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Amphipolis soon became an important city, and was regarded by the Athenians as the jewel of their empire. In B. C. 424 it surrendered to the Lacedaemonian general Brasidas, without offering any resistance. The historian Thucydides, who com

time from the island of Thasos to save Eion, the port of Amphipolis, at the mouth of the Strymon, but too late to prevent Amphipolis itself from falling into the hands of Brasidas. (Thuc. iv. 103-107.) The loss of Amphipolis caused both indignation and alarm at Athens, and led to the banishment of Thucydides. In B. c. 422 the Athenians sent a large force, under the command of Cleon, to attempt the recovery of the city. This expedition completely failed; the Athenians were defeated with considerable loss, but Brasidas as well as Cleon fell in the battle. The operations of the two commanders are detailed at length by Thucydides, and his account is illustrated by the masterly narrative of Grote. (Thuc. v. 6-11; Grote, Hist. of Greece, vol. vi. p. 634, seq.)

an eminence on the left or eastern bank of the Strymon, just below its egress from the lake Cercinitis, at the distance of 25 stadia, or about three miles from the sea. (Thuc. iv. 102.) The Strymon flowed almost round the town, whence its name Amphi-polis. Its position is one of the most im-manded the Athenian fleet off the coast, arrived in portant in this part of Greece. It stands in a pass, which traverses tne mountains bordering the Strymonic gulf; and it commands the only easy communication from the coast of that gulf into the great Macedonian plains. In its vicinity were the gold and silver mines of Mount Pangaeus, and large forests of ship-timber. It was originally called Ennea Hodoi, or "Nine-Ways" ('Evvéa doo), from the many roads which met at this place; and it belonged to the Edonians, a Thracian people. Aristagoras of Miletus first attempted to colonize it, but was cut off with his followers by the Edonians, B. C. 497. (Thuc. l. c.; Herod. v. 126.) The next attempt was made by the Athenians, with a body of 10,000 colonists, consisting of Athenian citizens and allies; but they met with the same fate as Aristagoras, and were all destroyed by the Thracians at Drabescus, B. c. 465. (Thuc. i. 100, iv. 102; Herod. ix. 75.) So valuable, however, was the site, that the Athenians sent out another colony in B. C. 437 under Agnon, the son of Nicias, who drove the Thracians out of Nine-Ways, and founded the city, to which he gave the name of Amphipolis. On three sides the city was defended by the Strymon; on the other side Agnon built a wall across, extending from one part of the river to the other. South of the town was a bridge, which formed the great means of communication between Macedonia and Thrace. The following plan will illustrate the preceding account. (Thuc. iv. 102.)

PLAN OF THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF AMPHIPOLIS.

1. Site of Amphipolis. 2. Site of Eion.

3. Ridge connecting Amphipolis with Mt. Pangaeus.

4. Long Wall of Amphipolis: the three marks across indicate the gates.

5. Palisade (oraúpwua) connecting the Long Wall with the bridge over the Strymon.

6. Lake Cercinitis.

7. Mt. Cerdylium.

8. Mt. Pangaeus.

From this time Amphipolis continued independent of Athens. According to the treaty made between the Athenians and Lacedaemonians in B. C. 421, it was to have been restored to Athens; but its inhabitants refused to surrender to their former masters, and the Lacedaemonians were unable to compel them to do so, even if they had been so inclined. Amphipolis afterwards became closely allied with Olynthus, and with the assistance of the latter was able to defeat the attempts of the Athenians under Timotheus to reduce the place in B. c. 360. Philip, upon his accession (359) declared Amphipolis a free city; but in the following year (358) he took the place by assault, and annexed it permanently to his dominions. It continued to belong to the Macedonians, till the conquest of their country by the Romans in B. c. 168. The Romans made it a free city, and the capital of the first of the four districts, into which they divided Macedonia. (Dem. in Aristocr. p. 669; Diod. xvi. 3. 8; Liv. xlv. 29; Plin. iv. 10.)

