THE

ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA

A

DICTIONARY

OF

ARTS, SCIENCES, LITERATURE AND GENERAL

INFORMATION

ELEVENTH EDITION

VOLUME XXVII
TONALITE to VESUVIUS

New York
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

342 Madison Avenue

A. E. H. L.

A. F. L.

A. F. P.

A. Ge.

A. Go.*

A. H. K.

A. H.-S.

ALGERNON CHARLES SWINBURNE.

See the biographical article: Swinburne, Algernon Charles.

AUGUSTUS EDWARD HOUGH LOVE, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S.

{

Trier.

{Tourneur, Cyril.

Sedleian Professor of Natural Philosophy in the University of Oxford. Secretary Variations, Calculus of.
to the London Mathematical Society. Hon. Fellow of Queen's College, Oxford;
formerly Fellow of St John's College, Cambridge.

ARTHUR FRANCIS LEACH, M.A.

Barrister-at-Law, Middle Temple. Charity Commissioner for England and Wales.
Formerly Assistant Secretary to the Board of Education. Fellow of All Souls
College, Oxford, 1874-1881. Author of English Schools at the Reformation; &c.
ALBERT FREDERICK POLLARD, M.A., F.R. HIST.S.

Udal, Nicholas.

Professor of English History in the University of London. Fellow of All Souls
College, Oxford. Assistant Editor of the Dictionary of National Biography, 1893- Vermigli, Pietro Martire.
1901. Lothian Prizeman, Oxford, 1892; Arnold Prizeman, 1898. Author of
England under the Protector Somerset; Henry VIII.; Life of Thomas Cranmer; &c.
SIR ARCHIBALD GEIKIE, K.C.B.

See the biographical article: GEIKIE, SIR ARCHIBALD.

REV. ALEXANDER GORDON, M.A.

Lecturer on Church History in the University of Manchester.
AUGUSTUS HENRY KEANE, LL.D., F.R.G.S., F.R.ANTHROP.INST.

Emeritus Professor of Hindustani at University College, London.
Ethnology; Man Past and Present; The World's Peoples; &c.

SIR A. HOUTUM-SCHINDLER, C.I.E.

General in the Persian Army. Author of Eastern Persian Irak.

{

Vesuvius (in part).

Unitarianism;

College, Bradford. Sometime Registrar of Madras University, and Member of Ursula, St (in part).
Mysore Educational Service.

ANDREW JACKSON LAMOUREUX.

Librarian, College of Agriculture, Cornell University. Editor of the Rio News
(Rio de Janeiro), 1879-1901.

Venezuela: Geography and
Statistics.

Professor at the Collège de France, Paris. Director of the École des Hautes Études. Troyes: Counts of Troyes;

Chevalier of the Legion of Honour. Author of Livre des vassaux du Comté de Cham-2
pagne et de Brie; Géographie de la Gaule au VI siècle; Atlas historique de la France
depuis César jusqu'à nos jours; &c.

REV. ALLAN MENZIES, M.A., D.D.

Professor of Divinity and Biblical Criticism, St Mary's College, St Andrews. Author
of History of Religion; &c. Editor of Review of Theology and Philosophy.
ALFRED MOREL-FATIO.

Vermandois.

{

United Free Church of Scotland.

Professor of Romance Languages at the Collège de France, Paris. Member of the Vega Carpio (in part).
Institute of France; Chevalier of the Legion of Honour. Secretary of the École

des Chartes, 1885-1906. Author of L'Espagne au XVI et au XVIIe siècles.

A. N.

A. P. H.

A. R. B.

A. Sp.

.A. Sy.

A. W. H.*

A. W. R.

B. M.

B. R.

B. W. G.

C. A. C.

C. A. S.

C. B. P.

C. C. W.

C. D. W.
C. El.

C. F. A.

ALFRED NEWTON, F.R.S.

See the biographical article: NEWTON, ALFRED.

ALFRED PETER HILLIER, M.D., M.P.

