bearing for its motto no such miserable interrogatory as, 'What is all this worth?' nor those other words of delusion and folly, 'Liberty first and Union afterward;' but everywhere, spread all over in characters of living light, blazing on all its ample folds, as they float over the sea and over the land, and in every wind under the whole heavens, that other sentiment, dear to every true American heart, Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable."

This passage uttered thirty years before the civil war, sounds. like a prophecy of that event, which Webster would gladly have prevented as the direst calamity, but we have lived to see it overruled by divine Providence for stronger union and larger liberty built upon the ruins of secession and slavery.

In the same speech occurs that magnificent eulogy on Massachusetts, which is unsurpassed in its kind :—

"Mr. President, I shall enter on no encomium upon Massachusettsshe needs none. There she is behold her, and judge for yourselves. There is her history: the world knows it by heart. The past, at least, is secure. There is Boston, and Concord, and Lexington, and Bunker Hill -and there they will remain forever. The bones of her sons, falling in the great struggle for independence, now lie mingled with the soil of every State; and there they will lie forever. And, Sir, where American liberty raised its first voice, and where its youth was nurtured and sustained, there it still lives, in the strength of its manhood and full of its original spirit. If discord and disunion shall wound it . . . it will stand, in the end, by the side of that cradle in which its infancy was rocked . . . ; and it will fall at last, if fall it must, amidst the proudest monuments of its own glory, and on the very spot of its origin."

The third example is the conclusion of Webster's second great anti-nullification speech, delivered in the United States Senate, February 16, 1833, against John C. Calhoun, the able and honest arch-nullifier, and in favor of the Force-Bill authorizing President Jackson to employ the United States military power, if necessary, for the collection of duties on imports in South Carolina, then in an attitude of open rebellion against the federal government. It is only inferior in eloquence to the peroration in the anti-Hayne speech, and equally patriotic :—

"Mr. President, if the friends of nullification should be able to propagate their opinions, and give them practical effect, they would, in my judgment, prove themselves the most skillful architects of ruin, the most effectual extinguishers of high-raised expectation, the greatest blasters of human

hopes, which any age has produced. They would stand up to proclaim, in tones which would pierce the ears of half the human race, that the last great experiment of representative government had failed. They would send forth sounds, at the hearing of which the doctrine of the divine right of kings would feel, even in its grave, a returning sensation of vitality and resuscitation. Millions of eyes of those who now feed their inherent love of liberty on the success of the American example, would turn away from beholding our dismemberment, and find no place on earth whereon to rest their gratified sight. Amidst the incantations and orgies of nullification, secession, disunion, and revolution, would be celebrated the funeral rites of constitutional and republican liberty."

THE OTHER ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

Besides the Germanic and Romanic which constitute the body of the present English tongue, several other languages have furnished contributions. These are, however, far less numerous and important, and enter more or less into the composition of other modern languages of Europe. Each language has contributed such terms as express the leading ideas and principal strength of the respective nations. From the Hebrew we have religious; from the Greek, scientific, philosophical and artistic; from the Italian, musical terms.

Among these additional contributory streams we mention first

THE CELTIC ELEMENT.

This is properly the oldest, since the Britons, a branch of the Celtic nationality, were the original inhabitants of England at the time of Cæsar's invasion. Their memory is continued in the name of Great Britain. The Celtic idiom is still spoken in two dialects, the Welsh in Wales, and the Gaelic in Ireland and the Highlands of Scotland (Irish Gaelic and Scotch Gaelic). But owing to the complete subjection of the Britons by the Anglo-Saxons and the irreconcilable national antagonism of the two races, as well as owing to the fact that the Celtic has less vitality and power of resistance than any other European language, there are comparatively very few Celtic words in the English, and those few belong mostly to servile life.

Take the following characteristic specimens: basket (Welsh basged, bascaid), button (botwm), bran, cobble, crockery, crook,

flaw, funnel, grid, gruel, mattock, wicket, wire, rail, rug, tackle; also babe, cradle, bad, bald, bump, bugbear, cart, char, dock, drudge, druid, bard, clan, plaid, gown, griddle, lad, lass, pat, pet, pretty, prop, puddle.

A number of proper names are Celtic, as Thames, Kent, and probably also London-i. e., "city of ships." The last sounds like a prophecy from pre-Roman times of the future importance of the commercial metropolis of the world, where—

"Tausend Schiffe landen an und gehen;

Da ist alles Herrliche zu sehen,

Und es herrscht der Erde Gott, das Geld."

The Celtic element may be compared to the Indian in our American English.

THE DANISH OR NORSE (ICELANDIC) ELEMENT.

This dates from the Danish piratical invasions in the ninth and tenth centuries. But as the Scandinavian dialects belong to the Germanic stock, many words supposed to be from that source are Germanic, and probably belonged to the original Anglo-Saxon.

