

"The reception of your Literary Messenger gave me Acknowledgments to Contributors, &c. much pleasure, and I thank you for your polite atten- WE regret that various articles of merit both in prose tion in sending it. The cause you have in hand is one and verse are necessarily excluded from the present very dear to my heart, and I sincerely wish you suc-number. Among the former, "Hints to Students in cess; I must not omit, however, to testify my zeal in a more substantial way, and accordingly send you five dollars, and desire to be considered a subscriber, and promise to use every exertion to procure you others."

FROM MIDDLE VIRGINIA.

Geology"—" Eloquence"-" The March of Mind”—and the "Description of a Fourth of July Celebration," shall certainly appear in December. Among the latter, "Lines to D―," by a lady—“Beauty and Time”— "Autumn Woods"-"Powhatan ;" and "Lines Suggested on Viewing the Ruins of Jamestown," shall be published. So also shall appear "The Invocation to Religion," and other pieces by our esteemed correspondent “L.” We hope that our talented friends of Mobile and Tuscaloosa will be patient. We could only delight our readers with a part of their contributions in the present number. We greet the literary spirit of our young sister of the southwest.

the

*Taking now as many papers as I can well pay for, I am induced to support the Messenger nevertheless, from the great anxiety which I feel for the progress of literature in the South, and to show to the country that the soil of the Old Dominion, so fertile in the production of patriots and statesmen, can also support and rear to age the bright scions which adorn smoother and more ornamented fields. I feel that this We regret being obliged to decline the publication in is a solemn duty, which the youth of Virginia owe to the memory of their fathers, the mantles of whose patri-Antelope," being unable to decipher some of the words present number of the lines on "The Creation of the otism have descended upon them unsoiled; to men who in the copy sent. Can we be favored by our correswere cast upon so rough a sea as to have little time to pondent "C" with another copy? think of any thing else save the dangers around them: their whole lives having been spent in bringing the noble vessel, freighted with every thing dear to American bosoms, into a safe harbor, where she has ever since We have been favored with a sight of the Poetical continued to ride triumphantly in prosperity and glory, Manuscripts of the late excellent and lamented Mrs. it can be nothing more than sheer justice in us to raise Jean Wood, and we shall take the earliest opportunity this "tardy bust" to buried merit. As almost the pio-to present some selections from them to the notice of neer in this noble undertaking, I bid you God speed, and I trust that the success of your paper may not only blot out the only spot on the escutcheon of Virginia, but in every way equal your most sanguine expectations."

We have placed Mr. French's Grammar in the hands of a skilful philologist for examination.

our readers.

The essay on "Luxury" was received too late for the present number.

We are unable to decipher the manuscript of "Alva.”

VOL. I.]

RICHMOND, DECEMBER 1834.

T. W. WHITE, PRINTER AND PROPRIETOR.

For the Southern Literary Messenger. SKETCHES OF THE HISTORY

And Present Condition of Tripoli, with some accounts of the other Barbary States.

NO. II.

FROM the year 1551, when Tripoli was taken by Dragut, to the early part of the eighteenth century, it continued to form a part of the Turkish empire; and as such, but little is known respecting it. However, though governed by a Pasha appointed from Constantinople, and garrisoned exclusively by Turkish troops, it did not entirely lose its nationality, and appears to have been much less dependant on the Sultan, than the other parts of his dominions; for we find upon record, treaties between Tripoli and various European powers concluded within that period, in which no mention whatever is made of the Porte. That with England, was negotiated in 1655 by Blake, immediately after his

successful bombardment of Tunis; it proved however of little value, for ten years after, Sir John Narborough was sent with a fleet against Tripoli, on which occasion the celebrated Cloudesley Shovel first distinguished himself, in the destruction of several ships under the guns of the castle.

[No. 4.