The deity chiefly worshipped at Amphipolis appears to have been Artemis Tauropolos or Brauronia (Diod. xviii. 4; Liv. xliv. 44), whose head frequently appears on the coins of the city, and the ruins of whose temple in the first century of the Christian era are mentioned in an epigram of Antipater of Thessalonica. (Anth. Pal. vol. i. no. 705.) The most celebrated of the natives of Amphipolis was the grammarian Zoilus.

Amphipolis was situated on the Via Egnatia. It has been usually stated, on the authority of an anonymous Greek geographer, that it was called Chrysopolis under the Byzantine empire; but Tafel has clearly shown, in the works cited below, that this is a mistake, and that Chrysopolis and Amphipolis were two different places. Tafel has also pointed out that in the middle ages Amphipolis was called Popolia. Its site is now occupied by a village called Neokhório, in Turkish Jeni-Keui, or "NewTown." There are still a few remains of the ancient city; and both Leake and Cousinery found among them a curious Greek inscription, written in the Ionic dialect, containing a sentence of banishment against two of their citizens, Philo and Stratocles. The latter is the name of one of the two envoys sent from Amphipolis to Athens to request the assistance of the latter against Philip, and he is therefore probably the same person as the Stratocles

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AMPHISSA.

COIN OF AMPHIPOLIS.

AMYCLAE

mentioned in the inscription. (Tafel, Thessalonica, | phrysia vates. Statius (Silv. i. 4. 105) uses the AMPSAGA ('Auváya, Ptol.: Wad el Kebir, or p. 498, seq., De Via Egnatia, Pars Orient. p. 9; adjective Amphrysiacus in the same sense. Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iii. p. 181, seq.; chief rivers of N. Africa, not large, but important as Cousinery, Voyage dans le Macédoine, vol. i. p. 128.) Sufjimar, and higher up Wadi Roumel), one of the having been (in its lower course) the boundary between Mauretania and Numidia, according to the later extent of those regions (see the articles and AFRICA). It is composed of several streams, rising at different points in the Lesser Atlas, and forming two chief branches, which unite in 36° 35' N. lat., and about 6° 10' E. long., and then flow N. into the Mediterranean, W. of the promontory Tretum (Ras Seba Rous, i. e. Seven Capes). The upper course of the Ampsaga is the eastern of these two rivers AMPHISSA (Audioσa: Eth. 'Aupioσaîos, 'Aμ- (W. Roumel), which flows past Constantineh, the pooeús, Amphissensis: Adj. Amphissius: Súlona), ancient Cirta; whence the Ampsaga was called the chief town of the Locri Ozolae, situated in a Fluvius Cirtensis (Vict. Vit. de Pers. Vand. 2); the pass at the head of the Crissaean plain, and sur- Arabs still call it the River of Constantineh, as well rounded by mountains, from which circumstance it as Wadi Roumel. This branch is formed by several Caesarea. is said to have derived its name. (Steph. B. s. v.) streams, which converge to a point a little above Pausanias (x. 38. § 4) places it at the distance of Constantineh. Pliny (v. 2. s. 1) places the mouth 120 stadia from Delphi, and Aeschines (in Ctesiph. of the Ampsaga 222 Roman miles E. p. 71) at 60 stadia: the latter statement is the cor- (This is the true reading, not, as in the common rect one, since we learn from modern travellers that text, cccxxii., see Sillig.) Ptolemy (iv. 3. § 20) places the real distance between the two towns is 7 miles. it much too far E. A town, Tucca, at its mouth, According to tradition, Amphissa was called after a is mentioned by Pliny only; its mouth still forms a [P.S.] nymph of this name, the daughter of Macar and small port, Marsa Zeitoun. (Shaw, pp. 92, 93, granddaughter of Aeolus, who was beloved by Apollo. folio ed. Oxf. 1738, Exploration Scientifique de AMPSANCTI or AMSANCTI VALLIS, a ce(Paus. 1. c.) On the invasion of Greece by Xerxes, l'Algérie, vol. vii. p. 357.) many of the Locrians removed to Amphissa. (Herod. viii. 32.) At a later period the Amphictyons de-lebrated valley and small sulphureous lake in the clared war against the town, because its inhabitants heart of the Apennines, in the country of the Hirhad dared to cultivate the Crissaean plain, which pini, about 10 miles SE. of Aeculanum. The fine was sacred to the god, and had molested the pilgrims description of it given by Virgil (Aen. vii. 563— who had come to consult the oracle at Delphi. The 572) is familiar to all scholars, and its pestilential decree by which war was declared against the Am- vapours are also noticed by Claudian (De Rapt. phissians was moved by Aeschines, the Athenian Pros. ii. 349). It has been strangely confounded Pylagoras, at the Amphictyonic Council. The Am- by some geographers with the lake of Cutiliae near phictyons entrusted the conduct of the war to Philip Reate; but Servius, in his note on the passage, disof Macedon, who took Amphissa, and razed it to tinctly tells us that it was among the Hirpini, and the ground, B. C. 338. (Aesch. in Ctesiph. p. 71, this statement is confirmed both by Cicero and Pliny. seq.; Strab. p. 419.) The city, however, was after-(Cic. de Div. i. 36; Plin. ii. 93.) The spot is now wards rebuilt, and was sufficiently populous in B. C. 279 to supply 400 hoplites in the war against Brennus. (Paus. x. 23. § 1.) It was besieged by the Romans in B. C. 190, when the inhabitants took refuge in the citadel, which was deemed impregnable. (Liv. xxxvii. 5, 6.) When Augustus founded Nicopolis after the battle of Actium, a great many Aetolians, to escape being removed to the new city, took up their abode in Amphissa, which was thus reckoned an Aetolian city in the time of Pausanias (x. 38. § 4). This writer describes it as a flourishing place, and well adorned with public buildings. It occupied the site of the modern Salona, where the walls of the ancient acropolis are almost the only remains of the ancient city. (Leake, Northern Greece, vol. ii. p. 588, seq.)

