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From Aquileia Ad Tricesimum

M. P. XXX.

Lonciun in the valley of the Gail, and by that valley | for believing that it anciently flowed to the NW., and the Puster Thal to join the preceding road at and disappeared in the Katavóthra of the marsh of Vipitenum, near the foot of the Brenner. The sta- Taki.* (Leake, Peloponnesiaca, p. 112, seq.) tions (few of which can be determined with any The two reputed sources of the Alpheius and Eucertainty) are thus given (Itin. Ant. p. 279):- rotas are found near the remains of Asea, at the copious source of water called Frangóvrysi; but whether the source of the Alpheius be really the vent of the lake of Taki, cannot be decided with certainty. These two fountains unite their waters, as Pausanias describes, and again sink into the earth. After passing under a mountain called Tzimbanú, the Alpheius reappears at Múrmara, probably Pegae. (Leake, Morea, vol. iii. p. 37, seq.)

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8. Another high road led from Aquileia eastward up the valley of the Wippach, and from thence across the barren mountainous tract of comparatively small elevation (the Mons Ocra), which separates it from the valley of the Savus, to Aemona in Pannonia. There can be no doubt that this pass, which presents no considerable natural difficulties, was from the earliest ages the highway of nations from the banks of the Danube into Italy, as it again became after the fall of the Roman empire. (P. Diac. ii. 10.) The distance from Aquileia to Aemona is given by the Itin. Ant. at 76 Roman miles, which cannot be far from the truth; but the intermediate stations are very uncertain.

[E. H. B.]

ALPHEIUS ('Aλpeiós: Ruféa, Rufiá or Rofid, and River of Karitena), the chief river of Peloponnesus, rises in the SE. of Arcadia on the frontiers of Laconia, flows in a westerly direction through Arcadia and Elis, and after passing Olympia falls into the Ionian Sea. The Alpheius, like several other rivers and lakes in Arcadia, disappears more than once in the limestone mountains of the country, and then emerges again, after flowing some distance underground. Pausanias (viii. 54. § 1, seq., 44. §4) relates that the source of the Alpheius is at Phylace, on the frontiers of Arcadia and Laconia; and that, after receiving a stream rising from many small fountains, at a place called Symbola, it flows into the territory of Tegea, where it sinks underground. It rises again at the distance of 5 stadia from Asea, close to the fountain of the Eurotas. The two rivers then mix their waters, and after flowing in a common channel for the distance of nearly 20 stadia, they again sink underground, and reappear, the Eurotas in Laconia, the Alpheius at Pegae, the Fountains, in the territory of Megalopolis in Arcadia. Strabo (p. 343) also states that the Alpheius and Eurotas rise from two fountains near Asea, and that, after flowing several stadia underground, the Eurotas reappears in the Bleminatis in Laconia, and the Alpheius in Arcadia. In another passage (p. 275) Strabo relates, that it was a common belief that if two chaplets dedicated to the Alpheius and the Eurotas were thrown into the stream near Asea, each would reappear at the sources of the river to which it was destined. This story accords with the statement of Pausanias as to the union of the waters from the two fountains, and their course in a common channel. The account of Pausanias is confirmed in many particulars by the observations of Colonel Leake and others. The river, in the first part of its course, is now called the Saránda, which rises at Krya Vrysi, the ancient Phylace, and which receives, a little below Krya Vrysi, a stream formed of several small mountain torrents, by which the ancient Symbola is recognised. On entering the Tegeatic plain, the Saranda now flows to the NE.; but there are strong reasons

Below Pegae, the Alpheius receives the HELISSON ('EMσúv: River of Daviá), on which Megalopolis was situated, 30 stadia from the confluence. Below this, and near the town of Brenthe (Karitena), the Alpheius flows through a defile in the mountains, called the pass of Lavdha. This pass is the only opening in the mountains, by which the waters of central Arcadia find their way to the western sea. It divides the upper plain of the Alpheius, of which Megalopolis was the chief place, from the lower plain, in which Heraea was situated. (Leake, Morea, vol. ii. p. 19, seq.) Below Heraea, the Alpheius receives the LADON (Addwv), which rises near Cleitor, and is celebrated in mythology as the father of Daphne. The Ladon is now called Rufen, Rufiá or Rofiá, by which name the Alpheius is called below its junction with the Ladon. In the upper part of its course the Alpheius is usually called the River of Karitena. Below the Ladon, at the distance of 20 stadia, the Alpheius receives the ERYMANTHUS ('Epúuaveos), rising in the mountain of the same name, and forming the boundary between Elis and the territories of Heraea in Arcadia. After entering Elis, it flows past Olympia, forming the boundary between Pisatis and Triphylia, and falls into the Cyparissian gulf in the Ionian sea. At the mouth of the river was a temple and grove of Artemis Alpheionia. From the pass of Lavdha to the sea, the Alpheius is wide and shallow: in summer it is divided into several torrents, flowing between islands or sandbanks over a wide gravelly bed, while in winter it is full, rapid, and turbid. Its banks produce a great number of large plane-trees. (Leake, Morea, vol. ii. p. 67, Peloponnesiaca, p. 8.)

