The Study of the Atom: Or, The Foundations of ChemistryChemical Publishing Company, 1904 - 290 من الصفحات |
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according action affinity Anaxagoras Aristotle assumption atomic theory atomic weights atomists attraction Berthollet Berzelius bivalent bodies called carbon atom cause century Chem chemical chemistry chemists chloride combination compounds conclusion considered constitution corpuscular theory crystal Dalton deduced Democritus density determined divisible doctrine Dulong and Petit electricity electrons elementary elements Empedocles Epicurus equilibrium equivalents ether existence experiment explanation facts force gaseous gases Gay-Lussac Greek Heraclitus hydrochloric acid hydrogen atom hypothesis idea indivisible influence kinetic theory knowledge known large number Leucippus Lucretius mass mathematical matter Mendeléeff ments method Meyer molecular weight molecule motion nature necessary nitric acid nitrogen number of atoms observed oxide oxygen phenomena Phil philosophers phosphorus physical potassium properties ratio reaction salts simple solution specific gravities specific heats substances sulphate sulphur supposed temperature theory of Avogadro things Thomson tion ultimate particles union valence views volumes vortex
مقاطع مشهورة
الصفحة 73 - All these things considered [that is, the chemical facts he had just recited], it seems probable to me that God in the beginning formed matter in solid, massy, hard, impenetrable, movable particles, of such sizes and figures, and with such other properties and in such proportion to space as most conduced to the end for which He formed them; and that these primitive particles, being solids, are incomparably harder than any porous bodies compounded of them, even so very hard as never to wear or break...
الصفحة 73 - But should they wear away, or break in pieces, the Nature of Things depending on them, would be changed. Water and Earth, composed of old worn Particles and Fragments of Particles, would not be of the same Nature and Texture now, with Water and Earth composed of entire 817 Particles in the Beginning. And therefore, that Nature may be lasting, the Changes of corporeal Things are to be placed only in the various Separations and new Associations and Motions of these permanent Particles...
الصفحة 100 - An enquiry into the relative weights of the ultimate particles of bodies is a subject, as far as I know, entirely new : I have lately been prosecuting this enquiry with remarkable success.
الصفحة 175 - Without entering into details, I will give the conclusions I then arrived at in the very words I used: 1. The elements, if arranged according to their atomic weights, exhibit an evident periodicity of properties. 2. Elements which are similar as regards their chemical properties have atomic weights which are either of nearly the same value ( eg platinum, iridium, osmium ) or which increase regularly ( eg potassium, rubidium, caesium).
الصفحة 93 - Having been long accustomed to make meteorological observations, and to speculate upon the nature and constitution of the atmosphere, it often struck me with wonder how a compound atmosphere, or a mixture of two or more elastic fluids, should constitute apparently a homogeneous mass, or one in all mechanical relations agreeing with a simple atmosphere.
الصفحة 95 - The different sizes of the particles of elastic fluids under like circumstances of temperature and pressure being once established, it became an object to determine the relative sizes and weights, together with the relative number, of atoms in a given volume. This led the way to the combination of gases, and to the number of atoms entering into such combinations the particulars of which will be detailed more at large in the sequel.
الصفحة 100 - Why does water not admit its bulk of every kind of gas alike ? This question I have duly considered and though I am not yet able to satisfy myself completely I am nearly persuaded that the circumstance depends upon the weight and number of the ultimate particles of the several gases ; those whose particles are lightest and single being least absorbable, and the others more, according as they increase in weight and complexity (he added in a foot-note: 'Subsequent experiment renders this conjecture...
الصفحة 73 - Now by the help of these principles, all material things seem to have been composed of the hard and solid particles above mentioned, variously associated in the first creation by the counsel of an intelligent Agent.
الصفحة 72 - The Parts of all homogeneal hard Bodies which fully touch one another, stick together very strongly. And for explaining how this may be, some have invented hooked Atoms, which is begging the Question; and others tell us that Bodies are glued together by rest, that is, by an occult Quality, or rather by nothing; and others, that they stick together by conspiring Motions, that is, by relative rest amongst themselves.
الصفحة 72 - I had rather infer from their Cohesion, that their Particles attract one another by some force, which in immediate Contact is exceeding strong, at small distances performs the chymical Operations above mention' d, and reaches not far from the Particles with any sensible Effect.— There are therefore Agents in Nature able to make the Particles of Bodies stick together by very strong Attractions.