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the King, the Irish princes, for the first time, tasted heron's flesh, and where they were astonished at the elegant abundance of an English feast, and the order and obsequiousness of the attendants.

The priory was not without benefit from this neighbourhood of royalty; it was at this time, that, in the presence of Archbishop Lawrence, of the original patron Bishop Edan, of Strongbow, Hugh de Lacy, Robert Poer, and others, that Henry II. confirmed the grants of Baldoyle and of several other lands, made by Dermod, of which the original charters are not recorded. This preservation of their property seems to have been a special favour to this house. It might have been expected that, to conciliate the Irish ecclesiastics, King Henry and his immediate successors would have preserved at least the landed property' of the Irish Church, united by the Council of Cashel,

'Landed property. The property of the ancient Irish Church consisted of other things besides lands and tithes. Jocelin tells us, in words shewing the trade and business of Dublin: "Statuerunt ergo [cives Dublinia] reditum S. Patricio suo Patrono; videlicet de singulis navibus mercimoniabilibus cappam competentem Ardmachano Primati, aut cadum mellis seu vini, aut ferri falcem, seu mensuram salis, de singulis vero tabernis, medonis seu cervisie metretas singulas, de omnibus etiam officinis et virgultis(?) excenia donumque conveniens in sotularibus, chyrothecis, cultellis, pectinibus et aliis hujusmodi rebus."-Vit. S. Patricii, cap. 71.

Although the buildings were destroyed and the religious dispersed, the property of the Irish Church was preserved during all the troubles consequent on the Danish

invasion. St. Bernard (Vita Malachia, cap. v.) says that from the destruction of the Abbey of Benchor (Bangor) by the Danes, to the time of Malachy, its property fell into the hands of persons who where appointed by election, and who were called abbots, "servantes nomine, etsi non re, quod olim extiterat." This passage must have been overlooked by Dr. Lanigan, when he allowed (vol. iv. p. 25) that Gille, Bishop of Limerick in 1110, and Apostolic Legate, had been Abbot of Benchor. The names of some of the abbots thus described by St. Bernard, are given in Archdall, from good authorities, without any distinctive marks.

It would appear from the following passage in the Tripartite Life of St. Patrick, that at the time it was written, which has not been thought to be later than the tenth century, the custom of

Cashel, in ritualTM as well as doctrine and discipline, with the Church of England, but although that council freed all church lands from lay exactions, from which Dermod's charter had exempted the lands of Baldoyle, yet the mystical dream of Giraldus" when he saw King John marking out on the green sward, the plan of a church with a large aisle for the laymen, and a chancel "enormiter arctum," for the Irish clergy, his direct assertion of the English robbery of the lands of the Irish Church, by which the clergy were reduced to beggary, and of the mutilation of their old dignities and privileges, and complaints, like that of Albin, Bishop of Ferns, against the Earl Marshall, and of Archbishop Comyn' against Hamo de Valoniis, shew that the love of church lands commonly prevailed over policy and piety. Nay, to the lands of Baldoyle, granted by Dermod and confirmed by Henry II. to the priory, it would appear, from our Registry, that for several generations the Lords of Howth maintained a claim,

family succession to churches prevailed in Ireland, and that it was then attributed to St. Patrick. Fiachus and Enda opposed the building of a church at Usneach, "quos vir Dei primo benigne allocutus promittebat, si permitterent ecclesiam in Dei honorem in eo amœno loco excitari, ejusdem Ecclesiæ moderatores et rectores [Erenachs(?) and Rectors] ex ipsorum progenie fore desumendos," lib. ii. c. 17. -Trias Thaum. p. 131.

For the light in which such family succession was looked on in the twelfth century see Jocelini Vita S. Patricii, cap. 52. Trias Thaum. p. 76.

m Ritual. The purpose of Bishop Gillebert in his Epistle De Usu Ecclesiastico (Usserii Sylloge, xxx.) was, "ut diversi

et schismatici illi ordines, quibus Hibernia pene tota delusa est, uni Catholico et Romano cedant officio." The last decree of the Synod of Cashel was, "Itaque omnia divina ad instar sacrosanctæ Ecclesiæ juxta quod Anglicana observat Ecclesia in omnibus partibus ecclesiæ (Hiberniæ) a modo tractentur."-Hib. Expug. I. xxxiv.

Dowling, in his Annals, states that the Use of Sarum was then universally introduced into Ireland. It is probable that Malachy, after his visit to Bishop Malchus, had adopted the Liturgy then used at Winchester.

Giraldus.-Hib. Expug. II. 35.

• Albin.-Matt. Paris, p. 601, Ed. Wats.
P Comyn. Hoveden, Fol. 439.
a Registry.-Nos. 5, 6, 7.

claim, founded probably upon the grant of Howth by King John, and that the canons were obliged to purchase these lands twice over, from Sir Almaric and his wife with spiritual benefits, and from Sir Nicholas with forty marks.

In 1182 Bishop Edan' renounced, in favour of John Comyn, the first English Archbishop of Dublin, all claim to the Church of All Saints, reserving possession, however, under the Archbishop and the Church of the Holy Trinity, for his own life; and the patronage of this priory was confirmed to Archbishop Henry de Loundres in 1216, in the Bulls of Innocent III. and Honorius III., reciting the several possessions of the see of Dublin.