Toucan; Touracou;
Tree-creeper; Trogon;
Tropic-bird; Trumpeter;
Turkey; Turnstone.

Author of South African Studies; The Commonweal; &c. Served in Kaffir War,
1878-1879. Partner with Dr L. S. Jameson in South Africa till 1896. Member of Transvaal: History (in part).
Reform Committee, Johannesburg, and political prisoner at Pretoria, 1895-1896.
M.P. for the Hitchin Division of Herts, 1910.

THE REV. AUGUSTUS ROBERT BUCKLAND, M.A.

Secretary of the Religious Tract Society, London. Morning Preacher, Foundling Tract: Tract Societies.
Hospital, London. Author of The Heroic in Missions; &c.

Professor of Dramatic Literature, Columbia University, New York. President of Twain, Mark.
the Modern Language Association of America (1910). Author of French Dramatists
of the 19th Century; &c.

SIR BOVERTON REDWOOD, D.Sc., F.R.S. (Edin.), F.I.C., Assoc.INST.C.E.,
M.INST.M.E.

Adviser on Petroleum to the Admiralty, Home Office, India Office, Corporation of
London, and Port of London Authority. President of the Society of Chemical Vaseline.
Industry. Member of the Council of the Chemical Society. Member of Council of

the Institute of Chemistry. Author of Cantor Lectures on Petroleum; Petroleum
and its Products; Chemical Technology; &c.

BENEDICT WILLIAM GINSBURG, M.A., LL.D.

St Catharine's College, Cambridge. Barrister-at-Law of the Inner Temple. Tonnage.
Formerly Editor of The Navy, and Secretary of the Royal Statistical Society.

Author of Hints on the Legal Duties of Shipmasters; &c.

CHARLES ARTHUR CONANT.

Member of Commission on International Exchange of U.S., 1903. Treasurer, Trust Company.
Morton Trust Co., New York, 1902-1906. Author of History of Modern Banks

of Issue; The Principles of Money and Banking; &c.

REV. CHARLES ANDERSON SCOTT, M.A.

Dunn Professor of the New Testament, Theological College of the Presbyterian Ulfilas.
Church of England, Cambridge. Author of Ulfilas, Apostle of the Goths; &c.
CATHERINE BEATRICE PHILLIPS (MRS W. ALISON PHILLIPS).

Associate of Bedford College, London.

CHARLES CRAWFORD WHINERY, A.M.

Cornell University. Assistant Editor 11th Edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica.

HON. CARROLL DAVIDSON Wright.

See the biographical article: WRIGHT, CARROLL DAVIDSON.

Unicorn.

United States: History (in part).

Trade Unions: United States.

SIR CHARLES NORTON EDGCUMBE ELIOT, K.C.M.G., LL.D., D.C.L.
Vice-Chancellor of Sheffield University. Formerly Fellow of Trinity College,
Oxford. H.M.'s Commissioner and Commander-in-Chief for the British East Turks.
Africa Protectorate; Agent and Consul-General at Zanzibar; Consul-General for
German East Africa, 1900-1904.

CHARLES FRANCIS ATKINSON.

Transvaal: History (in part);

Truce of God;

Formerly Scholar of Queen's College, Oxford. Captain, Ist City of London (Royal Turenne, Vicomte de;
Fusiliers). Author of The Wilderness and Cold Harbor.

Uniforms.

Urban II.-VI.

Secretary, Judicial and Public Department, India Office, London. Fellow of
King's College, London. Secretary to Government of India in Home Department, Tulsi Dās.
1889-1894. Chief Commissioner, Central Provinces, India, 1895-1898. Author of
Translations of Ancient Arabic Poetry; &c.

CARL THEODOR MIRBT, D.TH.

Trent, Council of;

Professor of Church History in the University of Marburg. Author of Publizistik Ultramontanism;
im Zeitalter Gregor VII.; Quellen zur Geschichte des Papstthums; &c.

