long journeys, in which there is the farther advantage of a perpetual change of air. Numbers of Deople, reduced to a state of great weakness, have, oy this means, acquired a degree of vigour and health, which all the medical prescriptions in the world could not otherwise have procured. But, it is of importance, in travelling for health, that one anould not employ his mind in deep reflections, but enjoy the company of an agreeable companion, and gratify his sight with the prospect of the va rious objects around him. In this exercise, as well as in every other, we ought always to begin gently, and to finish gradually, never abruptly. Exercise after meals. Exercise is hurtfui immediately after meals, particularly to those of nervous and irritable constitutions, who are thence liable to heart-burn, eructations, and vomiting. Indeed, the instinct of the inferior animals confirms the propriety of this rale; for they are al! inclined to indulge themselves in rest after food. At all events, fatiguing exercise should be delayed till digestion is performed, which generally requires three or four hours after eating a full meal. Reading aloud. This is a species of exercise much recommended by the ancient physicians; and to this may be joined that of speaking. They are both of great advantage to those who have not sufficient leisure or opportunities for other kinds of exercise. To speak very loud, however, or exercise the voice immediately after a meal, is hurtful to the lungs, as well as to the organs of digestion. Singing, as by the vibratory motion of the air it shakes the Jungs and the bowels of the abdomen or belly, promotes, in a remarkable degree, the circulation of the blood. Hence, those sedentary artificers or mechanics, who, from habit, almost constantly sing at their work, unintentionally contribute much to the preservation of their health. Wind instruments. All these are more or less hurtful to the lungs, which they weaken, by introducing much air, and keeping that organ too long in a state of distention. On this account, persons of weak lungs, who play much on the flute, hautboy, or French horn, are frequently afflicted with spitting of blood, cough, shortness of breath, and pulmonary consumption. Blowing those instruments likewise checks the circulation of the blood through the Jungs, accumulates it towards the head, and disposes such persons to apoplexy. Friction. morning, on an empty stomacn, or, rather, in bed This accident is at all times less frequent in towns than in the country, especially since the use of the umbrella has been introduced. When a person is wet he ought never to stand but to continue in motion till he arrives at a place where he may be suitably accommodated. Here he should strip off his wet clothes, to be changed for such as are dry, and have those parts of his body which have been wetted, well rubbed with a dry cloth. The legs, shoulders, and arms, are generally the parts most exposed to wet: they should, therefore, be particularly attended to. ĺt is almost incredible how many diseases may be prevented by adopting this course. Catarrhs, inflammations, rheumatisms, diarrhoeas, fevers, and consumptions, are the foremost among the train which frequently follow an accident of this kind, Precautions in removing from a hot to a cold situation. It should be a determined rule to avoid all rapid transitions from one extreme to another, and never to remove from a room highly heated, to a fresh or cold air, while the body remains warm, or till the necessary change to a warmer dress has been previously made. If, at any time, the body should be violently heated, during the warm weather, it is sure to suffer by going into vaults, cellars, icehouses, by cold bathing, or by sitting on cold stones, or damp earth: many lingering and incurable maladies have been brought on by such imprudence, nay, present death has, in some instances, been the consequence of such transgression. Pulmonary consumption, which makes annually such dreadful ravages among the young and middle aged, has been frequently induced by such apparently trifling causes. To keep the feet dry. The only method that has been found to succeed in keeping the feet dry is to wear, over the foot of the stocking, a sock made of oil silk. To keep it in its proper place, it will be necessary to wear over it a cotton or worsted sock. The general health being often disturbed by wet feet, the above directions ought to be generally attended to. To preserve the eye-sight. Never sit for any length of time in absolute gloom, or exposed to a blaze of light. The reason on which this rule is founded, proves the impropriety of going hastily from one extreme to the other, whether of darkness or of light, and shows us that a southern aspect is improper for those whose sight is weak and tender. One of the most gentle and useful kinds of exercise, is friction