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only one road in Acarnania, which led from Actium along the coast to Calydon in Aetolia.

ACCI (AKK: Guadix el viejo, between Granada and Baza), a considerable inland city of Hispania Tarraconensis, on the borders of Baetica; under the Romans a colony, with the Jus Latinum, under the full name of Colonia Julia Gemella Accitana. Its coins are numerous, bearing the heads of Augustus, Tiberius, Germanicus, Drusus, and Caligula, and the ensigns of the legions iii. and vi., from which it was colonised by Julius or Augustus, and from which it derived the name of Gemella (Itin. Ant. pp. 402, 404; Plin. iii. 3. s. 4; Inscr. ap. Gruter, p. 271; Eckhel, vol. i. pp. 34–35; Rasche, s. v.) According to Macrobius (Sat. i. 19), Mars was worshipped here with his head surrounded with the sun's rays, under the name of Netos. Such an emblem is seen on the coins.

[P.S.] A'CCUA, a small town of Apulia, mentioned only by Livy (xxiv. 20) as one of the places recovered by Q. Fabius from the Carthaginians in the fifth year of the Second Punic War, B. c. 214. It appears from this passage to have been somewhere in the neighbourhood of Luceria, but its exact site is unknown. [E. H. B.]

ACERRAE (Axéppai: Acerranus). 1. A city in the interior of Campania, about 8 miles NE. of Naples, still called Acerra. It first appears in history as an independent city during the great war of the Campanians and Latins against Rome; shortly after the conclusion of which, in B. C. 332, the Acerrani, in common with several other Campanian cities, obtained the Roman "civitas," but without the right of suffrage. The period at which this latter privilege was granted them is not mentioned, but it is certain that they ultimately obtained the full rights of Roman citizens. (Liv. viii. 17; Festus, s. v. Municipium, Municeps, and Praefectura, pp. 127, 142, 233, ed. Müller.) In the second Punic war it was faithful to the Roman alliance, on which account it was besieged by Hannibal in B. C. 216, and being abandoned by the inhabitants in despair, was plundered and burnt. But after the expulsion of Hannibal from Campania, the Acerrani, with the consent of the Roman senate, returned to and rebuilt their city, B.C. 210. (Liv. xxiii. 17, xxvii. 3.)

During the Social War it was besieged by the Samnite general, C. Papius, but offered so vigorous a resistance that he was unable to reduce it. (Appian. B. C. i. 42, 45.) Virgil praises the fertility of ACE CAкn: Eth. 'Akalos), the ACCHO (AKXW) its territory, but the town itself had suffered so much of the Old Testament (Judg. i. 31), the Akka of the from the frequent inundations of the river Clanius, Arabs, a celebrated town and harbour on the shores on which it was situated, that it was in his time alof Phoenicia, in lat. 32° 54', long. 35° 6' E. It is most deserted. (Virg. Georg. ii. 225; and Servius situated on the point of a small promontory, the ad loc.; Sil. Ital. viii. 537; Vib. Seq. p. 21.) It northern extremity of a circular bay, of which the subsequently received a colony under Augustus (Lib. opposite or southern horn is formed by one of the Colon. p. 229), and Strabo speaks of it in conjuncridges of Mount Carmel. During the period that tion with Nola and Nuceria, apparently as a place of Ptolemy Soter was in possession of Coele-Syria, it some consequence. It does not seem, however, to received the name of PTOLEMAIS (ПITOλeuats: Eth. have retained its colonial rank, but is mentioned by ПTOλEμatтηs, ПToλeμaeus), by which it was long Pliny as an ordinary municipal town. (Strab. v. distinguished. In the reign of the emperor Claudius pp. 247, 249; Plin. iii. 5. s. 9; Orell. Inscr. no. it became a Roman colony, and was styled COLONIA 3716.) The modern town of Acerra retains the CLAUDII CAESARIS PTOLEMAIS, or simply COLONIA site as well as the name of the ancient one, but it PTOLEMAIS; but from the time when it was occupied does not appear that any vestiges of antiquity, except by the knights of St. John of Jerusalem, it has been a few inscriptions, remain there. (Lupuli, Iter Venugenerally known all over Christendom as St Jean sin. p. 10-12.) The coins with an Oscan legend d'Acre, or simply Acre. which were referred by Eckhel and earlier numismatists to Acerrae, belong properly to ATELLA. (Millingen, Numismatique de l'Ancienne Italie, p. 190; Friedländer, Oskischen Münzen, p. 15.)

