beings, a masterless slave." And is not the condi- it is knowing, acute, sharpened; it never prattles." tion of the laboring poor of other countries too often Imagine such a description applied to the children of that of masterless slaves? Take the following descrip- negro slaves, the most vacant of human beings, whose tion of a free laborer, no doubt highly colored, quoted life is a holiday. by the author to whom I have before referred. And this people, to whom these horrors are familiar, are those who fill the world with clamor, concerning the injustice and cruelty of slavery. I speak in no invidious spirit. Neither the laws nor the government of England are to be reproached with the evils which are inseparable from the state of their society-as little, undoubtedly, are we to be reproached with the exist ence of our slavery. Including the whole of the United States-and for reasons already given, the whole ought to be included, as receiving in no unequal degree the benefit-may we not say justly that we have less slavery, and more mitigated slavery, than any other country in the civilized world? "What is that defective being, with calfless legs and stooping shoulders, weak in body and mind, inert, pusillanimous and stupid, whose premature wrinkles and furtive glance, tell of misery and degradation? That is an English peasant or pauper, for the words are synonimous. His sire was a pauper, and his mother's milk wanted nourishment. From infancy his food has been bad, as well as insufficient; and he now feels the pains of unsatisfied hunger nearly whenever he is awake. But half clothed, and never supplied with more warmth than suffices to cook his scanty meals, cold and wet come to him, and stay by him with the weather. He is married, of course; for to this he would have been driven by the poor laws, even if he had been, as he never was, sufficiently comfortable and prudent to dread the burden of a family. But though instinct, and the overseer have given him a wife, he has not tasted the highest joys of husband and father. His partner and his little ones being like himself, often hungry, seldom warm, sometimes sick without aid, and always sorrowful without hope, are greedy, selfish, and vexing; so, to use his own expression, he hates the sight of them, and resorts to his hovel, only because a hedge affords less shelter from the wind and rain. Compelled by parish law to support his family, which means to join them in consuming an allowance from the parish, he frequently conspires with his wife to get that allowance increased, or prevent its being diminished. This brings beggary, trickery, and quarrelling, and ends in settled craft. Though he have the inclination, he wants the courage to become, like more energetic men of his class, a poacher or smuggler on a large scale, but he pilfers occasionally, and teaches his children to lie and steal. His subdued and slavish manner towards his great neighbors, shews that they treat him with suspicion and harshness. Consequently he at once dreads and hates them; but he will never harm them by vio. That the African negro is an inferior variety of the lent means. Too degraded to be desperate, he is only human race, is, I think, now generally admitted, and thoroughly depraved. His miserable career will be his distinguishing characteristics are such as pecushort; rheumatism and asthma are conducting him to liarly mark him out for the situation which he occupies the work-house, where he will breathe his last without among us. And these are no less marked in their ori one pleasant recollection, and so make room for another ginal country, than as we have daily occasion to observe wretch, who may live and die in the same way." And them. The most remarkable is their indifference to this description, or some other, not much less revolt-personal liberty. In this they have followed their ining, is applied to "the bulk of the people, the great body of the people." Take the following description of the condition of childhood, which has justly been called eloquent.* That they are called free, undoubtedly aggravates the sufferings of the slaves of other regions. They see the enormous inequality which exists, and feel their own misery, and can hardly conceive otherwise, than that there is some injustice in the institutions of socie ty to occasion these. They regard the apparently more fortunate class as oppressors, and it adds bitterness, that they should be of the same name and race. They feel indignity more acutely, and more of discontent and evil passion is excited; they feel that it is mockery that calls them free. Men do not so much hate and envy those who are separated from them by a wide distance, and some apparently impassable barrier, as those who approach nearer to their own condition, and with whom they habitually bring themselves into comparison. The slave with us is not tantalized with the name of freedom, to which his whole condition gives the lie, and would do so if he were emancipated tomorrow. The African slave sees that nature herself has marked him as a separate-and if left to himself, I have no doubt he would feel it to be an inferior—race, and interposed a barrier almost insuperable to his becoming a member of the same society, standing on the same footing of right and privilege with his master. stincts since we have any knowledge of their continent, by enslaving each other; but contrary to the experi ence of every other race, the possession of slaves has had no material effect in raising the character, and pro"The children of the very poor have no young times; moting the civilization of the master. Another trait is it makes the very heart bleed, to