The three successive Bulls of Urban II. in 1186, of Gregory IX. in 1234, and of Innocent V. in 1276, contain, not only the confirmation of a gradual increase of lands and churches, but an increasing succession of Papal privileges and immunities. Urban exempts from tithes their tillage lands, cultivated with their own hands, or at their own cost, and their cattle. He allows them to receive into their Order clerics and laics, provided they were free' and absolved, and to retain them without contradiction; the professed brotherhood were prohibited from migrating to any other house, without license from the prior, saving for the sake of entering some stricter Order". During

Edan.
Appendix, No. xiv. Bishop
Edan died in 1182; Archbishop Comyn
was consecrated in 1181.-Harris's Ware's
Bishops.

S

s Tithes.-In the Bull of Innocent V. is the reservation "Salva in predictis decimis moderatione concilii generalis."

'Free. That is, not Serfs or Nativi: the Neoyffs of the Statute of Kilkenny, c. xiv.

" Stricter Order. From the following

passage it would seem that it was an offence to leave a religious house without the abbot's permission, even for the purpose of seeking a desert in the ocean: "Alio quoque in tempore de Cormaco nepote Lethani viro utique Sancto, qui tribus non minus vicibus Eremum in oceano laboriose quæsivit, nec tamen invenit, S. Columba ita prophetizans ait 'Hodie iterum Cormac desertum reperire cupiens, enavigare

During a general interdict, the canons might celebrate Mass, in a low voice, with closed doors, without ringing bells, having excluded the excommunicated and interdicted. Without manifest cause no one was to presume to pronounce against them sentence of interdict or excommunication. All customs and ancient liberties and immunities were permanently sanctioned. The enclosures of their houses and granges were protected by apostolical authority from theft and arson, and had the privilege of freedom from arrest. The election of the prior was secured to the brotherhood. And, finally, the cemetery was declared free, so that none should oppose the interment therein of any person, except he were excommunicated; the due rights of the churches to which the bodies belonged being observed.

Such were the principal privileges secured to the priory by the Bull of Urban II., given at Verona by the hands of Albert, Priest Cardinal and Chancellor S. R. E. on the 6th Nones of July, in the fourth year of the Indiction, in the first year of the Pope, and in the year of the Incarnation MCLXXXVI.

In 1234 Gregory IX. added clauses enjoyning the members of the priory to receive the Chrism, the Holy Oil, and the consecrations of their altars and churches, and Holy Orders, from their diocesan bishop

incipit ab illa regione quæ ultra Modum fluvium sita, Eirros Domnonn dicitur, nec tamen etiam hac vice, quod quærit, inveniet, et non ob aliam ejus culpam, nisi quod alicujus religiosi Abbatis monachum, ipso non permittente discessarem secum non recte comitari navigio susceperit."" Vita S. Columbæ, 1. i. c. 6. Trias Thaum. P. 340.

▾ Diocesan. They probably were claiming total exemption from episcopal jurisdiction, on the plea of their original in

dependence of the see of Dublin in the time of Bishop Edan. St. Bernard gave three reasons for wishing to be Pope for three years. First, that he might abolish episcopal and abbatial exemptions; secondly, that he might abolish pluralities; thirdly, that he might recall monks and canons from cells and granges, and confine them to their houses.-Anglia Sacra, p. 528. Of the jealousy with which exempt monks guarded against the exercise of any episcopal function by their

bishop, provided he were in the grace and communion of the Holy Roman See, and at the same time, the erection of new chapels and oratories within their parish, without their consent, and that of their diocesan, was prohibited.

To these privileges in 1276 Innocent V. added a protection. against new and undue exactions by archbishops, bishops, archdeacons, or deans, and all other persons, ecclesiastical and secular, and this Pope specially noted, that the Church of All Saints had no abbot, but was under the government of a prior. These are nearly the usual clauses and privileges contained in Bulls of this period, and they are here mentioned, not for any peculiarity in their contents, but as specimens of the exemptions and immunities sought for by religious houses in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. The other Bulls here printed are short, and expressed in general terms.

The superiority over the Priory of St. Saviour of Glendalough, one of the earliest of the acquisitions of All-Hallows, was one of the most interesting; however great was the old sanctity of Glendalough, it was now desert and desolate, a den of thieves and robbers"; and the Archbishop of Tuam* bore testimony that, in the forty years previous to 1214, more homicides were committed in that valley than in any other place in Ireland. In the Synod of Mellifont in 1152, which was attended by Gilda na Naomh, then Bishop of Glendalough, Cardinal Paparo had divided this see, and had assigned part of it to the metropolitan see of Dublin, which, till that time, was confined within the walls of the city, intending, as the Archbishop of Tuam believed,

bishop within their monasteries, and of the readiness with which they availed themselves for such purposes of the aid of any foreign bishop, see many instances in Matt. Paris. Vitæ Abb. S. Albani.

Robbers. For the robberies and sa

crilege perpetrated at Glendalough during the abbacy of Archbishop Laurence, see Vita S. Laurentii, cc. 7, 8, apud Messingham.

× Tuam.-Alan's Registry, p. 222.

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