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(Nepos, Themist. 10), was continued by Cambyses and his successors. [W. B. D.] ANDROS ("Avdpos: Eth. Avdpios, Andrius: Andro), the most northerly and one of the largest islands of the Cyclades, SE. of Euboea, 21 miles long and 8 broad. According to tradition it derived its name either from Andreus, a general of Rhadamanthus or from the seer Andrus. (Diod. v. 79; Paus. x. 13. S4; Conon, 44; Steph. B. s. v.) It was colonized by Ionians, and early attained so much importance as to send colonies to Acanthus and Stageira in Chalcidice about B. c. 654. (Thuc. iv. 84, 88.) The Andrians were compelled to join the fleet of Xerxes in his invasion of Greece, B. c. 480; in consequence of which Themistocles attempted to levy a large sum of money from the people, and upon their refusing to pay it, laid siege to their city, but was unable to take the place. (Herod. viii. 111, 121.) The island however afterwards became subject to the Athenians, and at a later time to the Macedonians. It was taken by the Romans in their war with Philip, B. C. 200, and given to their ally Attalus. (Liv. xxxi. 45.)

The chief city also called Andros, was situated nearly in the middle of the western coast of the island, at the foot of a lofty mountain. Its citadel strongly fortified by nature is mentioned by Livy (l. c.). It had no harbour of its own, but it used one in the neighbourhood, called Gaurion (Taúptov) by Xenophon (Hell. i. 4. § 22), and Gaureleon by Livy (l. c.), and which still bears the ancient name of Gavrion. The ruins of the ancient city are described at length by Ross, who discovered here, among other inscriptions, an interesting hymn to Isis in hexameter verse, of which the reader will find a copy in the Classical Museum (vol. i. p. 34, seq.). The present population of Andros is 15,000 souls. Its soil is fertile, and its chief productions are silk and wine. It was also celebrated for its wine in antiquity, and the whole island was regarded as sacred to Dionysus. There was a tradition that, during the festival of this god, a fountain flowed with wine. (Plin. ii. 103, xxxi. 13; Paus. vi. 26, §2.) (Thevenot, Travels, Part i. p. 15, seq.; Tournefort, Voyage, vol. i. p. 265, seq.; Fiedler, Reise, vol. ii. p. 221, seq.; and especially Ross, Reisen auf d. Griech. Inseln, vol. ii. p. 12, seq.)

COIN OF ANDROS.

P

ANDROS. [EDROS.] ANDU'SIA, a town known only from an inscription found at Nîmes, or at Anduse (Walckenaer, Géog. &c.). The name still exists in the small town of Anduse on the Gardon, called the Gardon d'Anduse, which flows into the Rhone on the right bank, between Avignon and Arles. (D'Anville, Notice, &c.) [G. L.] ANEMOREIA, subsequently ANEMOLEIA (Aveμúpeia, 'Aveμwλeia: Eth. 'Aveμwpeus), a town of Phocis mentioned by Homer, was situated on a height on the borders of Phocis and Delphi, and is said to have derived its name from the gusts of wind which blew on the place from the tops of Mt. Par

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ANEMO'SA ('Aveμŵσa), a village of Arcadia in the district Maenalia on the Helisson near Zibovísi. (Paus. viii. 35. § 9; Leake, Peloponnesiaca, p. 238.)

ANEMU'RIUM ('Aveμoúpiov: Cape Anamur), the most southern point of Asia Minor, which "terminates in a high bluff knob." Strabo (p. 669) places Anemurium at the nearest point of Cilicia to Cyprus. He adds that "the distance along the coast to Anemurium from the borders of Pamphylia (that is, from Coracesium) is 820 stadia, and the remainder of the coast distance to Soli is about 500 stadia." Beaufort (Karamania, p. 201) suspects that the numbers in Strabo have been accidentally misplaced in the MSS., " for from Anemurium to Soli is nearly double the distance of the former place from Coracesium." But the matter would not be set quite right merely by making the numbers change places, as the true distances will show.

Strabo does not mention a city Anemurium, but it is mentioned by Pliny (v. 27), by Ptolemy, and Scylax. Beaufort found there the indications of a considerable ancient town. The modern castle, which is on one side of the high bluff knob, is supplied with water by two aqueducts, which are channels cut in the rocks of the hills, but where they cross ravines they are supported by arches. Within the space enclosed by the fortified walls of the castle

there are the remains of two theatres. All the columns and the seats of the theatre have been carried away, probably to Cyprus. There is also a large necropolis full of tombs, the walls of which are still sound, though the tombs have been ransacked. It does not appear to what period these remains belong, but the theatres and aqueduct are probably of the Roman period. There are many medals of Anemurium of the time of the Roman emperors. [G.L.]