overhear the casual the want of domestic affections, and insensibility to street talk between a poor woman and her little girl, a the ties of kindred. In the travels of the Landers, after woman of the better sort of poor, in a condition rather speaking of a single exception, in the person of a woabove the squalid beings we have been contemplating. It is not of toys, of nursery books, of summer holidays, by the country from which she had been torn as a slave, man who betrayed some transient emotion in passing (fitting that age,) of the promised sight or play; of the authors add: "that Africans, generally speaking, praised sufficiency at school. It is of mangling and betray the most perfect indifference on losing their clear starching; of the price of coals, or of potatoes. liberty, and being deprived of their relatives, while The questions of the child, that should be the very out- love of country is equally a stranger to their breasts, 28 pourings of curiosity in idleness, are marked with fore-social tenderness or domestic affection." "Marriage cast and melancholy providence. It has come to be a woman, before it was a child. It has learnt to go to market; it chaffers, it haggles, it envies, it murmurs; Essays of Elia. is celebrated by the nations as unconcernedly as possible; a man thinks as little of taking a wife, as of cutting an car of corn-affection is altogether out of the question." They are, however, very submissive to autho rity, and seem to entertain great reverence for chiefs, | senses. If the inferiority exists, it is attributed to the priests, and masters. No greater indignity can be of apathy and degradation produced by slavery. Though fered an individual, than to throw opprobrium on his of the hundreds of thousands scattered over other counparents. On this point of their character, I think I tries, where the laws impose no liability upon them, have remarked, that, contrary to the instinct of nature none has given evidence of an approach to even mediin other races, they entertain less regard for children ocrity of intellectual excellence; this too is attributed than for parents, to whose authority they have been acto the slavery of a portion of their race. They are customed to submit. Their character is thus summed regarded as a servile caste, and degraded by opinion, up by the travellers quoted: "The few opportunities and thus every generous effort is repressed. Yet though we have had of studying their characters, induce us to this should be the general effect, this very estimation is believe that they are a simple, honest, inoffensive, but calculated to produce the contrary effect in particular weak, timid, and cowardly race. They seem to have instances. It is observed by Bacon, with respect to no social tenderness, very few of those amiable private deformed persons and eunuchs, that though in general virtues which could win our affections, and none of those public qualities that claim respect or command there is something of perversity in their character, the admiration. The love of country is not strong enough disadvantage often leads to extraordinary displays of virtue and excellence. "Whosoever hath any thing fixed in his person that doth induce contempt, hath also a perpetual spur in himself, to rescue and deliver himself from scorn." So it would be with them, if they were capable of European aspirations-genius, if they possessed it, would be doubly fired with noble rage to rescue itself from this scorn. Of course, I do not mean to say that there may not be found among them some of superior capacity to many white persons; but that great intellectual powers are, perhaps, never found among them, and that in general their capacity is very limited, and their feelings animal and coarse-fitting them peculiarly to discharge the lower, and merely mechanical offices of society. in their bosoms to incite them to defend it against a despicable foe; and of the active energy, noble sentiments, and contempt of danger which distinguishes the North American tribes and other savages, no traces are to be found among this slothful people. Regardless of the past, as reckless of the future, the present alone influences their actions. In this respect, they approach nearer to the nature of the brute creation, than perhaps any other people on the face of the globe." Let me ask if this people do not furnish the very material out of which slaves ought to be made, and whether it be not an improving of their condition to make them the slaves of civilized masters? There is a variety in the character of the tribes. Some are brutally and savagely ferocious and bloody, whom it would be mercy And why should it not be so? We have among doto enslave. From the travellers' account, it seems not mestic animals, infinite varieties, distinguished by variunlikely that the negro race is tending to extermina-ous degrees of sagacity, courage, strength, swiftness, tion, being daily encroached on, and overrun by the superior Arab race. It may be, that when they shall have been lost from their native seats, they may be found numerous, and in no unhappy condition, on the continent to which they have been transplanted. The opinion which connects form and features with character and intellectual power, is one so deeply impressed on the human mind, that perhaps there is scarcely any man who does not almost daily act upon it, and in some measure verify its truth. Yet in spite of this intimation of nature, and though the anatomist and physiologist may tell them that the races differ in every bone and muscle, and in the proportion of brain and nerves, yet there are some, who with a most bigotted and fanatical