FIVE DOLLARS PER ANNUM.

vored to make friends of the European nations. Within a few years after his accession, he concluded treaties with England, the United Provinces, Austria and Tuscany, one of which alone, contains a vague proviso, respecting the approval of the Sultan. The stipulations of these treaties are principally commercial, or intended to secure the vessels of the foreign power, from capture; no mention is made in them of any payments to Tripoli, but it is generally understood that considerable sums were annually given by the weaker states for the purpose of obtaining such exemption, and by the more powerful in order to encourage the piracies. By these means the commerce of the country was increased; the manufactures of Europe were imported for the use of its inhabitants, and for transportation into the interior, by the caravans; in return, dates, figs, leather, &c. were exported from Tripoli, and cattle from the ports lying east of it. One of the most valuable articles sent to Europe, was salt, brought from the desert and the countries beyond, where it is found in abundance, of the finest quality, either as rock-salt or in sheets resembling ice on the sand. Soda was likewise exported in great quantities, principally to France; but the facility with which it is now obtained from common salt, has much lessened the value of that substance and the quantity of it carried from Tripoli.

Atlength a revolution was effected in the government; the allegiance to the Sultan was thrown off, and his paraThis commerce was carried on exclusively in foreign mount authority was reduced to a mere nominal suzevessels, principally English, Dutch and French; those rainty. In the year 1714, Hamet surnamed Caramalli, or of Tripoli being all fitted out as cruisers, and engaged the Caramanian, from a province of Asia Minor in which in piracy. None of its vessels indeed could venture to he was born, while in command of the city as Bey or leave the place without being armed and manned to an lieutenant during the absence of the Pasha, formed a extent which the profits of a trading voyage would not conspiracy among the Moors, by whose aid, the city warrant; for in addition to the Spaniards, Venitians, was freed from Turkish troops in a single night. Three Genoese and other maritime states, with one or other of hundred of them were invited by him to an entertain-which the Tripolines were generally at war, they had a ment at a castle a few miles distant from Tripoli, and were despatched as they successively entered a dark hall or passage in the buildir of the others, many were found murdered in the streets next morning, and but a small number escaped to tell the dreadful tale. These cruisers were charged to respect all vessels A Moorish guard was instantly formed, strong enough belonging to powers with which Tripoli had treaties; to repel any attack which could have been expected; but such charges were occasionally forgotten, when a and Hamet was proclaimed sovereign, under the title of richly laden ship was encountered by a Corsair returnPasha. The new prince did not however trust ening perhaps from a fruitless cruise; and the Pasha who tirely to arms, for the security of his title, but instantly was entitled to a large portion of each prize, sometimes sent a large sum to Constantinople, which being pro- shewed less alacrity than was promised by his treaties perly distributed, he succeeded in obtaining confirma-in causing the damage to be repaired. A mistake of tion, or rather recognition by the Sultan. He moreover solemnly adopted Abdallah the infant son of his predecessor and declared him heir to the throne; but he altered these views, if he had ever entertained them, when his own children grew up, for his eldest son was made Bey or lieutenant at an early age, and afterwards succeeded him; Abdallah, however, lived through nearly three reigns, as Kiah, or governor of the castle, and was murdered in 1790, by the hand of the late Pasha Yusuf.

constant and inveterate enemy in the Knights of Malta, whose gallies were ever hovering about the port, and who in the treatment of their captives, improved upon the lessons of cruelty taught by their Barbary neighbors.

this kind with regard to some French vessels, provoked that government in 1729, when it was at peace with England, to send a squadron to Tripoli, for the purpose of demanding satisfaction. The result of this display French Admiral de Gouyon. The Pasha in the most abwas a treaty, the terms of which were dictated by the ject manner acknowledged his infractions of the former treaty, and accepted with gratitude, the pardon and peace which the Emperor* of France was pleased to grant