ANGE'A, a place in Thessaly in the district Thessaliotis, of uncertain site. (Liv. xxxii. 13.) A'NGELE. [ATTICA.]

ANGITES ('Ayyírns: A'nghista), a river of Macedonia, flowing into the lake Cercinitis, about 6 or 8 miles to the N of Amphipolis. (Herod. vii. 113; Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iii. p. 183.)

ANGITIAE LUCUS. [FUCINUS.]

ANGLII or ANGLI (Αγγελοι, "Αγγιλοι), were according to Tacitus (Germ. 40), and Ptolemy (ii. 11), a tribe of the German race of the Suevi. Tacitus does not mention the country they occupied; but, according to Ptolemy, they were the greatest tribe in the interior of Germany, extending further east than the Langobardi, and to the north as far as the river Albis. Subsequently, in connection with other tribes, they immigrated under the name of Anglo-Saxons into England. A district in Schleswig still bears the name of Angeln, but it is doubtful whether that name has any connection with the ancient Anglii. (Ledebur, in the Allgem. Archiv. für die Gesch. des Preuss. Staats, xiii. p. 75, foll.) [L. S.]

ANGRIVA'RII ('Ayypiovάpioi), a German tribe dwelling on both sides of the river Visurgis (Weser), but mainly in the territory between that river and the Albis (Elbe); they were separated in the south from the Cherusci by a mound of earth. (Tacit. Ann. ii. 19; Ptol. ii. 11. § 16.) Their name is commonly connected with the word Anger, that is, a meadow. The Angrivarii were at first on good terms with the Romans, but this relation was interrupted, though only for a short time, by an insurrection in a. D. 16,

ANGULUS.

when they joined the league of the Cherusci. The Germans were defeated on that occasion in two great battles, at Istavisus, and at a point a little more to the south. (Tacit. Ann. ii. 8, 22, 41.) About A. D. 100, when the Cheruscan league was broken up, the Angrivarii, in conjunction with the Chamavi, attacked the neighbouring Bructeri, and made themselves masters of their country, so that the country bearing in the middle ages the name of Angaria (Engern), became part of their territory. (Tacit. Germ. 34; comp. Wilhelm, Germanien, p. 162, foll.; Ledebur, Land u. Volk der Bructerer, pp. 121, 240, [L. S.] foll.) ANGULUS ('Ayyouλós: Eth. Angulanus), a city of the Vestini, mentioned both by Pliny and Ptolemy, as well as in the Itin. Ant. (p. 313), where the name is written Angelum, a corruption which appears to have early come into general use, and has given rise to a curious metamorphosis, the modern town retaining its ancient name as that of its patron saint: it is now called Civita Sant Angelo. It is situated on a hill, about 4 miles from the Adriatic, and S. of the river Matrinus (la Piomba) which separated the Vestini from the territory of Adria and Picenum. The Itinerary erroneously places it S. of the Aternus, in which case it would have belonged to the Frentani. (Plin. iii. 12. s. 17; Ptol. iii. 1. § 59; Cluver. Ital. p. 751; Romanelli, vol. iii. p. 254.) [E. H.B.] ANIGRAEA. [ARGOS.]

ANI'GRUS ("Aviypos: Mavro-potamó, i. e. Black
River), a small river in the Triphylian Elis, called
Minyeius (Mavunïos) by Homer (Il. xi. 721), rises
in Mt. Lapithas, and before reaching the Ionian sea
loses itself near Samicum in pestilential marshes.
Its waters had an offensive smell, and its fish were
This was ascribed to the Centaurs
not eatable.
having washed in the water after they had been
wounded by the poisoned arrows of Heracles. Near
Samicum were caverns sacred to the nymphs Ani-
grides ('Aviypides or Aviypiádes), where persons
with cutaneous diseases were cured by the waters of
the river. General Gordon, who visited these caverns
in 1835, found in one of them water distilling from
the rock, and bringing with it a pure yellow sulphur.
The Acidas, which some persons regarded as the
Iardanus of Homer, flowed into the Anigrus. (Strab.
PP. 344-347; Paus. v. 5. §§ 3, 7, seq. v. 6. § 3;
Ov. Met. xv. 281; Leake, Morea, vol. i. pp. 54, 66,
seq., Peloponnesiaca, pp. 108, 110; Ross, Reisen im
Peloponnes, vol. i. p. 105.)