Alpheius appears as a celebrated river-god in mythology; and it was apparently the subterranean passage of the river in the upper part of its course which gave rise to the fable that the Alpheius flowed beneath the sea, and attempted to mingle its waters with the fountain of Arethusa in the island of Ortygia in Syracuse. (Dict. of Biogr. art. Alpheius.) Hence Ovid calls the nymph Arethusa, Alphēras. (Met. v. 487.) Virgil (Aen. x. 179) gives the epithet of Alpheae to the Etruscan city of Pisae, because the latter was said to have been founded by colonists from Pisa in Elis, near which the Alpheius flowed.

ALSA, a small river of Venetia (Plin. iii. 18. s. 22) still called the Ausa, which flows into the lagunes of Marano, a few miles W. of Aquileia. Ă battle was fought on its banks in A. D. 340, between the younger Constantine and the generals of his brother Constans, in which Constantine himself was slain, and his body thrown into the river Alsa. (Victor, Epit. 41. § 21; Hieron. Chron. ad ann. 2356.)

*The preceding account will be made clearer by referring to the map under MANTINEIA.

-137.)

ALSIETI'NUS LACUS, a small lake in Etruria, about 2 miles distant from the Lacus Sabatinus, between it and the basin or crater of Baccano, now called the Lago di Martignano. Its ancient name is preserved to us only by Frontinus, from whom we learn that Augustus conveyed the water from thence to Rome by an aqueduct, named the Aqua Alsietina, more than 22 miles in length. The water was, however, of inferior quality, and served only to supply a Naumachia, and for purposes of irrigation. It was joined at CAREIAE, a station on the Via Claudia, 15 miles from Rome, by another branch bringing water from the Lacus Sabatinus. (Frontin. de Aquaed. §§ 11, 71.) The channel of the aqueduct is still in good preservation, where it issues from the lake, and may be traced for many miles of its course. (Nibby, Dintorni, vol. i. pp. 133 [E. H. B.] AʼLSIUM (AXσtov: Eth. Alsiensis: Palo), a city on the coast of Etruria, between Pyrgi and Fregenae, at the distance of 18 miles from the Portus Augusti (Porto) at the mouth of the Tiber. (Itin. Ant. p.301.) Its name is mentioned by Dionysius (i. 20) among the cities which were founded by the Pelasgians in connection with the aborigines, and afterwards wrested from them by the Tyrrhenians (Etruscans). But no mention of it occurs in history as an Etruscan city, or during the wars of that people with Rome. In B. C. 245 a Roman colony was established there, which was placed on the same footing with the other "coloniae maritimae;" and in common with these claimed exemption from all military service, a claim which was, however, overruled during the exigencies of the Second Punic War. (Vell. Pat. i. 14; Liv. xxvii. 38.) No subsequent notice of it occurs in history, but its name is mentioned by Strabo, Pliny, and Ptolemy, and we learn from an inscription of the time of Caracalla that it still retained its colonial rank, and corresponding municipal organisation. (Strab. pp. 225, 226; Plin. iii. 5. s. 8; Ptol. iii. 1. § 4; Gruter, Inscr. p. 271. 3.) It appears to have early become a favourite resort with the wealthy Romans as a place of retirement and pleasure (“maritimus et voluptarius locus:" Fronto, Ep. p. 207, ed. Rom.); thus we find that Pompey the Great had a villa there, and Caesar also, where he landed on his return from Africa, and at which all the nobles of Rome hastened to greet him. (Cic. pro Milon. 20, ad Fam. ix. 6, ad Att. xiii. 50.) Another is mentioned as belonging to Verginius Rufus, the guardian of Pliny, and we learn from Fronto that the emperor M. Aurelius had a villa there, to which several of his epistles are addressed. (Plin. Ep. vi. 10; Fronto, Ep. p. 205— 215.) At a later period the town itself had fallen into utter decay, but the site was still occupied by villas, as well as that of the neighbouring Pyrgi. (Rutil. Itin. i. 223.)