*The King of France is always styled Emperor in negotiations

Hamet seemed really desirous to advance the true interests of his dominions, and for that purpose endea-with the Oriental Powers. VOL. I.-17

him-all the French prizes taken were to be restored, | during the last twenty years, and which authorize us or indemnification made for those which were lost or in- in hoping that a desire to promote the general welfare jured--the French captives were to be released, together of mankind, may in future exert an influence in the with twenty other Catholic prisoners to be selected by councils of statesmen. the Admiral--Tripoline cruisers were to be furnished In addition to his acts of pacific policy, Hamet exwith certificates from the French Consul, who was to tended his dominions by force of arms; he conquertake precedence of all other Consuls on public occasions--ed Fezzan, a vast tract of desert, sprinkled with oases or French vessels with their crews were not to be molested-together with many other provisions, calculated to give to France immunities and advantages, not enjoyed by any other nation. As an additional humiliation, all stipulations made or that might be made with the Porte, were to be observed by Tripoli; and the treaty was to remain in force one hundred years.

islands of fertile soil, lying south of Tripoli and which has until lately been held by his successors; this conquest was important from the revenue it yielded, and from the advantages it afforded to caravans to and from the centre of Africa. He also reduced to complete subjection, the intractable inhabitants of the ancient Cyrenaica or part lying beyond the Great Syrtis; and upon the This treaty is one of the many evidences of the want whole displayed so much energy and real good sense in of common sense, which formerly presided over diplo- his actions, that viewing the circumstances under which matic negotiations, and rendered their history a record he was placed, he may be considered fairly entitled to of unjust pretension on the one hand, of duplicity and the appellation of Great, which has been bestowed on subterfuge on the other. Exclusive advantages for a pe- him by the people of Tripoli. Sometime before his riod which might as well have been left indefinite, are ar- death, he became totally blind, which affliction was berogantly extorted from a petty state, without reflecting, lieved by the more devout of his subjects, to have been that supposing the utmost desire on its part, they could be sent as punishment for an act of tyranny, such as daily observed only until some other strong power should de- practised in those countries. In one of his visits to a mand the same for itself. The Barbary states have long mosque in the vicinity of the city, he chanced to see a known the absurdity of this, and have profited by it; to young girl, the daughter of the Marabout or holy man the force of the greater nations, they have merely opposed of the place, whose beauty made such an impression on the Punica fides, and when availing resistance cannot be him, that he ordered the father to send her that evening made, they sign any treaty however humiliating, trust-richly drest to the castle, under penalty of being hacked ing to Allah for an opportunity to break it profitably. to pieces, if he should fail to do so. She was accordingThe inutility of these exclusive stipulations was soon ly conveyed to the royal apartments, but the Pasha on proved; for in 1751 Tripoli became involved in difficul- entering the room, found her a corpse; in order to save ties with Great Britain, from circumstances similar to herself from violence, she had acceded to the wish of her those which had provoked the ire of France. The father and taken a deadly potion. It is needless to requarrel terminated in a similar manner; a fleet was late what were the torments inflicted upon the parent; sent, and a treaty dictated, less humiliating in style to while writhing under them, he prayed that Allah would the weaker and less arrogant on the part of the stronger, strike the destroyer with blindness; and his prayer was than that with France, but giving to Great Britain in granted, it is said, as soon as uttered. However this effect, all the exclusive or superior advantages, and to may have been, a blind sovereign cannot long retain his her consul the same precedence of all other consuls, power in Barbary; and Hamet probably felt that his which had already been solemnly guarantied to the own authority was less respected; for without any other French. As a matter of course the latter sent a squad- ostensible reason, he deliberately shot himself in preron soon after, to require a renewal of the treaty of 1729 sence of his family in 1745. At least such is the acwith stipulations still more in their favor, to which of count of his end given to the world. course the Pasha consented. The same plan has been pursued by these two great nations, with regard to the other states of Barbary; and the court of each Bey, Pasha or Emperor, has been a perpetual theatre for the intrigues and struggles for influence of their consuls.

After the death of Hamet the Great, the usual dissensions as to who should succeed him, for sometime distracted the country; his second son Mohammed at length established his claim, and with singular magnanimity, permitted seven of his brothers to live through his reign, which ended with his life in 1762.