ANINE TUM (AvivηTov), a town in Lydia of
uncertain site, the seat of a bishopric, of which coins
are extant, bearing the epigraph 'Avinolwv. (Hie-
rocl. p. 659, with Wesseling's note; Sestini, p. 105.)
A'NIO or A'NIEN (the latter form is the more
ancient, whence in the oblique cases ANIENIS,
ANIENE, &c. are used by all the best writers: but
the nominative ANIEN is found only in Cato, ap.
Priscian. vi. 3. p. 229, and some of the later poets.
Stat. Silv. i. 3. 20, 5. 25. Of the Greeks Strabo has
'Avíwv, Dionysius uses 'Avins,-ntos). A celebrated
river of Latium, and one of the most considerable of
the tributaries of the Tiber, now called the Teverone.
It rises in the Apennines about 3 miles above the
town of Treba (Trevi) and just below the modern
village of Filettino. (Plin. iii. 12. s. 17; Frontin.
de Aquaeduct. § 93; Strabo erroneously connects its
sources with the Lake Fucinus, v. p. 235.) From
thence it descends rapidly to Subiaco (Sublaqueum),
immediately above which it formed in ancient times
a small lake or rather a series of lakes, which were

ANNAEA.

probably of artificial construction, as all trace of
them has now disappeared. [SUBLAQUEUM.] It
flows from thence for about 10 miles in a NW.
direction, through a deep and narrow valley between
lofty mountains, until just below the village of
Roviano, where it turns abruptly to the SW. and
pursues its course in that direction until it emerges
from the mountains at Tibur (Tivoli), close to which
town it forms a celebrated cascade, falling at once
through a height of above 80 feet. The present
cascade is artificial, the waters of the river having
been carried through a tunnel constructed for the
purpose in 1834, and that which previously existed
was in part also due to the labours of Pope Sixtus V.;
but the Anio always formed a striking water-fall at
this point, which we find repeatedly mentioned by
ancient writers. (Strab. v. p. 238; Dionys. v. 37;
Hor. Carm. i. 7. 13; Stat. Silv. i. 3. 73, 5. 25;
Propert. iii. 16. 4.) After issuing from the deep
glen beneath the town of Tivoli, the Anio loses
much of the rapidity and violence which had marked
course through the plain of the Campagna till it
the upper part of its current, and pursues a winding
joins the Tiber about 3 miles above Rome, close to
the site of the ancient Antemnae. During this latter
part of its course it was commonly regarded as
forming the boundary between Latium and the Sabine
is great discrepancy among ancient authors. From
territory (Dionys. l. c.), but on this subject there
below Tibur to its confluence the Anio was readily
navigable, and was much used by the Romans for
bringing down timber and other building materials
from the mountains, as well as for transporting to
on its banks, especially from those near Tibur, which
the city the building stone from the various quarries
produced the celebrated lapis Tiburtinus, the Tra-
vertino of modern Italians. (Strab. v. p. 238; Plin.
iii. 5. s. 9.)

The Anio receives scarcely any tributaries of im-
portance: the most considerable is the DIGENTIA of
Horace (Ep. i. 18. 104) now called the Licenza
which joins it near Bardella (Mandela) about 9 miles
above Tivoli. Six miles below that town it receives
the sulphureous waters of the ALBULA. Several
other small streams fall into it during its course
through the Campagna, but of none of these have
the ancient names been preserved. The waters of the
Anio in the upper part of its course are very limpid
ancient times diverted by aqueducts for the supply
and pure, for which reason a part of them was in
of the city of Rome. The first of these, called for
distinction sake Anio Vetus, was constructed in
B. C. 271 by M'. Curius Dentatus and Fulvius
The
Flaccus: it branched off about a mile above Tibur,
and 20 miles from Rome, but on account of its ne-
cessary windings was 43 miles in length.
second, constructed by the emperor Claudius, and
known as the Anio Novus, took up the stream at
the distance of 42 miles from Rome, and 6 from
Sublaqueum: its course was not less than 58, or
according to another statement 62 miles in length,
and it preserved the highest level of all the numerous
[E. H. B.]
aqueducts which supplied the city. (Frontin. de
Aquaeduct. §§ 6, 13, 15; Nibby, Dintorni, vol. i.
pp. 156-160.)

ANITORGIS, or ANISTORGIS, a town in Spain of uncertain site, mentioned only by Livy (xxv. 32), supposed by some modern writers, but without sufficient reason, to be the same as Conistorsis. [CONISTORSIS.]