city of the OLCADES in Spain, not far from Carthago
Nova. Its capture was Hannibal's first exploit in
Spain. (Polyb. iii. 13; Steph. Byz. s. v.) Its position
is unknown. Livy calls it Carteia (xxi. 5). [P.S.]
ALTINUM (AXTIVOV: Altino), a city of Ve
netia situated on the border of the lagunes, and on
the right bank of the little river Silis (Sele) near
its mouth. We learn from the Itineraries that it
was distant 32 Roman miles from Patavium, and
31 from Concordia. (Itin. Ant. pp. 128, 281.)
Strabo describes it as situated in a marsh or lagune,
like Ravenna, and we learn that travellers were in
the habit of proceeding by water along the lagunes
from Ravenna to Altinum. Tacitus also speaks of
it as open to attack by sea; but at the present
day it is distant about 2 miles from the lagunes.
(Strab. p. 214; Vitruv. i. 4. § 11; Itin. Ant.
p. 126; Tac. Hist. iii. 6.) The first historical
mention of Altinum is found in Velleius Paterculus
(ii. 76) during the wars of the Second Triumvirate,
and it appears to have been then, as it continued
under the Roman Empire, one of the most con-
siderable places in this part of Italy. Pliny assigns
it only the rank of a municipium; but we learn
from inscriptions that it subsequently became a
colony, probably in the time of Trajan. (Plin. iii.
18. s. 22; Orell. Inscr. 4082; Zumpt de Colon.
p. 402.) Besides its municipal importance, the
shores of the adjoining lagunes became a favourite
residence of the wealthy Romans, and were gradually
lined with villas which are described by Martial
(iv. 25) as rivalling those of Baiae. The adjoining
plains were celebrated for the excellence of their
wool, while the lagunes abounded in fish of all
kinds, especially shell-fish. (Mart. xiv. 155; Plin.
xxxii. 11. s. 53; Cassiod. Ep. Varr. xii. 22.) It
was here that the emperor L. Verus died of apo-
plexy in A. D. 169. (Eutrop. viii. 10; Jul. Capit.
Ver. 9; Vict. de Caes. 15.) The modern village
of Altino is a very poor place; the period of the
decay or destruction of the ancient city is unknown,
but its inhabitants are supposed to have fled for
refuge from the invasions of the barbarians to Tor-
cello, an island in the lagunes about 4 miles distant,
to which the episcopal see was transferred in A. D.
635.
[E. H. B.]

ALTIS. [OLYMPIA.]

ALU'NTIUM or HALU'NTIUM ('AXOPTION, Ptol.; 'Aλoúvriov, Dion. Hal.: Eth. 'Aλortivos, Haluntinus), a city on the N. coast of Sicily, between Tyndaris and Calacta. Its foundation was ascribed by some authors to a portion of the companions of Aeneas, who remained behind in Sicily under a leader named Patron (Dionys. i. 51); but it probably was, in reality, a Sicelian town. No mention of it is found in Diodorus, nor is it noticed in history prior to the Roman conquest of Sicily. But in the time of Cicero it appears to have been a place of The site of Alsium is clearly fixed by the distance some importance. He mentions it as having suffrom Porto, at the modern village of Palo, a poor fered severely from the exactions of Verres, who, place with a fort and mole of the 17th century, in not content with ruinous extortions of corn, comthe construction of which many ancient materialspelled the inhabitants to give up all their ornamental have been used. Besides these, the whole shore to the E. of the village, for the space of more than a mile, is occupied by the remains of buildings which appear to have belonged to a Roman villa of imperial date, and of the most magnificent scale and style of construction. These ruins are described in detail by Nibby (Dintorni di Roma, vol. iii. pp. 527, 528). [E. H. B.] ALTHAEA ('Aλ@ala: Eth. 'ANĉaîos), the chief

plate. (Cic. Verr. iii. 43, iv. 23.) We learn from inscriptions that it retained the rank of a municipium, and was a flourishing town at least as late as the reign of Augustus.

Its site has been a matter of much dispute, but there are very strong arguments to prove that it occupied the same situation as the modern town of San Marco, which rises on a lofty hill of steep and difficult ascent, about 3 miles from the Tyrrhenian

ALYDDA.