We mention as specimens: aloft (compare the German Luft, luftig), already, anger, askew, awe, awn, aye, baffle, bang, bark, bawl, beach, blunder, blunt, boulder, box, bulk, bulwark, cast, club, crash (German, krachen), dairy, dastard, dazzle, fellow, gabble, gain, glade, ill, jabber, jam, kidnap, kidney, kill, kneel, limber, litter, loft, log, lug, lull, lumber, lump, lunch, lurch, lurk, mast, mistake, mistrust, nab, nag, nasty, niggard, horse, plough (Pflug), raft, ransack, rug, rump, saga, sale, scald, shriek, shrill, skin, skull, sledge, sleigh, sled, tackle, tangle, tipple, tipsy, trust, Valhalla, viking, window, wing.

The ending -by, which signifies town, is Norse, and occurs in many proper names of towns and villages, as Hornby, Naseby, Whitby, Derby, Appleby, Netherby. In Lincolnshire, one of the chief resorts of Danish immigration, nearly one-fourth of the towns and villages have this ending, while in Hampshire it is unknown. The names of the Islands in the English Channel, Jersey, Guernsey and Alderney, by their ending ey, which

means island (as in Orkney), betray likewise Scandinavian descent, although probably through the medium of the Normans who imported a number of other Norse terms to the banks of the Seine. Most of the Danish words are provincial and confined to the northern and north-eastern counties, which were exposed most to Danish invasion.

HEBREW WORDS.

From the Hebrew we have, besides a large number of significant proper names from Adam and Eve down to Jesus, John and Mary, several religious terms which passed into the Septuagint and Greek Testament, then into the Latin Vulgate, and were properly retained by the English translators of the Bible, as Jehovah Zebaoth (plural: hosts), Messiah, rabbi, hallelujah, hosannah, cherub, seraph (with the Hebrew plurals cherubim and seraphim), ephod, Gehenna (Hell, the place of torment), Sheol (Hades, the unseen spirit-world), jubilee, manna, maranatha, pascha, sabbath, sanhedrin, Satan, shekinah, shibboleth, Amen.

GREEK WORDS.

The noble and rich Greek language has supplied the English as well as other European languages with nearly all the technical names for the various branches of learning and art, from the alphabet up to the highest regions of metaphysical and theological speculation, as theology, with its subdivisions of exegesis, archæology, hermeneutics, apologetics, polemics, symbolics, dogmatics, ethics, homiletics, catechetics, etc.; philosophy, with logic, anthropology, psychology, æsthetics, metaphysics, etc.; grammar, rhetoric, philology, history, mathematics, arithmetic, astronomy, anatomy, calligraphy, geography, orthography, stenography, physiology, pathology; architecture, music and poetry; also with a considerable number of indispensable political terms, as monarchy, oligarchy, theocracy, aristocracy, democracy, anarchy, policy.

Of miscellaneous words which point to the same source we may mention architect, poet, pedagogue, cosmopolite, hero, sophist, apocalypse, analogy, anomaly, antagonism, apathy, antipathy, sympathy, anthem, euphony, harmony, melody, psalmody,

hymn and hymnology, catastrophe, crisis, diagnosis, diæresis, diadem, diagram, dropsy (8pw from soup, water), dynasty, dogma, epitome, hypocrisy, megrim (corrupted from the Latin and Greek hemicrania, half the head), program, palsy (from παράλυσις), tansy (derived by some from ἀθανασία, through the Latin athanasia and the old French athanasie-more than doubtful); the adjectives, graphic (from the verb ɣpage), plastic, exegetical, critical, hypercritical, skeptical, and the verbs, platonize, romanize, judaize, evangelize.1

Most of the Greek terms, especially the theological, philosophical, and political, have come to us through the medium of the Latin Bible and Latin literature, as Christianity (with the Latin ending for Christianism), Bible, canon, apocrypha, angel, apostle, evangelist, prophet, bishop, priest, deacon, baptism, eucharist, scepter, ascetic, ocean (hence, the Latin e for the Greek); a few through the Gothic, as is most probably the case with church, which like all the similar words in the Teutonic and Slavonic languages, points to zuptazóv—i. e., belonging to the Lord, the Lord's house, the Lord's people, and was used as the equivalent in sense, though not in etymology, to the Greek xxiia and the Latin ecclesia-(i. e., assembly, congregation). Still others are taken directly from the Greek with their proper ending, as phenomenon, criterion (phænomena and criteria), diapason, demon, pandemonium.

Not a few words for modern inventions are, as in other languages, by tacit consent and for international convenience, newly formed from the Greek, as electrotype, lithography, melanotype, phonography, photograph, photography, stereoscope, stereotype, telescope, telegraph, telegram, telephone.

DUTCH WORDS.

Of Dutch origin are the modern sea terms sloop, schooner, yacht; also a number of other words, as ballast, bluff, blunderbuss, boom, boor, brandy, bush, drill, duck, fop, frolic, gruff, hatchel, hackle, moor, mump, reef, skate, swab, switch, trigg, uproar, wagon.

1 The last seems to have been first used by Wycliffe in his translation of Luke i. 19.