ANNAEA or ANAEA ("Avvaia, 'Avala: Eth.

'Avaîos, 'Avaiтns), is placed by Stephanus (s. v. 'Avaía) in Caria, and opposite to Samos. Ephorus says that it was so called from an Amazon Anaca, who was buried there. If Anaca was opposite Samos, it must have been in Lydia, which did not extend south of the Macander. From the expressions of Thucydides (iii. 19, 32, iv. 75, viii. 19), it may have been on or near the coast, and in or near the valley of the Maeander. Some Samian exiles posted themselves here in the Peloponnesian war. The passage of Thucydides (iv. 75) seems to make it a naval station, and one near enough to annoy Samos. The conclusion, then, is, that it was a short distance north of the Maeander, and on the coast; or if not on the coast, that it was near enough to have a station for vessels at its command.

[G. L.] A'NNIBI MONTES (тà "Avviba opn, Ptol. vi. 16), ANNIVA (Ammian. xxiii. 6), one of the principal mountain chains of Asia, in the extreme NE. of Scythia, and running into Serica: corresponding, apparently, to the Little Altai or the NE. part of the Altai chain.

[P.S.]

ANOPAEA. [THERMOPYLAE.] ANSIBA'RII or AMPSIVA'RII, that is, "sailors on the Ems" (Emsfahrer), a German tribe dwelling about the lower part of the river Amisia (Ems). During the war of the Romans against the Cherusci, the Ansibarii, like many of the tribes on the coast of the German ocean, supported the Romans, but afterwards joined the general insurrection called forth by Arminius, and were severely chastised for it by Germanicus. In A. D. 59, the Ansibarii, according to Tacitus (Ann. xiii. 55, 56), were expelled from their seats by the Chauci, and being now homeless they asked the Romans to allow them to settle in the country between the Rhine and Yssel, which was used by the Romans only as a pasture land for their horses. But the request was haughtily rejected by the Roman commander Avitus, and the Ansibarii now applied for aid to the Bructeri and Tenchteri; but being abandoned by the latter, they applied to the Usipii and Tubantes. Being rejected by these also, they at last appealed to the Chatti and Cherusci, and after long wanderings, and enduring all manner of hardships, their young men were cut to pieces, and those unable to bear arms were distributed as booty. It has been supposed that a remnant of the Ansibarii must have maintained themselves somewhere and propagated their race, as Ammianus Marcellinus (xx. 10) mentions them in the reign of Julian as forming a tribe of the Franks; but the reading in Amm. Marcellinus is very uncertain, the MSS. varying between Attuarii, Ampsivarii, and Ansuarii. It is equally uncertain as to whether the tribe mentioned by Strabo (p. 291, 292) as "Aμfavor and Kauiavol are the same as the Ansibarii or not. (Comp. Ledebur, Land u. Volk der Bructerer, p. 90, foll.) [L. S.]

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and Hadrian are still extant. The site of Antaeopolis is now occupied by a straggling village Goel-Kebéer. A few blocks near the river's edge are all that remains of the temple of Antaeus. One of them is inscribed with the names of Ptolemaeus Philopator and his queen Arsinoe. Its last vertical column was carried away by an inundation in 1821. But the ruins had been previously employed as materials for building a palace for Ibrahim Pasha. The worship of Antaeus was of Libyan origin. (Dictionary of Biography, s. v.) [W. B. D.]

ANTANDRUS ("Αντανδρος: Eth. Αντάνδριος: Antandro), a city on the coast of Troas, near the head of the gulf of Adramyttium, on the N. side, and W. of Adramyttium. According to Aristotle (Steph. B. s. v. Avтavôpos), its original name was Edonis, and it was inhabited by a Thracian tribe of Edoni, and he adds "or Cimmeris, from the Cimmerii inhabiting it 100 years." Pliny (v. 30) appears to have copied Aristotle also. It seems, then, that there was a tradition about the Cimmerii having seized the place in their incursion into Asia, of which tradition Herodotus speaks (i. 6). Herodotus (vii. 42) gives to it the name Pelasgis. Again, Alcaeus (Strab. p. 606) calls it a city of the Leleges. From these vague statements we may conclude that it was a very old town; and its advantageous position at the foot of Aspaneus, a mountain belonging to Ida, where timber was cut, made it a desirable possession. Virgil makes Aeneas build his fleet here (Aen. iii. 5). The tradition as to its being settled from Andros (Mela, i. 18) seems merely founded on a ridiculous attempt to explain the name. It was finally an Aeolian settlement (Thuc. viii. 108), a fact which is historical.