determination to free themselves from what they have prejudged to be prejudice, will still maintain that this physiognomy, evidently tending to that of the brute when compared to that of the Caucasian race, may be enlightened by as much thought, and animated by as lofty sentiment. We who have the best opportunity of judging, are pronounced to be incompetent to do so, and to be blinded by our interest and prejudices—often by those who have had no means of judging and we are to be taught to distrust or disbelieve that which we daily observe, and familiarly know, on such authority. Our prejudices are spoken of. But the truth is, that, until very lately, since circumstances have compelled us to think for ourselves, we took our opinions on this subject, as on every other, ready formed from the country of our origin. And so deeply rooted were they, that we adhered to them, as most men will do to deeply rooted opinions, even against the evidence of our own observation, and our own and other qualities. And it may be observed, that this is no objection to their being derived from a common origin, which we suppose them to have had. Yet these accidental qualities, as they may be termed, however acquired in the first instance, we know that they transmit unimpaired to their posterity for an indefinite succession of generations. It is most important that these varieties should be preserved, and that each should be applied to the purposes for which it is best adapted. No philo-zoost, I believe, has suggested it as desirable that these varieties should be melted down into one equal, undistinguished race of curs or road horses. Slavery, as it is said in an eloquent article published in a southern periodical work, to which I am indebted for other ideas," has done more to elevate a degraded race in the scale of humanity; to tame the savage; to civilize the barbarous; to soften the ferocious; to enlighten the ignorant, and to spread the blessings of christianity among the heathen, than all the missionaries that philanthropy and religion have ever sent forth." Yet unquestionable as this is, and though human ingenuity and thought may be tasked in vain to devise any other means by which these blessings could have been conferred, yet a sort of sensibility which would be only mawkish and contemptible, if it were not mischievous, affects still to weep over the wrongs of "injured Africa." Can there be a doubt of the immense benefit which has been conferred on the race, by transplanting them from their native, dark, and barbarous regions, to the American continent and islands? There, threefourths of the race are in a state of the most deplorable Southern Literary Messenger, for January, 1835. Note to Blackstone's Commentaries. VOL. IV.-79 personal slavery. And those who are not, are in a scarcely less deplorable condition of political slavery, to barbarous chiefs-who value neither life nor any other human right-or enthralled by priests to the most abject and atrocious superstitions. Take the following testimony of one of the few disinterested observers, who has had an opportunity of observing them in both situations.* "The wild savage is the child of passion, unaided by one ray of religion or morality to direct his course; in consequence of which his existence is stained with every crime that can debase human nature to a level with the brute creation. Who can say that the slaves in our colonies are such? Are they not, by comparison with their still savage brethren, enlightened beings? Is not the West Indian negro, therefore, greatly indebted to his master for making him what he is-for having raised him from the state of debasement in which he was born, and placed him in a scale of civilized society? How can he repay him? He is possessed of nothing-the only return in his power is his servitude. The man who has seen the wild African, roaming in his native woods, and the well fed, happy looking negro of the West Indies, may, perhaps, be able to judge of their comparative happiness: the former I strongly suspect would be glad to change his state of boasted freedom, starvation and disease, to become the slave of sinners, and the commiseration of saints." It was a useful and beneficent work, approaching the heroic, to tame the wild horse, and subdue him to the use of man; how much more to tame the nobler animal that is capable of reason, and subdue him to usefulness? We believe that the tendency of slavery is to elevate the character of the master. No doubt the character especially of youth-has sometimes received a taint and premature knowledge of vice, from the contact and association with ignorant and servile beings of gross manners and morals. Yet still we believe that the entire tendency is to inspire disgust and aversion towards their peculiar vices. It was not without a knowledge of nature, that the Spartans exhibited the vices of slaves by way of negative example to their children. We flatter ourselves that the view of this degradation, mitigated as it is, has the effect of making probity more strict, the pride of character more high, the sense of honor more strong, than is commonly found where this institution does not exist. Whatever may be the prevailing faults or vices of the masters of slaves, they have not commonly been understood to be those of dishonesty, cowardice, meanness or falsehood. And so most unquestionably it ought to be. Our institutions would indeed be intolerable in the sight of God and man, if, condemning one portion of society to hopeless ignorance and comparative degradation, they should make no atonement by elevating the other class by higher virtues, and more liberal attainments-if, besides