CHARLES RAYMOND BEAZLEY, M.A., D.LITT., F.R.G.S., F.R.HIST.S.
Professor of Modern History in the University of Birmingham. Formerly Fellow
of Merton College, Oxford, and University Lecturer in the History of Geography,
Lothian Prizeman, Oxford, 1889. Lowell Lecturer, Boston, 1908. Author of
Henry the Navigator; The Dawn of Modern Geography; &c.

Vatican Council, The

Varthema, Ludovico di;
Vespucci, Amerigo.

C. W. W.

D. B. Ma.

D. C. B.

Director

SIR CHARLES WILLIAM WILSON, K.C.B., K.C.M.G., F.R.S. (1836-1907).
Major-General, Royal Engineers. Secretary to the North American Boundary
Commission. Director-General of the Ordnance Survey, 1886-1894.
General of Military Education, 1895-1898. Author of From Korti to Khartoum;
Life of Lord Clive; &c.

DUNCAN BLACK MACDONALD, M.A., D.D.

Professor of Semitic Languages, Hartford Theological Seminary, Hartford, Conn.
Author of Development of Muslim Theology, Jurisprudence and Constitutional
Theory; Selections from Ibn Khaldun; Religious Attitude and Life in Islam; &c.
DEMETRIUS CHARLES BOUlger.

Author of England and Russia in Central Asia; History of China; Life of Gordon;
India in the 19th Century; History of Belgium; Belgian Life in Town and Country;
&c.

Van: Turkey (in part).

Ulema.

Tournai.

Formerly Editor of the Art Journal. Author of The Brothers Maris; The Barbizon Troyon, Constant.
School of Painters; Life of “ Phiz"; Life of Bewick; &c.

E. B.*

E. C. B.

E. E. A.

E. F. S.

64

Author of Essays in Musical Analysis: comprising The Classical Concerto, The
Goldberg Variations, and analyses of many other classical works.

DAVID GEORGE HOGARTH, M.A.

Keeper of the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, and Fellow of Magdalen College.
Fellow of the British Academy. Excavated at Paphos, 1888; Naucratis, 1899 and
1903; Ephesus, 1904-1905; Assiut, 1906-1907. Director, British School at
Athens, 1897-1900. Director, Cretan Exploration Fund, 1899.

DAVID HANNAY.

Formerly British Vice-Consul at Barcelona. Author of Short History of the Royal Tourville, Comte de;
Navy; Life of Emilio Castelar; &c.

Assistant in the Department of Zoology, Natural History Museum, South Tsetse-fly.
Kensington.

EDWARD FAIRBROTHER STRANGE.

Assistant Keeper, Victoria and Albert Museum, South Kensington. Member of
Council, Japan Society. Author of numerous works on art subjects. Joint-editor
of Bell's Cathedral Series.

Utamaro.

Topelius, Zakris; Triolet;
Troubadour; Trouvère;
Usk, Thomas;

Vers de Société; Verse.

Managing Director of the British Electric Traction Co., Ltd. Author of Manual of Tramway.
Electrical Undertakings; &c.

ELLIS HOVELL MINNS, M.A.

University Lecturer in Palaeography, Cambridge. Lecturer and Assistant Librarian Tyras.
at Pembroke College, Cambridge. Formerly Fellow of Pembroke College.

Professor of Ancient History in the University of Berlin. Author of Geschichte des Vardanes.
Alterthums; Geschichte des alten Aegyptens; Die Israeliten und ihre Nachbarstämme.

EDMUND OWEN, F.R.C.S., LL.D., D.Sc.

Consulting Surgeon to St Mary's Hospital, London, and to the Children's Hospital,
Great Ormond Street, London. Chevalier of the Legion of Honour. Author of A
Manual of Anatomy for Senior Students.

REV. ETHELRED LUKE TAUNTON, (d. 1907).

Author of The English Black Monks of St Benedict; History of the Jesuits in England.

Tongue: Surgery;
Tonsillitis; Ulcer;
Varicose Veins;
Venereal Diseases.

Torquemada, Thomas.