Antandros was taken by the Persians (Herod. v. 26) shortly after the Scythian expedition of Darius. In the eighth year of the Peloponnesian war it was betrayed by some Mytilenaeans and others, exiles from Lesbos, being at that time under the supremacy of Athens; but the Athenians soon recovered it. (Thuc. iv. 52, 75.) The Persians got it again during the Peloponnesian war; but the townspeople, fearing the treachery of Arsaces, who commanded the garrison there for Tissaphernes, drove the Persians out of the acropolis, B. C. 411. (Thuc. viii. 108.) The Persians, however, did not lose the place. (Xen. Hell. i. 1. § 25.) [G. L.]

ANTA'RADUS ('Avтápados, Ptol. v. 15. § 16; Hierocles, p.716: Tartus), a town of Phoenicia, situated at its northern extremity, and on the mainland over against the island of Aradus, whence its name. According to the Antonine Itinerary and Peutinger Table, it was 24 M. P. from Balanea, and 50 M. P. from Tripolis. The writer in Ersch and Grüber's Encyclopädie (s. v.) places Antaradus on the coast about 2 miles to the N. of Aradus, and identifies it with Carne (Steph. B. s. v.) or Carnos, the port of ANSOBA. [AUSOBA.] Aradus, according to Strabo (xvi. p. 753; comp. Plin. ANTAEOPOLIS ('Ανταίου πόλις, Ptol. iv. 5. v. 18). It was rebuilt by the emperor Constantius, § 71; Steph. B. s. v.; Plin. v. 9. §§ 9, 38; Plut. de A. D. 346, who gave it the name of Constantia. Solert. Anim. 23; It. Anton. p. 731: Eth. 'Avraio- (Cedren. Hist. Comp. p. 246.) It retained, howTOλÍTηs), was the capital of the Antaeopolite nome ever, its former name, as we find its bishops under in Upper Egypt. It stood upon the eastern bank of both titles in some councils after the reign of Conthe Nile, in lat. 27° 11' N. The plain below Antaeo- stantius. In the crusades it was a populous and polis was the traditional scene of the combat be- well fortified town (Guil. Tyr. vii. 15), and was tween Isis and Typhon, in which the former avenged known under the name of Tortosa (Tasso, Gerusaherself for the murder of her brother-husband Osiris. lem. Liberata, i. 6; Wilken, Die Kreuzz, vol. i. (Diod. i. 21.) Under the Christian emperors of p. 255, ii. p. 200, vii. p. 340,713). By Maundrell Rome, Antaeopolis was the centre of an episcopal and others the modern Tartus has been confounded Medals struck at this city in the age of Trajan | with Arethusa, but incorrectly. It is now a mean

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village of 241 taxable Moslems and 44 Greeks, according to the American missionaries. (Bibliotheca Sacra, vol. v. p. 247.) The walls, built of heavy bevelled stones, are still remaining - the most imposing specimen of Phoenician fortification in Syria. (Mémoires sur les Pheniciens par l'Abbé Mignot, Acad. des Belles Lettres, vol. xxxiv. p. 239; Edrisi, par Jaulert, p. 129, 130.)

[E. B. I.]