degraded slaves, there should be ignorant, ignoble, and degraded freemen. There is a broad and well marked line, beyond which no slavish vice should be regarded with the least toleration or allowance. One class is cut off from all interest in the State-that abstraction so potent to the feelings of a generous nature. The other must make compensation by increased assiduity and devotion to its honor and welfare. The love of * Journal of an officer employed in the expedition, under the command of Capt. Owen, on the western coast of Africa, 1822. wealth-so laudable when kept within proper limits, so base and mischievous when it exceeds them-so infec tious in its example-an infection to which I fear we have been too much exposed-should be pursued by no arts in any degree equivocal, or at any risk of injustice to others. So surely as there is a just and wise governor of the universe, who punishes the sins of nations and communities, as well as of individuals, so surely shall we suffer punishment, if we are indifferent to that moral and intellectual cultivation of which the means are furnished to us, and to which we are called and incited by our situation. I would to Heaven I could express, as I feel, the conviction how necessary this cultivation is, not only to our prosperity and consideration, but to our safety and very existence. We, the slave holding States, are in a hopeless minority in our own confederated republicto say nothing of the great confederacy of civilized States. It is admitted, I believe, not only by slave holders, but by others, that we have sent to our com mon councils more than our due share of talent, high character and eloquence. Yet in spite of all these most strenuously exerted, measures have been sometimes adopted which we believed to be dangerous and inju rious to us, and threatening to be fatal. What would be our situation, if, instead of these, we were only represented by ignorant and grovelling men, incapable of raising their views beyond a job or petty office, and incapable of commanding hearing or consideration? May I be permitted to advert-by no means invidi ously-to the late contest carried on by South Carolina against federal authority, and so happily terminated by the moderation which prevailed in our public councils? I have often reflected, what one circumstance, more than any other, contributed to the successful issue of a contest, apparently so hopeless, in which one weak and divided State was arrayed against the whole force of the confederacy-unsustained, and uncountenanced, even by those who had a common interest with her. It seemed to me to be, that we had for leaders an unusual number of men of great intellectual power, co-operating cordially and in good faith, and commanding respect and confidence at home and abroad, by elevated and honor able character. It was from these that we-the followers at home-caught hope and confidence in the gloomiest aspect of our affairs. These, by their eloquence and the largeness of their views, at least shook the faith of the dominant majority in the wisdom and justice of their measures-or the practicability of carrying them into successful effect, and by their bearing and well known character, satisfied them that South Caro lina would do all that she had pledged herself to do. Without these, how different might have been the result? And who shall say what at this day would have been the aspect of the now flourishing fields and cities of South Carolina? Or rather without these, it is proba ble the contest would never have been begun; but that without even the animation of a struggle, we should have sunk silently into a hopeless and degrading subjection. While I have memory-in the extremity of age-in sickness-under all the reverses and calamities of life-I shall have one source of pride and consolationthat of having been associated-according to my hum bler position-with the noble spirits who stood prepared to devote themselves for Liberty-the Constitution the Union. May such character and such talent, never | condition with respect to female virtue. Here, there is be wanting to South Carolina. that certain and marked line, above which there is no toleration or allowance for any approach to license of manners or conduct, and she who falls below it, will fall far below even the slave. How many will incur this penalty? And permit me to say that this elevation of the female character is no less important and essential to us, than the moral and intellectual cultivation of the other sex. It would indeed be intolerable, if, when one class of society is necessarily degraded in this respect, no compen I am sure that it is unnecessary to say to an assembly like this, that the conduct of the master to his slave should be distinguished by the utmost humanity. That we should indeed regard them as wards and dependants on our kindness, for whose well being in every way we are deeply responsible. This is no less the dictate of wisdom and just policy, than of right feeling. It is wise with respect to the services to be expected from them. I have never heard of an owner whose conduct in their management was distinguished by undue seve-sation were made by the superior elevation and purity of rity, whose slaves were not in a great degree worthless the other. Not only essential purity of conduct, but the to him. A cheerful and kindly demeanor, with the ex- utmost purity of manners, and I will add, though it may pression of interest in themselves and their affairs, is, incur the formidable charge of affectation or prudery,— perhaps, calculated to have a better effect on them, than a greater severity of decorum than is required elsewhat might