AMANIDES.

sea. (Smyth's Sicily, p. 97.) This position exactly | Nicolochus. The Athenians, says Xenophon, erected accords with that described by Cicero, who tells us their trophy at Alyzia, and the Lacedaemonians in that Verres would not take the trouble to visit the the nearest islands. We learn from Scylax that the quod erat difficili ascensu atque island immediately opposite Alyzia was called Carnus, town himself " arduo," but remained on the beach below while he the modern Kalamo. (Thuc. vii. 31; Xen. Hell. sent Archagathus to execute his behests (iv. 23). v. 4. §§ 65, 66; Scylax, p. 13; Leake, Northern Various inscriptions also are preserved at S. Marco, Greece, vol. iv. p. 14, seq.) or have been discovered there, one of which begins with the words TO MOUVIKÍTIOV Tŵv 'Aλovτívwv. (Castell. Inser. Sicil. p. 55; Böckh, C. I. No. 5608.) Notwithstanding these arguments, Cluverius, following Fazello, placed Aluntium at a spot near S. Filadelfo, where the ruins of an ancient city were then visible, and regarded S. Marco as the site of Agathyrna. It must be admitted that this arrangement avoids some difficulties [AGATHYRNA]; but the above proofs in favour of the contrary hy(Cluver. Sicil. pothesis seem almost conclusive. p. 294; Fazell. de Reb. Sic. ix. 4. p. 384.) [E.H.B.]

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ALYDDA ("Aλudda), a town of Phrygia mentioned in the Peutinger Table. Arundell (Discoveries in Asia Minor, i. p. 105) gives his reasons for supposing that it may have been at or near Ushak, on the road between Sart and Afium Karahissar, and that it was afterwards called Flaviopolis. He found several Greek inscriptions there, but none that contained the name of the place.

[G. L.]

ALY'ZIA ('Aλugia, Thuc. vii. 31, et alii; Axea, Steph. Β. s. v. Εth. ̓Αλυζεύς, Αλυζαῖος, ̓Αλύζειος, ap. Böckh. Corpus Inscript. No. 1793: Kandili), a town on the west coast of Acarnania. According to Strabo it was distant 15 stadia from the sea, on which it possessed a harbour and a sanctuary, both dedicated to Heracles. In this sanctuary were some works of art by Lysippus, representing the labours of Heracles, which a Roman general caused to be removed to Rome on account of the deserted state The remains of Alyzia are still visible of the place. in the valley of Kandili. The distance of the bay of Kandili from the ruins of Leucas corresponds with the 120 stadia which Cicero assigns for the distance between Alyzia and Leucas. (Strab. pp. 450, 459; Cic. ad Fam. xvi. 2; Plin. iv. 2; Ptolem. Alyzia is said to have derived its name iii. 14.) son of Icarus. (Strab. p. 452; from Alyzeus, a It is first mentioned by ThucySteph. Byz. s. v.) dides. În B. C. 374, a naval battle was fought in the neighbourhood of Alyzia between the Athenians under Timotheus and the Lacedaemonians under

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AMA'DOCI ('Aμádoкоi), a people of Sarmatia Europaea, mentioned by Hellanicus (Steph. B. s. v.) Their country was called Amadocium. Ptolemy (iii. 5) mentions the Amadoci Montes, E. of the Borysthenes (Dnieper), as an E. prolongation of M. Peuce, and in these mountains the Amadoci, with a source of a river falling into the Borysthenes. The city Amodoca and a lake of the same name, the [P. S.] positions are probably in the S. Russian province of AMALEKITAE ('Aμаλnкîтai, Joseph. Ant. iii. Jekaterinoslav, or in Kherson. the grandson of Esau. (Gen. xxxvi. 9-12.) This 2; in LXX. 'Auaλ), the descendants of Amalek tribe of Edomite Arabs extended as far south as the peninsula of Mount Sinai, where "they fought with Israel in Rephidim" (Exod. xvii. 8, &c.) They occupied the southern borders of the Promised Land, between the Canaanites (Philistines) of the west coast, and the Amorites, whose country lay to the SW. of the Dead Sea. (Compare Gen. xiv. 7 with Numbers xiii. 29, xiv. 25, 43-45.) They dispos sessed the Ishmaelite Bedouins, and occupied their country" from Havilah unto Shur, that is before Egypt." (Compare Gen. xxv. 18 and 1 Sam. xv. 7.) They were nearly exterminated by Saul and David were destroyed by the Simeonites in the days of (1 Sam. xv., xxvii. 8, 9, xxx.); and the remnant Hezekiah. (1 Chron. iv. 42, 43.) They are the Edomites whom David smote in the Valley of Salt identical with Wady Malekh, about seven hours (2 Sam. viii. 12, 13; title to Psalm 1x.), doubtless south of Hebron (Reland's Palestine, pp. 78-82: [G. W.] Winer's Bib. Real. s. v.; Williams's Holy City, vol. i. appendix i. pp. 463, 464.)