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AMPHITROPE. [ATTICA.] AMPHRY'SUS ('Αμφρυσος). Phocis. See AMBRYSUS.

1. A town of

2. A small river in Thessaly, rising in Mt. Othrys, and flowing near Alus into the Pagasaean gulf. It is celebrated in mythology as the river on the banks of which Apollo fed the flocks of king Admetus. (Strab. pp. 433, 435; Apoll. Rhod. i. 54; Virg. Georg. iii. 2; Ov. Met. i. 580, vii. 229; Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iv. p. 337.) Hence the adjective Amphrysius is used in reference to Apollo. Thus Virgil (Aen. vi. 398) calls the Sibyl Am

called Le Mofete, a name evidently derived from
Mephitis, to whom, as we learn from Pliny, a temple
several recent travellers, whose descriptions agree
was consecrated on the site: it has been visited by
perfectly with that of Virgil; but the dark woods
with which it was previously surrounded have lately
been cut down. So strong are the sulphureous
vapours that it gives forth, that not only men and
animals who have incautiously approached, but even
birds have been suffocated by them, when crossing
the valley in their flight. It is about 4 miles dis
tant from the modern town of Frigento. (Roma-
[E.H.B.]
nelli, vol. ii. p. 351; Swinburne's Travels, vol. i. p.
128; Craven's Abruzzi, vol. ii. p. 218; Daubeny,
AMYCLA ('Αμύκλαι: Εth. 'Αμυκλαῖος, 'Αμυ
on Volcanoes, p. 191.)
Kλaιús, Amyclaeus), an ancient town of Laconia,
situated on the right or eastern bank of the Eurotas,
20 stadia S. of Sparta, in a district remarkable for
the abundance of its trees and its fertility. (Pol. v.
19; Liv. xxxiv. 28.) Amyclae was one of the most
celebrated cities of Peloponnesus in the heroic age.
It is said to have been founded by the Lacedae-
monian king Amyclas, the father of Hyacinthus, and
to have been the abode of Tyndarus, and of Castor
and Pollux, who are hence called Amyclaei Fratres.
(Paus. iii. 1. § 3; Stat. Theb. vii. 413.) Amyclae
is mentioned by Homer (Il. ii. 584), and it con-

rocky promontory projecting into the sea, was a vill
of Tiberius, called SPELUNCAE, from the natural
caverns in the rock, in one of which the emperor
nearly lost his life by the falling in of the roof, while
he was supping there with a party of friends. (Tar.
Ann. iv. 59; Suet. Tib. 39; Plin. iii. 5. s. 9.) The
ancient name of the locality is retained, with little
variation, by the modern village of Sperlonga, about
8 miles W. of Gaeta, where the grottoes in the rock
are still visible, with some remains of their ancient
architectural decorations. (Craven's Abruzzi, vol. i.
p. 73.)
[E H.B.]