be esteemed more substantial favors and where, is necessary among us. Always should be indulgencies. Throughout nature, attachment is the strenuously resisted the attempts which have been reward of attachment. It is wise too in relation to the sometimes made to introduce among us the freedom of civilized world around us, to avoid giving occasion to foreign or European, and especially of continental manthe odium which is so industriously excited against ners. This freedom, the remotest in the world from ourselves and our institutions. For this reason, public that which sometimes springs from simplicity of manopinion should, if possible, bear even more strongly and ners, is calculated and commonly intended to confound indignantly than it does at present, on masters who the outward distinctions of virtue and vice. It is to practise any wanton cruelty on their slaves. The mis-prepare the way for licentiousness-to produce this creant who is guilty of this, not only violates the law effect-that if those who are clothed with the outward of God and of humanity, but as far as in him lies, by color and garb of vice, may be well received by society, bringing odium upon, endangers the institutions of his those who are actually guilty may hope to be so too. It country, and the safety of his countrymen. He casts may be said, that there is often perfect purity where a shade upon the character of every individual of his there is very great freedom of manners. And, I have fellow-citizens, and does every one of them a personal no doubt, this may be true in particular instances, but injury. So of him who indulges in any odious excess it is never true of any society in which this is the geneof intemperate or licentious passion. It is detached ral state of manners. What guards can there be to instances of this sort, of which the existence is, per-purity, when every thing that may possibly be done inhaps, hardly known among ourselves, that, collected nocently, is habitually practised; when there can be no with pertinacious and malevolent industry, afford the most formidable weapons to the mischievous zealots, who array them as being characteristic of our general manners and state of society. impropriety which is not vice? And what must be the depth of the depravity when there is a departure from that which they admit as principle? Besides, things which may perhaps be practised innocently where they are familiar, produce a moral dilaceration in the course of their being introduced where they are new. Let us say, we will not have the manners of South Carolina changed. I would by no means be understood to intimate, that a vigorous, as well as just government, should not be exercised over slaves. This is part of our duty towards them, no less obligatory than any other duty, and no less necessary towards their well being than to ours. I have before said that free labor is cheaper than the I believe that at least as much injury has been done labor of slaves, and so far as it is so, the condition of and suffering inflicted by weak and injudicious indul- the free laborer is worse. But I think President Dew gence, as by inordinate severity. He whose business is has sufficiently shown that this is only true of northern to labor, should be made to labor, and that with due countries. It is matter of familiar remark that the tendiligence, and should be vigorously restrained from ex-dency of warm climates is to relax the human constitucess or vice. This is no less necessary to his happiness than to his usefulness. The master who neglects this, not only makes his slaves unprofitable to himself, but discontented and wretched-a nuisance to his neighbors and to society. I have said that the tendency of our institution is to elevate the female character, as well as that of the other sex, and for similar reasons. In other states of society, there is no well defined limit to separate virtue and vice. There are degrees of vice from the most flagrant and odious, to that which scarcely incurs the censure of society. Many individuals occupy an unequivocal position; and as society becomes accustomed to this, there will be a less peremptory requirement of purity in female manners and conduct; and often the whole of the society will be in a tainted and uncertain tion and indispose to labor. The earth yields abundantly-in some regions almost spontaneously-under the influence of the sun, and the means of supporting life are obtained with but slight exertion and men will use no greater exertion than is necessary to the purpose. This very luxuriance of vegetation, where no other cause concurs, renders the air less salubrious, and even when positive malady does not exist, the health is habitually impaired. Indolence renders the constitution more liable to these effects of the atmosphere, and these again aggravate the indolence. Nothing but the coercion of slavery can overcome the repugnance to labor under these circumstances, and by subduing the soil, improve and render wholesome the climate. It is worthy of remark that there does not now exist on the face of the earth, a people in a tropical climate, or "What conflux issuing forth or entering in; one approaching to it, where slavery does not exist, that | soil; rolled the tide of conquest, not as in later times, is in a state of high civilization, or exhibits the energies from the south to the north; extended their laws and which mark the progress towards it. Mexico and the their civilization, and created them lords of the earth. South American republics,* starting on their new career of independence, and having gone through a farce of abolishing slavery, are rapidly degenerating, even from