ANTEMNAE (Ávтéμvas: Eth. Antemnas, atis), a very ancient city of Latium situated only three miles from Rome, just below the confluence of the Anio with the Tiber. It derived its name from this position, ante amnem. (Varr. de L. L. v. § 28; Fest. p. 17; Serv. ad Aen. vii. 631.) All authors agree in representing it as a very ancient city. Virgil mentions the "tower-bearing Antemnae" among the five great cities which were the first to take up arms against the Trojans (Aen. vii. 631), and Silius Italicus tells us that it was even more ancient than Crustumium (prisco Crustumio prior, viii. 367). Dionysius calls it a city of the Aborigines, and in one passage says expressly that it was founded by them: while in another he represents them as wresting it from the Siculi (i. 16, ii. 35). From its proximity to Rome it was naturally one of the first places that came into collision with the rising city; and took up arms together with Caenina and Crustumerium to avenge the rape of the women. They were however unsuccessful, the city was taken by Romulus, and part of the inhabitants removed to Rome, while a Roman colony was sent to supply their place. (Liv. i. 10, 11; Dionys. ii. 32-35; Plut. Romul. 17.) Plutarch erroneously supposes Antemnae to have been a Sabine city, and this view has been adopted by many modern writers; but both Livy and Dionysius clearly regard it as of Latin origin, and after the expulsion of the kings it was one of the first Latin cities that took up arms against Rome in favour of the exiled Tarquin (Dionys. v. 21). But from this time its name disappears from history as an independent city: it is not found in the list of the 30 cities of the Latin league, and must have been early destroyed or reduced to a state of complete dependence upon Rome. Varro (l. c.) speaks of it as a decayed place; and though Dionysius tells us it was still inhabited in his time (i. 16) we learn from Strabo (v. p. 230) that it was a mere village, the property of a private individual. Pliny also enumerates it among the cities of Latium which were utterly extinct (iii. 5. s. 9). The name is however mentioned on occasion of the great battle at the Colline Gate, B. c. 82, when the left wing of the Samnites was pursued by Crassus as far as Antemnae, where the next morning they surrendered to Sulla. (Plut. Sull. 30.) At a much later period we find Alaric encamping on the site when he advanced upon Rome in A. D. 409. This is the last notice of the name, and the site has probably continued ever since in its present state of desolation. Not a vestige of the city now remains, but its site is so clearly marked by nature as to leave no doubt of the correctness of its identification. It occupied the level summit of a hill of moderate extent, surrounded on all sides by steep declivities, which rises on the left of the Via Salaria, immediately above the flat meadows which extend on each side of the Anio and the Tiber at their confluence. (Gell's Topogr. of Rome, p. 65; Nibby, Dintorni di Roma, vol. i. p. 163; Dennis's Etruria, vol. i. p. 64.) [E. H. B.]

ANTHE DON ('Avondáv: Eth. 'Avondóvios, Anthedonius), a town of Boeotia, and one of the cities

of the League, was situated on the Euripus or the Euboean sea at the foot of Mt. Messapius, and was distant, according to Dicaearchus, 70 stadia from Chalcis and 160 from Thebes. Anthedon is mentioned by Homer (Il. ii. 508) as the furthermost town of Boeotia. The inhabitants derived their origin from the sea-god Glaucus, who is said to have been originally a native of the place. They appear to have been a different race from the other people of Boeotia, and are described by one writer (Lycophr. 754) as Thracians. Dicaearchus informs us that they were chiefly mariners, shipwrights and fishermen, who derived their subsistence from trading in fish, purple, and sponges. He adds that the agora was surrounded with a double stoa, and planted with trees. We learn from Pausanias that there was a sacred grove of the Cabeiri in the middle of the town, surrounding a temple of those deities, and near it a temple of Demeter. Outside the walls was a temple of Dionysus, and a spot called "the leap of Glaucus." The wine of Anthedon was celebrated in antiquity. The ruins of the town are situated 1 mile from Lukisi. (Dicaearch. Bíos 'EXλádos, p. 145, ed. Fuhr; Strab. pp. 400, 404, 445; Paus. ix. 22. § 5, ix. 26. § 2; Athen. pp. 31, 296, 316, 679; Steph. B. s. v.; Ov. Met. vii. 232, xiii. 905; Leake, Northern Greece, vol. ii. p. 272.)

ANTHEDON ('Ανθηδών: Eth. ̓Ανθηδονίτης), a city on the coast of Palestine, 20 stadia distant from Gaza (Sozomen. Hist. Eccles. v. 9), to the south-west. Taken and destroyed by Alexander Jannaeus. (Joseph. Ant. xiii. 13. § 3; comp. 15. §4.) Restored by Gabinius (xiv. 5. § 3). Added to the dominions of Herod the Great by Augustus (xv. 7. §3). Its name was changed to Agrippias by Herod. (Joseph. Ant. xiii. 13. §3.) In the time of Julian it was much addicted to Gentile superstition and idolatry (Sozomen. 1. c.), particularly to the worship of Astarté or Venus, as appears from a coin of Antoninus and Caracalla, given by Vaillant (Numism. Colon. p. 115). [G.W.]

ΑΝΤΗΕΙΑ (Ανθεια : Eth. Ανθεύς). 1. A town in Messenia, mentioned by Homer (IÍ. ix. 151), who gives it the epithet Balvλeíμwv, supposed by later writers to be the same as Thuria, though some identified it with Asine. (Strab. viii. p. 360; Paus. iv. 31. § 1; Leake, Morea, vol. i. p. 453.)

2. A town in Troezene, founded by Anthes. (Paus. ii. 30. § 8; Steph. B. s. v.)

3. [PATRAE.]