of the body, either by the naked hand, a piece of flannel, or what is still better, a flesh brush. This was in great esteem among the ancients, and is so at present in the East Indies. The whole body may be subjected to this mild operation, but chiefly the belly, the spine, or back-disordered, by candle light. bone, and the arms and legs. Friction clears the skin, resolves stagnating humours, promotes perspiration, strengthens the fibres, and increases the warmth and energy of the whole body. In rheumatisin, gout, palsy, and green sickness, it is an excellent remedy. To the sedentary, the hypochondriac, and persons troubled with indigestion, who have not leisure to take sufficient exercise, the daily friction of the belly, in particular, cannot be too much recommended as a substitute for other means, in order to dissolve the thick humours which may be forming in the bowels, by stagnation, and to strengthen the vessels. But, in rubbing the belly, the operation ought to be performe in a circular direction, as being most favourable to the course of the intestines, and their natural action. It should be performed in the 2. Avoid reading small print, and straining the eyes by looking at mute objects. 3 Do not read in the dusk, nor, if the eyes be 4. Do not permit the eyes to dwell on glaring objects, more particularly on first waking in the morning; the sun should not of course be suffered to shine in the room at that time, and a moderate quantity of light, only, should be admitted. For the same reasons, the furniture, walls, and other objects of a bed-room, should not be altogether of a white or glaring colour: indeed, those whose eyes are weak, would find considerable advantage in having green for the furniture, and prevailing colour, of their bed-chambers. Nature confirms the propriety of this fact, for the light of the day comes on by slow degrees, and greeu is the uni versal colour she presents to our eyes. 5. Those individuals who are rather long-sighted, should accustom themselves to read with less light, and with the book somewhat nearer to the eye than what they naturally like; while others, that are rather short-sighted, should use themselves to read with the book as far off as possible. By These means, both will improve and strengthen their sight, while a contrary course increases its natural imperfections. Use of spectacles. From whatever cause the decay of sight arises, an attentive consideration of the following rules will enable any one to judge for himself, when his eye-sight may be assisted or preserved by the use of proper glasses." 1. When we are obliged to remove small objects to a considerable distance from the eye in order to see them distinctly. 2. If we find it necessary to get more light than formerly, as, for instance, to place the candle between the eye and the object. 3. If, on looking at, and attentively considering a near object, it fatigues the eye and becomes confused, or if it appears to have a kind of dimness or mist before it. 4. When small printed letters are seen to run into each other, and hence, by looking steadfastly on them, appear double or treble. 5. If the eyes are so fatigued by a little exercise, that we are obliged to shut them from time to time, so as to relieve them by looking at different || objects. When all these circumstances concur, or any of them separately takes place, it will be necessary to seek assistance from glasses, which will ease the eyes, and in some degree check their tendency to become worse: whereas, if they be not assisted in time, the weakness will be considerably increased, and the eyes be impaired by the efforts they are compelled to exert.' teeth without nurting them, but to preserve the firmness of the gums. Besides the advantage of sound teeth, for their use in mastication, a proper attention to their treatment conduces not a little to the sweetness of the breath. This is, indeed, often affected by other causes, existing in the lungs, the stomach, and sometimes even in the bowels; but a rotten state of the teeth, both from the putrid smell emitted by carious bones, and the impurities lodged in their cavities, never fails of aggravating an unpleas ant breath wherever there is a tendency of that kind. Loose teeth. When the teeth are loosened by extern violence, by falls and blows, or by the improper use of instruments in pulling diseased teeth in the neighbourhood of sound ones, they may again be made tolerably fast by pressing them as firmly as possible into their sockets, and preserving them so with ligatures of cat-gut, Indian weed, or waxed silk, and keeping the patient upon spoon meat till they are firm. When loose teeth are owing to tartar, nothing will fasten them till the cause be removed; and this ought to be done early, otherwise it will have no effect. Frequently the teeth become loose from a sponginess of the gums, often, but