The advantages offered by the position of Acre were recognised from an early period by those who desired to keep the command of the Syrian coast, but it did not rise to eminence until after the decay 2. A city of Cisalpine Gaul, in the territory of of Tyre and Sidon. When Strabo wrote (p. 758), it the Insubres. Polybius describes it merely as situwas already a great city; and although it has under- ated between the Alps and the Po; and his words gone many vicissitudes, it has always maintained are copied by Stephanus of Byzantium: but Strabo a certain degree of importance. It originally be- tells us that it was near Cremona: and the Tabula longed to the Phoenicians, and, though nominally places it on the road from that city to Laus Pompeia included within the territory of the tribe of Asher, (Lodi Vecchio), at a distance of 22 Roman miles was never conquered by the Israelites. It afterwards from the latter place, and 13 from Cremona. These passed into the hands of the Babylonians, and from distances coincide with the position of Gherra or them to the Persians. According to the first dis- Gera, a village, or rather suburb of Pizzighettone, tribution of the dominions of Alexander it was on the right bank of the river Adda. It appears to assigned to Ptolemy Soter, but subsequently fell have been a place of considerable strength and imunder the Seleucidae, and after changing hands re-portance (probably as commanding the passage of the peatedly eventually fell under the dominion of Rome. It is said at present to contain from 15,000 to 20,000 inhabitants. [W.R.]

A'CELUM (Asolo), a town of the interior of Venetia, situated near the foot of the Alps, about 18 miles NW. of Treviso. (Plin. iii. 19. s. 23; Ptol. iii. 1. § 30.) The name is written "Akedov in our editions of Ptolemy, but the correctness of the form Acclum given by Pliny is confirmed by that of the modern town. We learn from Paulus Diaconus (iii. 25, where it is corruptly written Acilium), that it was a bishop's see in the 6th century. [E. H. B.]

Adda) even before the Roman conquest: and in B.C. 222, held out for a considerable time against the consuls Marcellus and Scipio, but was compelled to surrender after the battle of Clastidium. (Pol. ii. 34; Plut. Marc. 6; Zonar. viii. 20; Strab. v. p. 247; Steph. B. s. v.; Tab. Peut.; Cluver. Ital. p. 244.)

3. A third town of the name, distinguished by the epithet of VATRIAE, is mentioned by Pliny (iii. 14. s. 19) as having been situated in Umbria, but it was already destroyed in his time, and all clue to its position is lost. [E. H. B.] ACES ("Akŋs), a river of Asia, flowing through

a plain surrounded by mountains, respecting which a story is told by Herodotus (iii. 117). Geographers are not agreed as to the locality. It seems to be somewhere in Central Asia, E. of the Caspian. It is pretty clear, at all events, that the Aces of Herodotus is not the Indian river Acesines. [P.S.] ACESINES ('Akeσívns), a river of Sicily, which flows, into the sea to the south of Tauromenium. Its name occurs only in Thucydides (iv. 25) on occasion of the attack made on Naxos by the Messenians in B. C. 425: but it is evidently the same river which is called by Pliny (iii. 8) ASINES, and by Vibius Sequester (p. 4) ASINIUS. Both these writers place it in the immediate neighbourhood of Tauromenium, and it can be no other than the river now called by the Arabic name of Cantara, a considerable stream, which, after following throughout its course the northern boundary of Aetna, discharges itself into the sea immediately to the S. of Capo Schizò, the site of the ancient Naxos. The ONOBALAS of Appian (B. C. v. 109) is probably only another name for the same river. Cluverius appears to be mistaken in regarding the Fiume Freddo as the Acesines: it is a very small stream, while the Cantara is one of the largest rivers in Sicily, and could hardly have been omitted by Pliny. (Cluver. Sicil. p. 93; Mannert, vol. ix. pt. ii. p. 284.)

[E. H. B.]

ACESINES ('Areolvηs: Chenab: Dionysius Periegetes, v. 1138, makes the i long, if any choose to consider this an authority), the chief of the five great tributaries of the Indus, which give the name of Panjab (i. e. Five Waters) to the great plain of NW. India. These rivers are described, in their connection with each other, under INDIA. The Acesines was the second of them, reckoning from the W., and, after receiving the waters of all the rest, retained its name to its junction with the Indus, in lat. 28° 55′ N., long. 70° 28′ E. Its Sanscrit name was Chandrabhaga, which would have been Hellenized into Zavopopάyos, a word so like to 'Avopopáyos, or 'Aλe§avdpopάyos, that the followers of Alexander changed the name to avoid the evil omen, the more so perhaps on account of the disaster which befell the Macedonian fleet at the turbulent junction of the river with the Hydaspes (Ritter, Erdkunde von Asien, vol. iv. pt. i. p. 456: for other references see INDIA.) [P.S.]

ACESTA. [SEGESTA.]