A'MYDON ('Auvdúv), a town in Macedonia on the Axius, from which Pyraechines led the Paeonians to the assistance of Troy. The place is called Abydon by Suidas and Stephanus B. (Hom. I. ii. 849; comp. Strab. p. 330; Juv. iii. 69.)

tinued to maintain its independence as an Achaean | 115). In the immediate neighbourhood, but on a town long after the conquest of Peloponnesus by the Dorians. According to the common tradition, which represented the conquest of Peloponnesus as effected in one generation by the descendants of Hercules, Amyclae was given by the Dorians to Philonomus, as a reward for his having betrayed to them his native city Sparta. Philonomus is further said to have peopled the town with colonists from Imbros and Lemnos; but there can be no doubt that the ancient Achaean population maintained themselves in the place independent of Sparta for many generations. It was only shortly before the first Messenian war that the town was conquered by the Spartan king Teleclus. (Strab. p. 364; Conon, 36; Paus. iii. 2. § 6.) The tale ran, that the inhabitants of Amyclae had been so often alarmed by false reports of the approach of the enemy, that they passed a law that no one should mention the subject; and accordingly, when the Spartans at last came, and no one dared to announce their approach, " Amyclae perished through silence:" hence arose the proverb Amyclis ipsis taciturnior. (Serv. ad Virg. Aen. x. 564.) After its capture by the Lacedaemonians Amyclae became a village, and was only memorable by the festival of the Hyacinthia celebrated at the place annually, and by the temple and colossal statue of Apollo, who was hence called Amyclaeus. The throne on which this statue was placed was a celebrated work of art, and was constructed by Bathycles of Magnesia. It was crowned by a great number of bas-reliefs, of which an account is given by Pausanias (iii. 18. § 9, seq.; Dict. of Biogr. art. Bathycles).

The site of Amyclae is usually placed at Sklavokhóri, where the name of Amyclae has been found on inscriptions in the walls. But this place is situated nearly 6 miles from Sparta, or more than double the distance mentioned by Polybius. Moreover, there is every probability that Sklarokhori is a Sclavonian town not more ancient than the 14th century; and becoming a place of importance, some of its buildings were erected with the ruins of Amyclae. Accordingly Leake supposes Amyclae to have been situated between Sklavokhóri and Sparta, on the hill of Aghia Kyriaki, half a mile from the Eurotas. At this place Leake discovered, on an imperfect inscription, the letters AMT following a proper name, and leaving little doubt that the incomplete word was AMYKAAIOT. (Leake, Morea, vol. i. p. 135, seq., Peloponnesiaca, p. 162.)

AMYCLAE, a city on the coast of Campania, between Tarracina and Caieta, which had ceased to exist in the time of Pliny, but had left the name of Sinus Amyclanus to the part of the coast on which it was situated. (Plin. H. N. xiv. 8; Tac. Ann. iv. 59.) Its foundation was ascribed to a band of Laconians who had emigrated from the city of the same name near Sparta; and a strange story is told by Pliny and Servius of the inhabitants having been compelled to abandon it by the swarms of serpents with which they were infested. (Plin. H. N. iii. 5. s. 9, viii. 29. s. 43; Serv. ad Aen. x. 564.) Other writers refer to this city the legend commonly related of the destruction of the Laconian Amyclae, in consequence of the silence of its inhabitants; and the epithet applied to it by Virgil of tacitae Amyclae appears to favour this view. (Virg. Aen. x. 564; Sil. Ital. viii. 530.) The exact site is unknown, but it must have been close to the marshes below Fundi; whence Martial terms it " Amyclae Fundanae" (xiii.