semi-barbarism. The only portion of the South American continent which seems to be making any favorable progress, in spite of a weak and arbitrary civil government, is Brazil, in which slavery has been retained. Cuba, of the same race with the continental republics, is daily and rapidly advancing in industry and civilization; and this is owing exclusively to her slaves. St. Domingo is struck out of the map of civilized existence, and the British West Indies will shortly be so. On the other continent, Spain and Portugal are degenerate, and their rapid progress is downward. Their southern coast is infested by disease, arising from causes which industry might readily overcome, but that industry they will never exert. Greece is still barbarous and scantily peopled. The work of an English physician, distinguished by strong sense and power of observation, gives a most affecting picture of the condition of Italy-especially south of the Appennines. With the decay of industry, the climate has degenerated towards the condition from which it was first rescued by the labor of slaves. There is poison in every man's veins, affecting the very springs of life, dulling or extinguishing, with the energies of the body, all energy of mind, and often exhibiting itself in the most appalling forms of disease. From year to year the pestilential atmosphere creeps forward, narrowing the circles within which it is possible to sustain human life. With disease and misery, industry still more rapidly decays, and if the process goes on, it seems that Italy too will soon be ready for another experiment in colonization. Yet once it was not so, when Italy was possessed by the masters of slaves; when Rome contained her millions, and Italy was a garden; when their iron energies of body corresponded with the energies of mind which made them conquerors in every climate and on every All nations now to Rome obedience pay." Such was and such is the picture of Italy. Greece presents a contrast not less striking. What is the cause of the great change? Many causes, no doubt, have occurred; but though "War, famine, pestilence, and flood and fire Have dealt upon the seven-hilled city's pride," I will venture to say that nothing has dealt upon it more heavily than the loss of domestic slavery. Is not this evident? If they had slaves, with an energetic civil government, would the deadly miasma be permitted to overspread the Campagna and invade Rome herself? Would not the soil be cultivated, and the wastes reclaimed? A late traveller* mentions a canal, cut for miles through rock and mountain, for the purpose of carrying off the waters of the lake of Celano, on which thirty thousand Roman slaves were employed for eleven years, and which remains almost perfect to the present day. This, the government of Naples was ten years in repairing with an hundred workmen. The imperishable works of Rome which remain to the present day, were for the most part executed by slaves. How different would be the condition of Naples, if for her *The author of England and America thus speaks of the Co-wretched lazzaroni were substituted negro slaves, emlombian republic: "During some years, this colony has been an independent state; but the people dispersed over those vast and fertile plains, have almost ceased to cultivate the good land at their disposal; they subsist principally, many of them entirely, on the flesh of wild cattle; they have lost most of the arts of civilized life; not a few of them are in a state of deplorable misery; and if they should continue, as it seems probable they will, to retrograde as at present, the beautiful pampas of Buenos Ayres will soon be fit for another experiment in colonization. Slaves, black or yellow, would have cultivated those plains, would have kept together, would have been made to assist each other; would, by keeping together and assisting each other, have raised a sur. plus produce exchangeable in distant markets; would have kept their masters together for the sake of markets; would, by combination of labor, have preserved among their masters the arts and habits of civilized life." Yet this writer, the whole practical effect of whose work, whatever he may have thought or intended, is to show the absolute necessity, and immense be nefits of slavery, finds it necessary to add, I suppose, in deference to the general sentiment of his countrymen," that slavery might have done all this, seems not more plain, than that so much good would have been bought too dear, if its price had been slavery." Well may we say that the word makes men Johnson on Change of Air. mad. ployed in rendering productive the plains whose fertility now serves only to infect the air! To us, on whom this institution is fastened, and who could not shake it off, even if we desired to do so, the great republics of antiquity offer instruction of inestimable value. They teach us that slavery is compatible with the freedom, stability and long duration of civil government, with denseness of population, great power, and the highest civilization. And in what respect does this modern Europe, which claims to give opinions to the world, so far excel them-notwithstanding the immense advantages of the christian religion and the discovery of the art of printing? They are not more free, nor have performed more glorious actions, nor displayed more exalted virtue. In the higher departments of intellect-in all that relates to taste and imagina tion-they will hardly venture to claim equality. Where they have gone beyond them in the results of mechanical philosophy, or discoveries which contribute * Eight days in the Abruzzi.-Blackwood's Magazine, Novem ber, 1835. |