Ali, the son and successor of Mohammed, was not so indulgent, and accordingly his uncles were soon despatched. One of them, a child, was however believed to have escaped, and a man was for many years supported at Tunis, whom the politic sovereign of that country affected to consider as the prince. The pretensions of this person were even favored by the Sultan,

In the early treaties with these states, we see no provision against piracy in general, no protest against the principle;-Tripoline cruisers shall not make prizes of our vessels, nor appear within a certain distance of our coasts-thus much they say; but nothing else appears, from which it might be gathered, that Tripoli was other than a state, respectable itself and complying with those evident duties, which compose the body of national morals. In fact Great Britain and France, each keep-who, ever desirous of re-establishing his power over Triing a large naval force in the Mediterranean, which could immediately chastise any offence against its own commerce, not only had no objection to the practice of piracy, but even secretly encouraged it; as the vessels of the weaker states were thus almost excluded from competition in trade. The abandonment of this despicable policy is one among the many triumphs of principle and feeling, which have marked the advance of civilization

poli, adopted this means of keeping the country in a ferment, and the Pasha in alarm. However, after this first bloody measure, which is considered as a mere act of prudence in the East, Ali passed his reign, not only without any show of cruelty, but actually exhibiting in many cases a degree of culpable kindness. He seems indeed to have been a weak and really amiable man, possessing many negative virtues, and even a

few positive; among the latter of which, were constan- | 1786, that an attack should be made on the place by cy and real attachment for his family. He had but sea, while the Bey of Tunis should be ready with a one wife, who doubtless merited the devoted respect force to co-operate by land if necessary. The Capoudan with which he always treated her; and when we read Pasha or Turkish High Admiral, at that time was the the details of their family life, as recorded in the agree- famous Hassan, who afterwards distinguished himself able pages of Mrs. Tully,* it is difficult to imagine that in the wars against Russia on the Black Sea, and such scenes could have taken place within the blood-against the French in the Levant, particularly by the stained walls of the castle of Tripoli. relief of Acre in 1799, while it was besieged by Buonaparte. He was the mortal enemy of Ali, and was moreover excited by the hope of obtaining the sovereignty of the country in case he should succeed in getting a footing. A large armament was therefore prepared; but its destination was changed, and instead of recovering Tripoli, the Capoudan Pasha had orders to proceed to Egypt, and endeavor to restore that country to its former allegiance; the Mamelukes having suc

But if Ali received pleasure and consolation from his faithful Lilla Halluma, the mutual hatred of their three sons rendered the greater part of his existence a horrible burden. Hassan, the eldest of the princes, was a man of much energy, together with a considerable share of generosity and good feeling. He was at an early age invested by his father with the title of Bey, which implies an acknowledgement of his right to succeed to the throne, and moreover gives him the command of|ceeded in establishing there an almost independent authe forces, the only effectual means of substantiating thority. that right. In this office he soon distinguished himself: during many expeditions which he commanded against various refractory tribes; and under his administration, the army and the revenues of the country began to recover from the miserable state in which the supineness of his father had permitted them to languish. Indeed, upon the whole, he gave promise of as much good with as little alloy, as could possibly have been expected in a sovereign of Tripoli.

The Tripoline Princes had been somewhat united by the news of the projected invasion; but this change in the objects of the Porte, again set the angry feelings of the brothers in commotion, and a severe illness with which their father was seized at the time, gave additional fury to their enmity, by apparently bringing the object of their discord nearer. As the old Pasha's death was expected, the Bey called the troops around him, and every avenue to the castle was defended; Hamet, the second son of the Pasha, inherited the Yusuf and Hamet on their parts assembled their folweakness of his father, without his better qualities, lowers, and declared their resolution to overthrow Hasand exhibited throughout life the utmost want of deci-san or perish in the attempt, being convinced that his sion; in prosperity ever stupidly insolent; in adversi-success would be the signal of their own destruction. ty the most abject and degraded of beings, the slave of Their tortured mother prepared to die by her own any one who was pleased to employ him. An impro-hands, rather than witness the dreadful scenes which per message sent by the Bey to his wife, soon after would ensue on the decease of her husband. Ali howtheir marriage, provoked a deadly hatred against his ever recovered, and things remained in the same unsetelder brother, which only exhibited itself however in tled state for three years longer; the mutual animosity idle vaporing threats of vengeance. The distracted of the Princes increasing, and the dread of invasion parents did all in their power to produce a reconcilia-causing every sail which appeared, to be regarded with tion, but in vain; the Bey was haughty, and Hamet anxiety and suspicion. implacable; neither trusting himself in the presence of the other, unless armed to the teeth and environed by guards.