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AMYMO'NE. [LERNA.]

A'MYRUS (Auupos: Eth. 'Auvpeús), a town in Thessaly, situated on a river of the same name falling into the lake Boebeis. It is mentioned by Hesiod as the "vine-bearing Amyrus." The surrounding country is called the Amyric plain (7 'Aμνρiкòν πédioν) by Polybius. Leake supposes the ruins at Kastri to represent Amyrus. (Hes. ap Strab. p. 442, and Steph. B. s. v.; Schol. ad Apoll. Rhod. i. 596; Val. Flacc. ii. 11; Pol. v. 99; Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iv. p. 447.)

AMYSTIS CAμvσTIs), an Indian river, a tributary of the Ganges, flowing past a city called Catadupae (Arrian. Ind. 4), which Mannert supposes, from its name, to have stood at the falls of the Upper Ganges, on the site of the modern Hardwar, which would make the Amystis the Patterea (Mannert, vol. v. pt. 1. p. 70). [P.S.]

AMY'ZOŃ ('Auv(v), an inconsiderable town of Caria. (Strab. p. 658.) The ruins of the citadel and walls exist on the east side of Mount Latmus, on the road from Bafi to Tchisme. The place is identified by an inscription. (Leake, Asia Minor, p. 238.) [G. L.]

ANABURA, a city of Phrygia (Liv. xxxviii 15) which lay on the route of the consul Cn. Manlius from Synnada to the sources of the Alander [ALANDER]; probably Kirk Hinn (Hamilton). [G. L.] ANACAEA. [ATTICA.]

ANACTO'RIUM('Ανακτόριον: Eth. Ανακτόριος), a town in Acarnania, situated on the Ambraciot gulf, and on the promontory, which now bears the name of C. Madonna. On entering the Ambraciot gulf from the Ionian sea it was the first town in Acarnania after Actium, from which it was distant 40 stadia, and which was in the territory of Anactorium. This town was for some time one of the most important places in this part of Greece. It was colonized jointly by the Corinthians and Corcyraeans; but in the war between these peoples, in B. c. 432, the Corinthians obtained sole possession of the place by fraud. It remained in the hands of the Corinthians till B. C. 425, when it was taken by the Acarnanians with the assistance of the Athenians, and the Corinthian settlers were expelled. Augustus removed its inhabitants to the town of Nicopolis, which he founded on the opposite coast of Epirus, and Strabo describes it as an emporium of the latter city. The site of Anactorium has been disputed, and depends upon the position assigned to Actium. It has however been shown that Actium must be placed at the entrance of the Ambraciot gulf on La Punta, and Anactorium on C. Madonna. [ACTIUM.]

ANAEA.

At the western extremity of the latter promontory are the ruins of a Greek town, about two miles in circumference, which Leake supposes to have been Anactorium. They are situated near a small church of St. Peter, which is the name now given to the place. Other writers place Anactorium at Vonitza, on the E. extremity of the promontory, but with less probability. (Thuc. i. 55, iii. 114, iv. 49, vii. 31; Strab. x. pp. 450-452; Dionys. i. 51; Paus. v. 23. § 3; Plin. iv. 1; Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iii. p. 493.)

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COIN OF ANACTORIUM.

ANANES.

town of some consideration; but though we are told
that it received a Roman colony by the command of
Drusus Caesar its colonial rank is not recognised
either by Pliny or by extant inscriptions. (Lib.
Colon. p. 230; Zumpt de Colon. p. 361; Plin. iii.
5. s. 9; Orell. Inscr. 120; Gruter. p. 464. 2, 3.) Its
territory was remarkably fertile (Sil. Ital. viii. 393),
and the city itself abounded in ancient temples and
sanctuaries, which, as well as the sacred rites con-
time of M. Aurelius, and are described by that em-
nected with them, were preserved unaltered in the
peror in a letter to Fronto. (Front. Epp. iv. 4.)
It was the birthplace of Valens, the general of
Vitellius. (Tac. Hist. iii. 62.)

Anagni continued throughout the middle ages to
be a city of importance, and is still an episcopal see,
with a population of above 6000 inhabitants.