4. A town on the Hellespont, founded by the Milesians and Phocaeans. (Steph. B. s. v.; Eustath. ad Hom. p. 743, 22.)

ANTHE'LA. [THERMOPYLAE.]

A'NTHEMUS ('Ανθεμούς, -οῦντος: Eth. Ανθε μovotos), a town of Macedonia of some importance, belonging to the early Macedonian monarchy. It appears to have stood SE. of Thessalonica and N. of Chalcidice, since we learn from Thucydides that its territory bordered upon Bisaltia, Crestonia and Mygdonia. It was given by Philip to the Olynthians. Like some of the other chief cities in Macedonia, it gave its name to a town in Asia. (Steph. B. s. v.) It continued to be mentioned by writers under the Roman empire. (Herod. v. 94; Thuc. ii. 99, 100; Dem. Phil. ii. p. 70, ed. Reisk.; Diod. xv. 8; Plin. iv. 10. s. 17. § 36; Liban. Declam. xiii.; Aristid. ii. 224; Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iii. p. 450.) ANTHEMU'SIA. [MYGDONIA.]

ANTHEMU'SIA ('Ανθεμουσία, Ανθεμούς: Eth. 'Avbeμovσios), a town of Mesopotamia. Strabo (p.

347) speaks of the Aborras (Khabur) flowing around or about Anthemusia, and it seems that he must mean the region Anthemusia. Tacitus (Ann. vi. 41) gives the town what is probably its genuine Greek name, Anthemusias, for it was one of the Macedonian foundations in this country. According to Isidore of Charax, it lies between Edessa (Orfa) and the Euphrates, 4 schoeni from Edessa. There is another passage in Strabo in which he speaks of Anthemusia as a place (TÓTOS) in Mesopotamia, and he seems to place it near the Euphrates. In the notes to Harduin's Pliny (v. 24), a Roman brass coin of Anthemusia or Anthemus, as it was also called, is mentioned, of the time of Caracalla, with the epigraph Av0eμovoiwv. [G. L.] ANTHE'NE ('Avonun, Thuc.; 'Av@áva, Steph. B. s. v.; 'Ahn, Paus.: Eth. 'Av@aveús, Steph. B.), a town in Cynuria, originally inhabited by the Aeginetans, and mentioned by Thucydides along with Thyrea, as the two chief places in Cynuria. Modern travellers are not agreed respecting its site. (Thuc. v. 41; Paus. iii. 38. § 6; Harpocr. s. v.; Leake, Morea, vol. ii. p. 494; Boblaye, p. 69; Ross, Peloponnes, p. 163.)

| Anticyram, when a person acted foolishly. (Hor. Sat. ii. 3. 83, 166; comp. Ov. e Pont. iv. 3. 53; Pers. iv. 16; Juv. xiii. 97.) The hellebore grew in great quantities around the town: Pausanias mentions two kinds, of which the root of the black was used as a cathartic, and that of the white as an emetic. (Strab. 1. c.; Paus. x. 36. § 7.) There are very few ancient remains at Aspra Spitia, but Leake discovered here an inscription containing the name of Anticyra. (Leake, Northern Greece, vol. ii. p. 541, seq.)

2. A town in Thessaly in the district Malis at the mouth of the Spercheus. (Herod. vii. 198; Strab. pp. 418, 434.) According to Stephanus (8. v. 'ArTíkupai) the best hellebore was grown at this place, and one of its citizens exhibited the medicine to Heracles, when labouring under madness in this neighbourhood.

3. A town in Locris, which most modern commentators identify with the Phocian Anticyra. [No. 1.] Livy, however, expressly says (xxvi. 26) that the Locrian Anticyra was situated on the left hand in entering the Corinthian gulf, and at a short distance both by sea and land from Naupactus; whereas the Phocian Anticyra was nearer the ex