Yusuf, the youngest son, was the reverse of Hamet; brave, dashing and impetuous, he had scarcely reached his sixteenth year, before he openly declared his determination to struggle with the Bey for the future possession of the crown, or even to pluck it from the brow of his fond and tottering parent. Hassan at first regarded this as the mere ebullition of boyish feelings, and endeavored to attach him by acts of kindness; but they were thrown away on Yusuf, who apparently siding with Hamet, acquired over him an influence which rendered him a ready tool. The whole country was engaged in the dispute, and daily brawls between the adherents of the opposing parties rendered Tripoli almost uninhabitable.

Yusuf had now reached his twentieth year, and had acquired complete influence over the mind of his father; a quarrel about a servant had raised a deadly feud between him and Hamet, and the Bey feeling more confidence from the success of several expeditions, was rendered less cautious than he should have been. Lilla Halluma made every effort to produce unity of feeling among them, and at length prevailed upon Hassan to meet his youngest brother in her apartments. The Bey came armed only with his sword, and even that defence he was induced to lay aside, by the representations of his mother. Yusuf appeared also unarmed, but attended by some of his most devoted black followers; he embraced his brother, and declaring himself satisfied, called for a Koran on which to attest the honesty of his purpose. But that was a signal which his blacks understood, and instead of the sacred voThe report of this state of things produced much ef- lume, two pistols were placed in his hands; he instantfect at Constantinople; the Sultan wished to regain ly fired at the luckless Bey, who was seated next their possession of Tripoli, and he had reason to fear lest its mother; the ball took effect--the victim staggered todistracted state should induce some christian power towards his sword-but cre he could reach it, another shot attempt its conquest. It was therefore arranged in

Narrative of a Ten Year's residence in Tripoli, from the Correspondence of the family of the late Richard Tully, British Consul at Tripoli, from 1785 to 1794.

stretched him on the floor; he turned his dying eyes towards Lilla Halluma, and erroneously conceiving that she had betrayed him, exclaimed, "Mother, is this the present you have reserved for your eldest son!" The infuriated blacks despatched him by an hundred stabs,

in the presence not only of his mother, but also of his wife, whom the reports of the pistols had brought to the room. Yusuf made his way out of the castle, offering up as a second victim the venerable Kiah Abdallah, whom he met with on his passage; he then celebrated the successful issue of his morning's achievement by a feast. This happened about the end of July, 1790.

poli; the rude soldiery who decide matters of that kind in Barbary, could not but see a difference between him and Hamet, which was by no means in favor of the latter. Of this disposition Yusuf took full advantage, and so ingratiated himself with the troops, that when at length the news of old Ali's death reached the city, he was unanimously proclaimed Pasha; his brother, who was absent at the time, on returning, found the gates closed against him, and received an order from

Derne, and remain there as Bey. Hamet having no other resource, went to his place of banishment, and remained there for some time; but finding that his brother was daily making attempts to destroy him, he at length in 1797 retired to Tunis, where he was supported by the Boy.

Hamet was absent when the murder took place, and on his return was proclaimed Bey, but not until the consent of Yusuf had been obtained, which the misera-the new sovereign to retire to the distant province of ble Pasha had been weak enough to require. The two brothers then swore eternal friendship, accompanying the oath with the ceremonies considered most solemn on such occasions. But oaths could have but little weight with men of their respective characters; they could give no security to Hamet, nor act as restraints upon Yusuf. In a short time the brothers disagreed; The earliest act of Yusuf with regard to foreign inthe Bey fortified himself in the castle, while Yusuf es-tercourse, was the conclusion of a treaty with the tablished his quarters in the Messeah, or plain which lies on one side of the City, and raised the standard of revolt. A number of discontented Moors and Arabs were soon assembled in his cause, and he formed a partial siege of the place.