It is remarkable that notwithstanding the prominent position held by Anagnia in early times it presents no trace of those massive ancient walls, for which all the other important cities of the Hernicans are so conspicuous: the only remains extant there are of Roman date, and of but little interest. (Dionigi, It is clear from the Viaggio nel Lazio, pp. 22, 23; Hoare's Classical Tour, vol. i. p. 320, &c.) statements both of Cicero and M. Aurelius that the ancient city occupied the same site as the modern one, about a mile from the Via Latina on a hill of considerable elevation: the station on that road called the COMPITUM ANAGNINUM, which is placed by the Itineraries at 8 miles from Ferentinum, must have been near the site of the modern Osteria, where the road still turns off to Anagni. We learn from Livy that there was a grove of Diana there. No traces remain of the circus beneath the city, mentioned by [E. H. B.] the same author, which was known by the singular epithet of "Maritimus." (Liv. ix. 42, xxvii. 4; Itin. ANAGYRU'S (Αναγυρούς, -οῦντος: Εth. ΑναAnt. pp. 302, 305, 306; Tab. Peut.) yupάotos), a demus of Attica belonging to the tribe Erechtheis, situated S. of Athens, near the promontory Zoster. Pausanias mentions at this place a temple of the mother of the gods. The ruins of Anagyrus have been found near Vari. (Strab. p. 398; Paus. i. 31. § 1; Harpocrat., Suid., Steph. ANAITICA or ANAITIS. [ARMENIA.] B.; Leake, Demi of Attica, p. 56.) ANAMARI. [ANANES.]

ANAEA. [ANNAEA.] ANA'GNIA ('Avαyvía: Eth. Anagninus), an anLatium in the more extended sense of cient city that term, but which in earlier times was the capital or chief city the Hernicans. It is still called Anagni, and is situated on a hill to the left of the Via Latina, 41 miles from Rome, and 9 from Ferentinum. Virgil calls it "the wealthy Anagnia" (Aen. vii. 684), and it appears to have in early ages enjoyed the same kind of pre-eminence over the other cities of the Hernicans, which Alba did over those of the Latins. Hence as early as the reign of Tullus Hostilius, we find Laevus Cispius of Anagnia leading a force of Hernican auxiliaries to the assistance of the Roman king. (Varro ap. Fest. s. v. Septimontio, p. 351; Niebuhr, vol. ii. p. 86.) At a later period we find C. Marcius Tremulus recorded as triumphing " de Anagninis Hernicisque." (Fast. Capit.) No separate mention of Anagnia occurs on occasion of the league of the Hernicans with Rome in B. c. 486; but it is certain that it was included in that treaty, and when after nearly two centuries of friendship the Hernicans at length became disaffected towards their Roman allies, it was the Anagnians who summoned a general council of the nation to meet in the circus beneath their city. At this congress war was declared against Rome: but they had miscalculated their strength, and were easily subdued by the arms of the consul C. Marcius Tremulus B. c. 306. For the prominent part they had taken on this occasion they were punished by receiving the Roman civitas without the right of suffrage, and were reduced to the condition of a Praefectura. (Liv. ix. 42, 43; Diod. xx. 80; Festus. s. v. Municipium, p. 127, and s.v. Praefectura, The period at which the city obtained the p. 233.) full municipal privileges, which it certainly appears to have enjoyed in the time of Cicero, is uncertain; but from the repeated allusions of the great orator (who had himself a villa in the neighbourhood) it is clear that it still continued to be a populous and flourishing town. Strabo also calls it "a considerable (Cic. pro Dom. 30, Philipp. ii. 41, ad city." Att. xii. 1; Strab. v. p. 238.) Its position on the Via Latina however exposed it to hostile attacks, and its territory was traversed and ravaged both by Pyrrhus (who according to one account even made himself master of the city) and by Hannibal, during his sudden advance from Capua upon Rome in B. C. (Appian. Samn. 10. 3; Liv. xxvi. 9.) Under the Roman empire it continued to be a municipal

211.