AMA'NIDES PYLAE (Αμανίδες or ̓Αμανικαὶ tae Amani Montis (Plin. v. 27. s. 22). "There are, Пúλa), or Amanicae Pylae (Curtius, iii. 18), or PorThese are the says Cicero (ad Fam. xv. 4), "two passes from Syria into Cilicia, each of which can be held with a small force owing to their narrowness." passes in the Amanus or mountain range which runs northward from Rás el Khánzir, which promontory is at the southern entrance of the gulf of Iskenderun (gulf of Issus). This range of Amanus runs along the bay of Iskenderun, and joins the great mass of "There is nothing," says Cicero, speaking of this Taurus, forming a wall between Syria and Cilicia. range of Amanus," which is better protected against Syria than Cilicia." Of the two passes meant by Cicero, the southern seems to be the pass of Beilan, by which a man can go from Iskenderun to Antioch; this may be called the lower Amanian pass. The over which there is still a road from Bayas on the other pass, to which Cicero refers, appears to be NNE. of Issus, in the same range of mountains (Amanus), east side of the bay of Issus, to Marash: this northern pass seems to be the Amanides Pylae of Arrian and Curtius. It was by the Amanides Pylae (Arrian. Anab. ii. 7) that Darius crossed the mountains into Cilicia and came upon Issus, which Alexander had left shortly before. Darius was thus in the rear of Alexander, who had advanced as far as Myriandrus, the site of which is near Iskenderun. Alexander turned back and met the Persian king at the river

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Pinarus, between Issus and Myriandrus, where was fought the battle called the battle of Issus. The narrative of Arrian may be compared with the commentary of Polybius (xii. 17, 19).

Strabo's description of the Amanides (p. 676) is this: "after Mallus is Aegaeae, which has a small fort; then the Amanides Pylae, having an anchorage for ships, at which (pylae) terminate the Amanus mountains, extending down from the Taurus - and after Aegaeae is Issus, a small fort having an anchorage, and the river Pinarus." Strabo therefore places the Amanides Pylae between Aegae and Issus, and near the coast; and the Stadiasmus and Ptolemy give the same position to the Amanides. This pass is represented by a place now called Kara Kapu on the road between Mallus on the Pyramus (Jehan) and Issus. But there was another pass "which" (as Major Rennell observes, and Leake agrees with him)" crossing Mount Amanus from the eastward, descended upon the centre of the head of the gulf, near Issus. By this pass it was that Darius marched from Sochus, and took up his position on the banks of the Pinarus; by which movement Alexander, who had just before marched from Mallus to Myriandrus, through the two maritime pylae, was placed between the Persians and Syria." (Leake, Journal of a Tour in Asia Minor, p. 210.) This is the pass which has been assumed to be the Amanides of Arrian and Curtius, about NNE. of Issus. It follows from this that the Amanicae Pylae of Arrian (Anab. ii. 7) are not the Amanides of Strabo. Q. Curtius speaks of a pass which Alexander had to go through in marching from the Pyramus to Issus, and this pass must be Kara Kapu. Kara Kapu is not on the coast, but it is not far from it. If Strabo called this the Amanides Pylae, as he seems to have done, he certainly gave the name to a different pass from that by which Darius descended on Issus. There is another passage of Strabo (p. 751) in which he says: " adjacent to Gindarus is Pagrae in the territory of Antioch, a strong post lying in the line of the pass over the Amanus, I mean that pass which leads from the Amanides Pylae into Syria." Leake is clearly right in not adopting Major Rennell's supposition that Strabo by this pass means the Amanides. He evidently means another pass, that of Beilan, which leads from Iskenderun to Bakras or Pagras, which is the modern name of Pagrae; and Strabo is so far consistent that he describes this pass of Pagrae as leading from the pass which he has called Amanicae. Leake shows that the Amanides Pylae of Strabo are between Aegaeae and Issus, but he has not sufficiently noticed the difference between Strabo and Arrian, as Cramer observes (Asia Minor, vol. ii. p. 359). The map which illustrates Mr. Ainsworth's paper on the Cilician and Syrian Gates (London Geog. Journal, vol. viii. p. 185), and which is copied on the opposite page, enables us to form a more correct judgment of the text of the ancient writers; and we may now consider it certain that the Amanicae Pylae of the historians of Alexander is the pass NNE. of Issus, and that Strabo has given the name Amanides to a different pass. [G. L.]