improperly, attributed to scurvy. The best remedy is scarifying the gums deeply, and allowing them to bleed freely; this should be repeated till they are fully fastened. Mild astringents, as tincture of bark, are here attended with good effects, though those of a strong nature will certainly do harm. The mouth should be frequently washed with cold water strongly impreg nated with these, and the patient should not use the teeth which have been loose till they become firm again. The loosening of the teeth in old age cannot be remedied, as it is owing to a wasting of their sockets, from which the teeth lose their support. Foul teeth. The teeth sometimes become yellow or black without any adventitious matter being observed on them; at other times they become foul, and give a taint to the breath, in consequence of the natural mucus of the mouth, or part of the food remaining too long about them. The most frequent cause of foul teeth is the substance called tartar, which seems to be a deposition from the saliva, and with which the teeth are often almost entirely encrusted. When this substance is allowed to re An object very subservient to health, and which merits due attention, is the preservation of the teeth; the care of which, considering their importance in preparing the food for digestion, is, in general, far from being sufficiently cultivated. Very few persons, comparatively, wash their mouth in the morning, which ought always to be done. Indeed, this ought to be practised at the conclusion of every meal, where either animal food or vegeta-main, it insinuates itself between the gums and bles are eaten; for the former is apt to leave behind it a rancid acrimony, and the latter an acidity, both of them hurtful to the teeth. Washing the mouth frequently with cold water is not only serviceable in keeping the teeth clean, but in strengthening the gums, the firm adhesion of which to the teeth is of great importance in preserving them sound and secure. Tooth powders. Many persons, while laudably attentive to preserve their teeth, do them hurt by too much officiousness. They daily apply to them some dentifrice powder, which they rub so hard as not only to injure the enamel by excessive friction, but to hurt the gums even more than by the abuse of the pick tooth. The quality of some of the dentifrice powders, advertised in newspapers, is extremely suspicious; and there is reason to think that they are not altogether tree from a corrosive ingredient. One of the safest and best compositions for the purpose is a mixture of two parts of scuttlefish bone, and one of the Peruvian bark, both finely pr wdered, which is calculated not only to clean the the teeth, and then gets down upon the jaw in such a manner as to loosen the teeth. This, indeed, is by far the most common cause of loose teeth; and when they have been long covered with this or with any other matter, it is seldom they can be cleaned without the assistance of instruments. But when once they are cleaned, they may generally be kept so, by rubbing them with a thin piece of soft wood made into a kind of brush, and dipped into distilled vinegar; after which the mouth is to be washed with common water. Cleaning the teeth. When the teeth are to be cleaned by instruments, the operator ought, with a linen cloth or with a glove, to press against the points of the teeth, so as to keep them firm in their sockets, with the fingers of the one hand, while he cleans them with the necessary instruments held in the other; taking care not to scrape them so hard as to loosen them, or to rub off the enamel. This being done, the teeth should be rubbed over with a small brush, or a piece of sponge dipped in a mixture of cream of tartar and Peruvian bark. The same applica tion may be made to the teeth for a few days, when afterwards they may be kept clean as already directed. The teeth are sometimes covered over with a thin dark coloured scurf, which has by some been mistaken for a wasting of the enamel, but which is only an extraneous matter covering it. By perseverance this may be cleaned off as completely as where the teeth are covered with tartar; but it :s apt, after some time, to appear again. When this s observed, the same operation must be repeated. from dry substances, by prefixing the letter f. (fluid) when an ounce or drachm is mentioned in medical works, but in the foregoing prescriptions or formulæ, this was considered to be unnecessary, as the slightest acquaintance with the substances to be used, will point out what is implied. Scale of medicinal doses. The following table of the gradations of doses of medicines for different ages, will in general be found pretty correct, and ought never to be deviated from, except by professional advice. It at the age of manhood the dose be one drachm, the proportions will be at From 14 to 21 years, 2 scruples; 7 to 14 years, half a