ANTHYLLÁ (Av@vλλa, Herod. ii. 97; 'Av-tremity than the entrance of the Corinthian gulf, TUMλa, Athen. i. p. 33; Steph. B. s. v.: Eth. 'Av- and was 60 miles distant from Naupactus. MoreOuλλaîos), was a considerable town upon the Canobic over Strabo speaks of three Anticyrae, one in Phocis, branch of the Nile, a few miles SE. of Alexandreia. a second on the Maliac gulf (p. 418), and a third Its revenues were assigned by the Persian kings of in the country of the western Locri, or Locri Ozolae Egypt to their queens, to provide them, Herodotus (p. 434). Horace, likewise, in a well-known passage says, with sandals; Athenaeus says, with girdles. (Ars Poët. 300) speaks of three Anticyrae, and From this usage, Anthylla is believed by some geo-represents them all as producing hellebore. (Leake, graphers to be the same city as Gynaecopolis, which, however, was further to the south than Anthylla. (Mannert, Geogr. der Gr. und Rom. vol. x. p. 596.) [ANDROPOLIS]. Athenaeus commends the wine of Anthylla as the best produced by Egyptian vineyards. [W. B. D.] ANTICINO'LIS. [CINOLIS, or CIMOLIS.] ANTICIRRHA. [ANTICYRA.] ANTI'CRAGUS. [CRAGUS.]

ANTI'CYRA ('AvTiKippa, Dicaearch., Strab., perhaps the most ancient form; next 'AvTíкuppa, Eustath. ad I. ii. 520; Ptol. iii. 15. § 4; and lastly 'AUTĺkupa, which the Latin writers use: Eth. 'AvTiκυρεύς, Αντικυραῖος).

1. (Aspra Spitia), a town in Phocis, situated on a peninsula (which Pliny and A. Gellius erroneously call an island), on a bay (Sinus Anticyranus) of the Corinthian gulf. It owed its importance to the excellence of its harbour on this sheltered gulf, and to its convenient situation for communications with the interior. (Dicaearch. 77; Strab. p. 418; Plin. xxv. 5. s. 21; Gell. xvii. 13; Liv. xxxii. 18; Paus. x. 36. § 5, seq.) It is said to have been originally called Cyparissus, a name which Homer mentions (Il. ii. 519; Paus. l. c.) Like the other towns of Phocis it was destroyed by Philip of Macedon at the close of the Sacred War (Paus. x. 3. § 1, x. 36. § 6); but it soon recovered from its ruins. It was taken by the consul T. Flamininus in the war with Philip B. C. 198, on account of its convenient situation for military purposes (Liv. l. c.) It continued to be a place of importance in the time both of Strabo and of Pausanias, the latter of whom has described some of its public buildings. Anticyra was chiefly celebrated for the production and preparation of the best hellebore in Greece, the chief remedy in antiquity for madness. Many persons came to reside at Anticyra for the sake of a more perfect cure. (Strab. I. c.) Hence the proverb 'Avτikippas σe deî, and Naviget

Ibid. p. 543.)

ANTIGONEIA (Αντιγόνεια, Αντιγονία, Antigonea, Liv.: Eth. 'Avtiyoveús, Antigonensis). 1. A town of Epirus in the district Chaonia, on the Aous and near a narrow pass leading from Illyria into Chaonia. (Τὰ παρ' Αντιγόνειαν στενά, Pol. ii. 5, 6; ad Antigoneam fauces, Liv. xxxii. 5.) The town was in the hands of the Romans in their war with Perseus. (Liv. xliii. 23.) It is mentioned both by Pliny (iv. 1) and Ptolemy (iii. 14. § 7).

2. A town of Macedonia in the district Crusis in

Chalcidice, placed by Livy between Aeneia and Pallene. (Liv. xliv. 10.) It is called by Ptolemy (iii. 13. §38) Psaphara (Yapapá) probably in order to distinguish it from Antigoneia in Paeonia. (Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iii. p. 460.)

3. A town of Macedonia in Paeonia, placed in the Tabular Itinerary between Stena and Stobi. (Seymnus, 631; Plin. iv. 10 s. 17; Ptolem. iii. 13. § 36.)

4. The later name of Mantineia. [MANTINELA.]

5. A city in Syria on the Orontes, founded by Antigonus in B. C. 307, and intended to be the capital of his empire. After the battle of Ipsus, B. c. 301, in which Antigonus perished, the inhabitants of Antigoneia were removed by his successful rival Seleucus to the city of Antioch, which the latter founded a little lower down the river. (Strab. xvi. p. 750; Diod. xx. 47; Liban. Antioch. p. 349; Malala, p. 256.) Diodorus erroneously says that the inhabitants were removed to Seleucia. Antigoneia continued, however, to exist, and is mentioned in the war with the Parthians after the defeat of Crassus. (Dion Cass. xl. 29.)

6. An earlier name of Alexandreia Troas. [ALEXANDREIA TROAS, p. 102, b.]

7. An earlier name of Nicaea in Bithynia. [NICAEA.]

ANTILI'BANUS (AVTINíbavos: Jebel eshShirki), the eastern of the two great parallel ridges

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