It was one ANAMIS (Avaus), a river of Carmania, which of the rivers at the mouth of which the fleet of is called Andanis by Pliny (vi. 25). Nearchus anchored on the voyage from the Indus to the head of the Persian Gulf. The place where the fleet stopped at the mouth of the river was called Harmozeia. (Arrian, Indic. c. 33.) The outlet of the Anamis was on the east side of the Persian Gulf, [G. L.] near 27° N. lat., and near the small island afterwards called Ormuz or Hormuz. The Anamis is the Ibrahim Rud or River.

ANANES ("Avaves), a tribe of Cisalpine Gauls, who,-according to Polybius (ii. 17), the only author who mentions them,-dwelt between the Padus and the Apennines, to the west of the Boians, and must consequently have been the westernmost of the Cispadane Gauls, immediately adjoining the Ligurians. It has been conjectured, with much plausibility, that the ANAMARI of the same author (ii. 32), a name equally unknown, but whom he places opposite to the Insubres, must have been the same people. (Schweigh. ad l. c.; Cluver. Ital. p. 265.) If so, they occupied the territory on which the colony of Pla

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centia was shortly after founded; and probably extended from the Trebia to the Tarus. [E.H.B.] ANAO PORTUS. [NICAEA.] A'NAPHE ('Avápn: Eth. 'Avapaios: Anaphe, Namfi or Namfio), one of the Sporades, a small island in the south of the Grecian Archipelago, E. of Thera. It is said to have been originally called Membliarus from the son of Cadmus of this name, who came to the island in search of Europa. It was celebrated for the temple of Apollo Aegletes, the foundation of which was ascribed to the Argonauts, because Apollo had showed them the island as a place of refuge when they were overtaken by a storm. (Orpheus, Argon. 1363, seq.; Apollod. i. 9. § 26; Apoll. Rhod. iv. 1706, seq.; Conon, 49; Strab. p. 484; Steph. B. s. v.; Plin. ii. 87, iv. 12; Ov. Met. vii. 461.) There are still considerable remains of this temple on the eastern side of the island, and also of the ancient city, which was situated nearly in the centre of Anaphe on the summit of a hill. Several important inscriptions have been discovered in this place, of which an account is given by Ross, in the work cited below. The island is mountainous, of little fertility, and still worse cultivated. It contains a vast number of partridges, with which it abounded in antiquity also. Athenaeus relates (p. 400) that a native of Astypalaea let loose a brace of these birds upon Anaphe, where they multiplied so rapidly that the inhabitants were almost obliged to abandon the island in consequence. (Tournefort, Voyage, &c., vol. i. p. 212, seq.; Ross, Ueber Anaphe und Anaphäische Inschriften, in the Transactions of the Munich Academy for 1838, p. 401, seq.; Ross, Reisen auf den Griechischen Inseln, vol. i. p. 401, seq.; Böckh, Corp. Inscr. No. 2477, seq.)

ANAPHLYSTUS ('Avápλvoтos: Eth. 'AvaPλVOTIOS: Anavyso), a demus of Attica, belonging to the tribe Antiochis, on the W. coast of Attica, opposite the island of Eleussa, and a little N. of the promontory of Sunium. It was a place of some importance. Xenophon recommended the erection of a fortress here for the protection of the mines of Sunium. (Herod. iv. 99; Scylax, p. 21; Xen. de Vectig. 4. § 43; Strab. p. 398; Leake, Demi, p. 59.) AÑA'PUS (Avaños). 1, (Anapo), one of the most celebrated and considerable rivers of Sicily, which rises about a mile from the modern town of Buscemi, not far from the site of Acrae; and flows into the great harbour of Syracuse. About three quarters of a mile from its mouth, and just at the foot of the hill on which stood the Olympieium, it receives the waters of the Cyane. Its banks for a considerable distance from its mouth are bordered by marshes, which rendered them at all times unhealthy; and the fevers and pestilence thus generated were among the chief causes of disaster to the Athenians, and still more to the Carthaginians, during the several sieges of Syracuse. But above these marshes the valley through which it flows is one of great beauty, and the waters of the Anapus itself are extremely limpid and clear, and of great depth. Like many rivers in a limestone country it rises all at once with a considerable volume of water, which is, however, nearly doubled by the accession of the Cyane. The tutelary divinity of the stream was worshipped by the Syracusans under the form of a young man (Ael. V. H. ii. 33), who was regarded as the husband of the nymph Cyane. (Ovid. Met. v. 416.) The river is now commonly known as the Alfeo, evidently from a misconception of the story of Alpheus and Arethusa; but is also called and marked