drachm; 4 to 7 years, 1 scruple; 4 years, 15 grains; S years, half a scruple; 2 years, 8 grains; 1 year, 5 grains; 6 months, 3 grains; 3 months, 2 grains; 1 month, 1 grain. FARRIERY. circumstances, yet, in most cases, it may be sufficient to take notice of the following particulars:It will be proper to wash away any foulness or dirt about the part, and to examine particularly its condition. To stop the bleeding. To cure wounds in cattle. When horses, cattle, or any of our domestic animals are wounded, the treatment may be very simple, and much the same as in the human race. It is extremely improper to follow a practice that 18 common in many parts of the country among farriets, cow doctors, and even shepherds—that of applying to the wound, or putting into the sore part, common salt, powder of blue vitriol, or tar, or cloths dipped in spirits, as brandy, rum, &c. or turpentine, or any ot er stimulant articles; for all such very much increase the paiu, and by irri-fail of effect, caustic applications, such as the lutoting the sore, may increase the inflammation even to the length of inducing mortification.Though the treatment may be varied according to Should any large blood-vessel be cut, and discharging copiously, it will be right to stop it, by some lint or sponge, with moderate compression, or bandaging, at the same time, and not taking it off for two or three days. Should the pressure nar caustic, or even the actual cautery, the noint of a thick wire, sufficiently heated, may be ɩried; or, if a surgeon be at hand, the vessel may be taken up by the crooked needle, with waxed thread, || improperly,) but only fixed by a bandage of a proand then tied. Adhesive plaster and sewing. Green ointment for wounds. per length and breadth, (for a mere cord is often improper,) so close and securely as to keep it Where there is no danger of excessive bleeding, from slipping off. This application may be chang and a mere division of the parts, or a deep gashed once a day; or when nearly well, and discharg or cut, it will be right to adjust the parts, and keeping but little, once in two days. them together by a strip of any common adhesive plaster; or, when this will not do by itself, the lips of the wound, especially if it be a clean cut, may be closed by one or more stitches, with a moderately coarse needle and thread, which in each stitch may be tied, and the ends left of a proper length, so that they can be afterwards removed when the parts adhere. It is advised to tie the threads, because sometimes the wounded part swells so much that it is difficult to get them cut and drawn out, without giving pain and doing some mischief. Bandages. If the part will allow a toller or bandage to be used, to keep the lips of it together, this may likewise be employed; for by supporting the sides of the wound, it would lessen any pain which the stitches occasion. With this treatment the wound heals often in a short time, or in a few days, rarely exceeding five or six, and sooner in the young and healthy, than in the old and relaxed, and sooner in the quiet and motionless, than in the restless and active. Should the wound be large, and inflammation, with the discharge of matter, likely to take place, it may still be proper, by gentle means, to bring the divided parts near to each other, and to retain them in their natural situation by means of a ban- || dage. This should not be made too tight, but merely to support the part. In this way, and by avoiding stimulant applications, the wound will heal more readily than otherwise, and the chance of any blemish following will be diminished. Washes of spirits, brandy, and the like, Friar's balsam, spirit of wine and camphor, turpentine, or any other such irritating applications, are highly improper, and sometimes make a fresh clean wound, (that would readily heal almost of itself,) inflame and perhaps mortify, or become a bad sore. Sores and bruises. Put into a well glazed earthen vessel, 2 ounces of bees' vax; melt it over a clear fire, and add 2 ounces of rosin; when that is melted, put in half a pound of hogs' lard; to this put 4 ounces of turpentine; keep stirring all the time with a clean stick or wooden spatula. When all is well mixed, stir in 1 ounce of finely powdered verdigris. Be careful it does not boil over; strain it through a coarse cloth, and preserve it in a gallipot. This ointment is very good for old and recent wounds, whether in flesh or hoof; also galled backs, crack ed heels, mallenders, sallenders, bites, broker knees, &c. Treatment, according to appearance of the part. When the wounded part begins to discharge whitish, thick matter, and is observed to fill up the general treatment and dressings to the sore now mentioned, should be continued: and in the course of the cure, the animal, when free of fever, may be allowed better provision, and may take gentle exercise. If the animal