AMA'NTIÄ ('Aμavría: Eth. 'AμavTIEús, Steph. B. 8. v.; 'Apavτivós, Ptol. ii. 16. § 3; Amantinus, Plin. iv. 10. s. 17. § 35; Amantianus, Caes. B. C. iii. 12; "Aμavres, Etym. M. s. v.; Amantes, Plin. iii. 23. s. 26. § 45), a town and district in Greek Illyria. It is said to have been founded by the Abantes of Euboea, who, according to tradition, settled near the Ceraunian mountains, and founded Amantia and

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Thronium. From hence the original name of Amantia is said to have been Abantia, and the surrounding country to have been called Abantis. (Steph. B. 8. υ. 'Αβαντίς, 'Αμαντία; Εtym. Μ. 8. v. Αμαντες; Paus. v. 22. § 3.) Amantia probably stood at some distance from the coast, S. of the river Aous, and on a tributary of the latter, named Polyanthes. (Lycophr. 1043.) It is placed by Leake at Niritza, where there are the remains of Hellenic walls. site agrees with the distances afforded by Scylax and the Tabular Itinerary, the former of which places Amantia at 320 stadia, and the latter at 30 Roman miles from Apollonia. Ptolemy speaks of an Amantia on the coast, and another town of the same name inland; whence we may perhaps infer that the latter had a port of the same name, more especially as the language of Caesar (B. C. iii. 40) would imply that Amantia was situated on the coast. Amantia was a place of some importance in the civil wars between Caesar and Pompey; and it continued to be mentioned in the time of the Byzantine emperors. (Caes. B. C. iii. 12, 40; Cic. Phil. xi. 11; Leake, Ancient Greece, vol. i. p. 375, seq.)

AMA'NUS ('Aμavós, тò 'Aμavóv), is described by Strabo as a detached part (ànóσnaoμa) of Taurus, and as forming the southern boundary of the plain of Cataonia. He supposes this range to branch off from the Taurus in Cilicia, at the same place where the Antitaurus branches off and takes a more northerly direction, forming the northern boundary of Cataonia. (Strab. p. 535.) He considers the Amanus to extend eastward to the Euphrates and Melitene, where Commagene borders on Cappadocia, Here the range is interrupted by the Euphrates, but recommences on the east side of the river, in a larger mass, more elevated, and more irregular in form. (Strab. p. 521.) He further adds: “the mountain range of Amanus extends (p. 535) to Cilicia and the Syrian sea to the west from Cataonis and to the south; and by such a division (diaσtáo€) it includes the whole gulf of Issus and the intermediate Cilician valleys towards the Taurus." This seems to be the meaning of the description of the Amanus in Strabo. Groskurd, in his German version (vol. ii. p. 448) translates diaoráσe simply by "extent" (ausdehnung); but by attending to Strabo's words and the order of them, we seem to deduce the meaning that the double direction of the mountain includes the gulf of Issus. And this agrees with what Strabo says elsewhere, when he makes the Amanus descend to the gulf of Issus between Aegae and Issus. [AMANIDES PYLAE.]

The term Amanus in Strabo then appears to be applied to the high ground which descends from the mass of Taurus to the gulf of Issus, and bounds the east side of it, and also to the highland which extends in the direction already indicated to the Euphrates, which it strikes north of Samosata (Someisút). The Jawur Dagh appears to be the modern name of at least a part of the north-eastern course of the Amanus. The branch of the Amanus which descends to the Mediterranean on the east side of the gulf of Issus is said to attain an average elevation of 5000 feet, and it terminates abruptly in Jebel Kheserik and Rás-el-Khánzir. This cape seems to be Rhosus, or the Rhosicus Scopulus of Ptolemy. There was near it a town Rhosus, which Stephanus (s. v. 'Pŵoos) places in Cilicia. Rhosus is now Arsus. There is another short range which is connected with Amanus, and advances right to the borders of the sea, between Rás-el-Khánzir and the

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MAP OF THE GULF OF ISSUS, AND OF THE SURROUNDING COUNTRY.

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