United States, which was signed on the 4th of November, 1796, Joel Barlow then American Consul at Algiers and Colonel David Humphries, being the agents of the latter party. Its terms are generally reciprocal; passports are to be given to vessels of each country by which they are to be known-"As the Government of the United States is not in any sense founded on the

Meanwhile the Sultan was again at leisure to carry into effect the long projected plan against the country. A squadron was prepared, and one Ali-ben-Zool, a no-christian religion, and has in itself no character of torious pirate, was placed in command, and furnished enmity against the laws, religion or tranquillity of with a firman or commission as Pasha. This squadron Mussulmen, no pretext arising from religious opinions entered the harbor of Tripoli on the night of the 29th shall ever produce an interruption of the harmony beof July, 1793, and during the confusion that ensued, tween the two countries"-the Pasha acknowledges the the Turks having got possession of the gates, were in a receipt of money and presents, "in consideration for short time masters of the town. The firman was then this treaty of perpetual peace and friendship, and no read, and the Pasha was summoned to deliver the cas-pretence of any periodical tribute or farther payment tle to the representative of his sovereign. The poor is ever to be made by either party." Finally, the old man was struck almost senseless with the news; observance of the treaty is "guarantied by the most his wife and family finding that resistance was impossi-potent Dey and Regency of Algiers, and in case of ble escaped, carrying the Pasha more dead than alive dispute, no appeal shall be made to arms, but an out of the city, where they at first were protected by amicable reference shall be made to the mutual friend an Arab tribe. Yusuf seeing when too late the mise-of both parties, the Dey of Algiers, the parties hereby ry which he had brought on his family, at length beg-engaging to abide by his decision." ged forgiveness from his father, and the Princes uniting To the terms of this treaty it would be difficult to their forces, endeavored by an assault on the town to offer any objection; the United States were anxious retrieve their fortunes; but it proved unsuccessful; the that their commerce in the Mediterranean should be Pasha's party was betrayed, and the Turkish power undisturbed; their naval force was inadequate to its was for a time established. Every species of cruelty protection, and it was then considered inexpedient to was then committed by Ali-ben-Zool, for the purpose of increase that force. Presents were given in compliance extorting money from the wretched inhabitants, and with a custom generally if not always observed, and it scenes were acted, which it would be shocking to re- was certainly the more manly course to have the fact late. The unfortunate Lilla Halluma soon died of openly stated in the treaty, with the proviso annexed, grief; her husband and sons retired to Tunis, where that none others were to be expected. The treaty bethey were received and generously assisted by the Bey.tween the United States and Algiers was on terms less The Porte at length was induced by the cruelties of its equal, as it contained a stipulation on the part of the agent, to withdraw its support, and leave was given to former to pay an annual value of twenty-one thousand the Caramalli family to regain their dominions. Ten dollars in military stores. thousand troops accordingly marched from Tunis in the Thus secured from interruption, the American com spring of 1795, under the command of Hamet and merce in the Mediterranean rapidly increased, and Yusuf; ere they reached Tripoli, Ali-ben-Zool had the Tripoline corsairs were daily tantalized by the sight evacuated the place, and retired to Egypt. This ruf- of large vessels laden with valuable cargoes, which fian was afterwards made Governor of Alexandria in were to be passed untouched, for no other reason 1803, subsequently to the expulsion of the French, than because they sailed under the striped flag and where he pursued the same course of cruelty and extor-carried a piece of parchment covered with unintelligition as at Tripoli, until he was at length murdered by ble characters. This must have been the more vexahis guards. tious to the corsairs as they never met with ships of war belonging to the nation which they were thus required to respect.

It is not to be supposed that Yusuf took all these pains merely to establish his brother quietly in Tri