be feeble, from the loss of blood originally, or from the long continuance of a feverish state, produced by the inflammation attending the wound, or from weakness arising from confinement, or connected with its constitution naturally; and if the wound appear to be in a stationary state, very pale and flabby on its edges, with a thin discharge, then better food may be given to it; and if still no change should be observed, along with the better food, the wound may be treated somewhat differently from what has been already advised. The ointment may be made more stimulant, by adding to it some resin and less bees' wax, or what would be more stimulant still, some common turpentine; for it is only in very rare cases that oil of turpentine can be requisite. The effects of an alteration in the mode of treatment should be particularly remarked, and stimulants should be laid aside, continued or increased, acOver the whole sore, or where the part is bruis-cording as may be judged proper. Before changed, or where there is a tendency to suppuration, aing the dressings applied to the wound, or before poultice should be applied and kept on by suitable rendering them more stimulant and active by using bandages. The poultice may be made of any kind heating applications, the effect of closer bandaging of meal, fine bran, bruised linseed, or of mashed may be tried; for sometimes, by keeping the parts turnips, carrots, &c. The following has been a little more firmly together, the cure is promoted. found useful as a common poultice. "Fine bran, Food and regimen. 1 quart; pour on it a sufficient quantity of boiling water to make a thin paste; to this add of linseed powder enough to give it a proper consistence." The poultice may be kept on for a week or ten days, or even longer, if necessary, changing it once or twice a day; and cleaning the wound, when the poultice is removed, by washing it by means of a soft rag or linen cloth, with water not more than blood warm, (some sponges are too rough for this purpose); or, where the wound is deep, the water may be injected into it by a syringe, in order to clean it from the bottom. Ointment. In the course of a few days, when the wound, by care and proper management with the poultices, begins to put on a healthy appearance, and seems to be clean and of a reddish colour, not black or bloody, then there may be applied an ointment made of tallow, linseed oil, bees' wax, and hogs' iard, in such proportion as to make it of a consistence somewhat firmer than butter. The ointment should be spread on some soft clean tow, and when applied to the sore, it ought never to be tied hard upon it, (which is done too frequently and very "2 (which In case of severe wounds, attention should be paid to the condition of the animal in other respects. There being always when such happen a tendency to violent inflammation and fever, that may end fatally, Keans should be employed to moderate both. The apartment should be cool and airy, and so quiet that the animal should not be disturbed; the drink should not be warm but rather cold, and given freely, though not in too large quantities at a time; the food should be sparingly given, and of a poorer quality than usual, and should be rather succulent and laxative, than dry or apt to produce costiveness; bleeding may be employed either generally from a vein, or in some cases, when it can be done, by cupping from the hurt part, as in the case of a bruise (though this last will seldom be requisite or found convenient), and it may be done more than once or twice, as may seem proper; laxative medicines also ought to be given and repeated, as there may be occasion. Abscess. These are swellings containing matter, that make their appearance in different parts of the body The r-medies are, first, to bleed, then to wash the swollen part with a quart of vinegar, in which are dissolved two ounces of sal ammoniac, and half an ounce of sugar of lead. If the swelling does not abate in two or three days, apply the suppurating poultice When the tumour becomes soft and points, op en it with a lancet, and let out the matter. Then dress it with basilicon ointment. | Anbury or wart. as will form the mass. Next evening g've him a pint of castor, and half a pint of linseed oil. The animal is then to be fed as usual for two or three days, and the same plan again to be employed. Inflammation of the bowels." This not very common, but when it does occur dangerous, disorder is of two kinds. The first of peritoneal inflammation begins with an appearance Tie a strong silk, or two or three horse-hairs, of dulness and uneasiness in the animal; appetite round the neck of the wart, tightening it gradual-diminished or totally gone; constant pawing with !v till it falls away. Then dip a piece of tow in the fore feet, frequently trying to kick the belly; nium-water and bind it on the spot for a