on all maps as the Anapo. (Thuc. vi. 96, vii. 78; Theocr. i. 68; Plut. Dion. 27, Timol. 21; Liv. xxiv. 36; Ovid. Ex Pont. ii. 26; Vib. Seq. p. 4; Oberlin, ad loc.; Fazell. iv. 1, p. 196.)

It is probable that the PALUS LYSIMELEIA ( Xíμvn ʼn Avoiμéλela kaλovμévη) mentioned by Thucydides (vii. 53), was a part of the marshes formed by the Anapus near its mouth. A marshy or stagnant pool of some extent still exists between the site of the Neapolis of Syracuse and the mouth of the river, to which the name may with some probability be assigned.

2. A river falling into the Achelous, 80 stadia S. of Stratus. [ACHELOUS.] [E.H.B.] ANA'REI MONTES (7à 'Avápea opn), a range of mountains in "Scythia intra Imaum," is one of the western branches of the Altai, not far from the sources of the Ob or Irtish. Ptolemy places in their neighbourhood a people called Anarei. (Ptol. vi. 14. §§ 8, 12, 13.)

ANARI'ACAE (Avapiákal, Strab.; Anariaci, Plin.; in Ptol. vi. 2. § 5, erroneously 'Auapiάkai), a people on the southern side of the Caspian Sea, neighbours of the Mardi or Amardi. Their city was called Anariaca ('Avapiáên), and possessed an oracle, which communicated the divine will to persons who slept in the temple. (Strab. xi. pp. 508, 514; Plin. vi. 16. s. 18; Solin. 51; Steph. B. s. v.)

ANARTES (Caes. B. G. vi. 25), ANARTI (Avaprot, Ptol. iii. 8. § 5), a people of Dacia, on the N. side of the Tibiscus (Theiss). Caesar defines the extent of the Hercynia Silva to the E. as ad fines Dacorum et Anartium. [P. S.]

ANAS (Avas: Guadiana, i. e. Wadi-Ana, river Anas, Arab.), an important river of Hispania, described by Strabo (iii. pp. 139, foll.) as rising in the eastern part of the peninsula, like the Tagus and the Baetis (Guadalquivir), between which it flows, all three having the same general direction, from E. to W., inclining to the S.; the Anas is the smallest of the three (comp. p. 162). It divided the country inhabited by the Celts and Lusitanians, who had been removed by the Romans to the S. side of the Tagus, and higher up by the Carpetani, Oretani, and Vettones, from the rich lands of Baetica or Turdetania. It fell into the Atlantic by two mouths, both navigable, between Gades (Cadiz), and the Sacred Promontory (C. St. Vincent). It was only navigable a short way up, and that for small vessels (p. 142). Strabo further quotes Polybius as placing the sources of the Anas and the Baetis in Celtiberia (p. 148). Pliny (iii. 1. s. 2) gives a more exact description of the origin and peculiar character of the Anas. It rises in the territory of Laminium; and, at one time diffused into marshes, at another retiring into a narrow channel, or entirely hid in a subterraneous course, and exulting in being born again and again, it falls into the Atlantic Ocean, after forming, in its lower course, the boundary between Lusitania and Baetica. (Comp. iv. 21. s. 35; Mela, ii. 1. § 3, iii. 1. § 3). The Antonine Itinerary (p. 446) places the source of the Anas (caput fluminis Anae) 7 M. P. from Laminium, on the road to Caesaraugusta. The source is close to the village of Osa la Montiel, in La Mancha, at the foot of one of the northern spurs of the Sierra Morena, in about 39° N. lat. and 2° 45′ W. long. The river originates in a marsh, from a series of small lakes called Lagunas de Ruydera. After a course of about 7 miles, it disappears and runs underground for 12 miles, bursting

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