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النشر الإلكتروني

UNEMPLOYMENT RELIEF BY THE

HUMANITARIAN SOCIETY AND THE TRADE ASSOCIATIONS OF MILAN, BY TRADE ASSOCIATIONS, 1906, 1907, AND 1908.

[Source: Bollettino dell' Ufficio del Lavoro, April, 1907, May, 1908, and April, 1909. Some of the totals in this table do not agree with the totals in the preceding table. The figures are given as shown in the original report.]

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a For 1906 and 1907 the mean membership is given; for 1908 the average for the year is used. The two lines for bookbinders represent two different organizations.

e Including a duplication of 29 cases, due to the payment of benefits by three different organizations of printers to the same persons. This total is not the correct sum of the items; the figures are given as shown in the original report.

d Including a duplication of 469 days due to benefits being paid by the typographical union, the compositors' union, and the printers' union to the same persons.

UNEMPLOYMENT RELIEF BY THE HUMANITARIAN SOCIETY AND THE TRADE ASSOCIATIONS OF MILAN, BY TRADE ASSOCIATIONS, 1906, 1907, AND 1908-Continued.

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a For 1906 and 1907 the mean membership is given; for 1908 the average for the year is used. The two lines for bookbinders represent two different organizations.

c Membership at end of year.

d Based on membership at end of year.

e Including a duplication of 25 cases due to benefits being paid by two societies to the same persons. f Including a duplication of 380 days due to benefits being paid by two societies to the same persons.

UNEMPLOYMENT RELIEF BY THE HUMANITARIAN SOCIETY AND THE TRADE ASSOCIATIONS OF MILAN, BY TRADE ASSOCIATIONS, 1906, 1907, AND 1908-Concluded.

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Total.....

12,648 1,205 9.54 (b) 29,713 2.3 22.5 27,1366,347. 182, 485. 68 8,832.86

a For 1906 and 1907 the mean membership is given; for 1908 the average for the year is used.
Not reported.
c The two lines for bookbinders represent different organizations.

PROPOSED GOVERNMENTAL UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE.

On June 16, 1910, a bill was introduced in the Chamber of Deputies by the minister of the interior for the organization of a system of state insurance against unemployment, on the Ghent plan. The bill proposed only the first steps in that direction, through an appropriation of 100,000 lire ($19,300) to be used in subsidizing workmen's unemployment insurance organizations.

In a comprehensive report accompanying this bill the general problem of unemployment was discussed and the various methods of relief suggested were compared.

The bill, which is very brief, proposes the appropriation of 100,000 lire ($19,300) for the fiscal year 1910-11, to be administered by the minister of agriculture, industry, and commerce for the purpose of granting subsidies to labor organizations which grant unemployment relief. Only the following few requirements are specified in the bill: (1) That the unemployment relief granted by these organizations be based entirely, or at least partly, upon the principle of saving, i. e., that the organizations should not be purely charitable and should receive a part or the whole of their revenues from membership contributions. (2) That a definite length of membership be required before relief is granted, so that workmen would not join these organizations only at the time when relief is needed. (3) That the subsidized persons be able-bodied workmen. This, according to the memorandum accompanying the bill, is intended to exclude the sick, the injured, the aged, the invalid, and women after childbirth, for all of which groups special provision either exists already or is contemplated, and should be made upon very different principles. (4) That only persons unemployed against their will be permitted to get relief; this is to exclude: Strikers, as the State can not grant strike benefits under the principle of state neutrality in industrial conflicts; persons voluntarily leaving their employment for any reasons whatsoever; shirkers, who for any reason do not care to make the necessary effort to obtain or retain employment, or persons discharged for some fault. (5) Finally, that the state subsidy be not granted to persons in seasonal trades during the period of such seasonal unemployment.

The details of administration of this act are not prescribed in the bill, but left to an administrative regulation to be issued by royal decree, after consultation with the superior council of labor and the council of providence.

The bill was passed by the Chamber of Deputies almost without discussion. In the Senate it was referred to the central committee, which brought in an unfavorable report on July 7, 1910.(")

a Bollettino dell' Ufficio del Lavoro, Vol. XV, January, 1911.

RAILROAD PENSION AND MUTUAL AID INSTITUTIONS.

INTRODUCTION.

The most important example of compulsory old-age and invalidity insurance in Italy is furnished by the State Railroad Employees' Pension and Aid System (Il servizio delle pensioni e dei sussedi), now regulated by the law of July 9, 1908, and the royal decree of April 22, 1909, codifying this law, together with various preceding decrees. But though the legislation above mentioned is of recent origin, various provisions and institutions for pensions and mutual aid have existed in the Italian railroads for nearly 50 years. The present system is a direct outgrowth of these earlier beginnings. It follows these to a very great extent, and can not be understood without a historical account of their origin and development.

The growth of the Italian railroad system did not assume any considerable proportion until toward the end of the eighties, as appears from the following statement:

December 31, 1871....

December 31, 1880..

December 31, 1890.

Miles. 3,962

5, 414

8, 170

9,870

10, 711

December 31, 1900.

June 30, 1907.

Since 1885 a very large proportion of the Italian railroad mileage has been owned by the State, as is shown by the following data, referring to June 30, 1907:

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While the Italian railroad mileage equaled only 4.5 per cent of the American system on the same date, the personnel of the Italian service is larger than the above proportion of mileage would indicate. Unfortunately, for the entire Italian railroad system, no data later than for 1903 are available, but for the state-operated railroads, the number of employees on June 30, 1906, was 118,815, and on June 30, 1907, 134,611, so that the total number of employees must exceed 150,000. The total number of employees for 1891 to 1903, and the total and average remuneration, including the entire contribution by the railroads for the benefit of the employees, are shown in the table following:

For the year 1903 detailed information is given for the three main railroad systems and for other railroads existing in that year. This shows that three large railroad systems, which included in 1903 7,960 miles, or less than 75 per cent, claimed over 90 per cent of the

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