whole day. he lies down, rises suddenly, looks round to his Heal the sore with the green ointment. flanks-countenance strongly expressive of pain; urine small, high coloured, and voided with great pain; pulse quick and small; legs and ears cold; profuse sweats; mortification and death. The star gers. Bleed the animal copiously, (the disease is a true apoplexy), 2 quarts at once; then give him half a pint of linseed oil, the same of castor oil, 40 grains of calomel, 60 do. of jalap, and two ounces of tincture of aloes. Give him twice a day warm bran mashes. For loss of appetite. Take a quart of blood from the neck, and give him a purging ball made as follows: Aloes, 1 oz. ialap, i drachm, rhubarb, I do. made into a ball with castor oil and half a drachm of ginger. Inflamed bladder. The second species of the disorder is when the inflammation attacks the internal coat of the intes tines, and is generally accompanied by a violent purging and some fever-the symptoms of the latter, however, are much less violent, nor does the aniinal appear to be in so much pain. Treatment. In the first or peritoneal inflammation, the only dependence is on early and large bleedings. In addition to this rub the whole belly well with the Make the animal drink largely of flaxseed tea, mustard embrocation, clothe the animal warmly barley or rice water, or any mucilaginous liquid, (with fresh sheep skins if possible), insert several and inject a portion of the same frequently. Bleed-rowels about the chest and belly, putting into them ing, and a dose of castor oil are never to be omitted. After the oil has operated, give the following ball every sixth hour: Powdered nitre, half an ounce, camphor, 1 drachm, liquorice powder, S drs. honey sufficient to form the ball. Should these means not relieve the animal, omit the ball, and give 1 drachm of opium twice a day. Blood spavin. Clip off the hair from the swelling, and rub all round outside of the swelling with a piece of hard brown soap, then apply to the swelling a blister made of the following Bustering ointment. Three kinds of worms infest the bowels of horses, called by the English farriers bots, truncheons, and maw-worms. The bot infests the great gut near the anus; it is a small worm with a large head, and may be frequently observed in the dung. The truncheon is short and thick, with a blackish head, and is found in the maw, where, if suffered to remain, it sometimes pierces through, and thus is many a fine horse destroyed. The maw-worm is of a pale red colour, resembling an earth worm, from two to three inches long, occupying, also, the maw. Symptoms of worms in horses. Stamping forcibly on the ground with either of his fore-feet, and frequently striking at his belly with his hind ones. Belly projecting and hardlooking frequently behind him, and groaning as if in great pain. Remedies for worms. Keep the horse from all kinds of food for one day; at night, give him a small quantity of warm bran mash, made as usual, and directly after, a ball made of 1 scruple of calomel, 1 do. of turpeth mineral, and as much crumb of bread and honey the blistering ointment. As the horse is generally costive give him a pint of castor oil, and inject clysters of warm flaxseed tea, give him warm water or thin gruel or flaxseed tea to drink, rub his legs with the hands well, and see that he has plenty of clean fresh litter. If in six hours the disease is not relieved, bleed him again, and should the costiveness continue repeat the oil and clysters. I4 after giving all these remedies a faithful and continued trial, the pain should continue, recourse may be had to the ano lyne clyster. In the second species of this disorder, bleeding need not be resorted to unless the febrile symptoms run high. Clothe the horse warmly, use the mus tard embrocation freely, and omit the oil. Give him frequently by means of a bottle (if he will not drink it) quantities of very thin gruel or flaxseed Lea. If in spite of this the disease continues, use the anodyne clyster; if that fail the astringent draught. The pain occasioned by physicking, is to be relieved by large clysters of thin gruel or flaxseed, which produce copious evacuations and relief. Broken wind. This is an incurable disease; all that can be done is to relieve the animal for a time so as to enable him to perform a day's work. To do this make the following Paste ball for broken-winded horses. Assafoetida two ounces, elecampane two ounces, flowers of colt's-foot two ounces, powdered squills two drachms, linseed powder one ounce, honey as much as will make the mass. Divide it in four balls and give one morning and evening. Mach benefit may result from bleeding in this disorder at an early period of the complaint. His food should be carrots or turnips. The hay, oats, or whatever is given, should be in small quantities at a time, and always sprinkled with clean, soft |