ACHAEI ('Axawi), one of the four races into which the Hellenes are usually divided. In the heroic age they are found in that part of Thessaly in which Phthia and Hellas were situated, and also in the eastern part of Peloponnesus, more especially in Argos and Sparta. Argos was frequently called the Achaean Argos ("Apyos 'Axaшкóν, Hom. Il. ix. 141) to distinguish it from the Pelasgian Argos in Thessaly; but Sparta is generally mentioned as the head-quarters of the Achaean race in Peloponnesus. Thessaly and Peloponnesus were thus the two chief abodes of this people; but there were various traditions respecting their origin, and a difference of opinion existed among the ancients, whether the Thessalian or the Peloponnesian Achaeans were the more ancient. They were usually represented as descendants of Achaeus, the son of Xuthus and Creusa, and consequently the brother of Ion and grandson of Hellen. Pausanias (vii. 1) related that Achaeus went back to Thessaly, and recovered the dominions of which his father, Xuthus, had been deprived; and then, in order to

explain the existence of the Achacans in Peloponnesus, he adds that Archander and Architeles, the sons of Achaeus, came back from Phthiotis to Argos, married the two daughters of Danaus, and acquired such influence at Argos and Sparta, that they called the people Achaeans after their father Achaeus. On the other hand, Strabo in one passage says (p. 383), that Achaeus having fled from Attica, where his father Xuthus had settled, settled in Lacedaemon and gave to the inhabitants the name of Achaeans. In another passage, however, he relates (p. 365), that Pelops brought with him into Peloponnesus the Phthiotan Achaeans, who settled in Laconia. It would be unprofitable to pursue further the variations in the legends; but we may safely believe that the Achaeans in Thessaly were more ancient than those in Peloponnesus, since all tradition points to Thessaly as the cradle of the Hellenic race. There is a totally different account, which represents the Achaeans as of Pelasgic origin. It is preserved by Dionysius of Halicarnassus (i. 17), who relates that Achaeus, Phthius, and Pelasgus were sons of Poseidon and Larissa; and that they migrated from Peloponnesus to Thessaly, where they divided the country into three parts, called after them Achaia, Phthiotis and Pelasgiotis. A modern writer is disposed to accept this tradition so far, as to assign a Pelasgic origin to the Achacans, though he regards the Phthiotan Achaeans as more ancient than their brethren in the Peloponnesus. (Thirlwall, Hist. of Greece, vol. i p. 109, seq.) The only fact known in the earliest history of the people, which we can admit with certainty, is their existence as the predominant race in the south of Thessaly, and on the eastern side of Peloponnesus. They are represented by Homer as a brave and warlike people, and so distinguished were they that he usually calls the Greeks in general Achaeans or Panachaeans (Пavaɣawl, Il. ii. 404, vii. 73, &c.). In the same manner Peloponnesus, and sometimes the whole of Greece, is called by the poet the Achaean land. ('Axaits yaîa, Hom. Il. i. 254, Od. xiii. 249.) On the conquest of Peloponnesus by the Dorians, 80 years after the Trojan war, the Achaeans were driven out of Argos and Laconia, and those who remained behind were reduced to the condition of a conquered people. Most of the expelled Achaeans, led by Tisamenus, the son of Orestes, proceeded to the land on the northern coast of Peloponnesus, which was called simply Aegialus (Alyiaλós) or the "Coast," and was inhabited by Ionians. The latter were defeated by the Achaeans and crossed over to Attica and Asia Minor, leaving their country to their conquerors, from whom it was henceforth called Achaia. (Strab. p. 383; Paus. vii. 1; Pol. ii. 41; comp. Herod. i. 145.) The further history of the Achaeans is given under ACHALA. The Achaeans founded several colonies, of which the most celebrated were Croton and Sybaris. [CROTON; SYBARIS.]

ACHATA ('Axata, Ion. 'Axain: Eth. 'Axaiós, Achaeus, Achivus, fem. and adj. 'Axaiás, Achāias, Achais: Adj. 'Axaïkós, Achaicus, Achaius). 1. A district in the S. of Thessaly, in which Phthia and Hellas were situated. It appears to have been the original abode of the Achaeans, who were hence called Phthiotan Achaeans ('Axaiol oi fiŵrai) to distinguish them from the Achaeans in the Peloponnesus. [For details see ACHAEI.] It was from this part of Thessaly that Achilles came, and Homer says that the subjects of this hero were

called Myrmidons, and Hellenes, and Achaeans. (Il. ii. 684.) This district continued to retain the name of Achaia in the time of Herodotus (vii. 173, 197), and the inhabitants of Phthia were called Phthiotan Achaeans till a still later period. (Thuc. viii. 3.) An account of this part of Thessaly is given under THESSALIA.

2. Originally called AEGIALUS or AEGIALEIA (Alyiaλós, Alyiaλeia, Hom. Il. ii. 575; Paus. vii. 1. § 1; Strab. p. 383), that is, "the Coast," a province in the N. of Peloponnesus, extended along the Corinthian gulf from the river Larissus, a little S. of the promontory Araxus, which separated it from Elis, to the river Sythas, which separated it from Sicyonia. On the S. it was bordered by Arcadia, and on the SW. by Elis. Its greatest length along the coast is about 65 English miles: its breadth from about 12 to 20 miles. Its area was probably about 650 square miles. Achaia is thus only a narrow slip of country, lying upon the slope of the northern range of Arcadia, through which are deep and narrow gorges, by which alone Achaia can be invaded from the south. From this mountain range descend numerous ridges running down into the sea, or separated from it by narrow levels. The plains on the coast at the foot of these mountains and the vallies between them are generally very fertile. At the present day cultivation ends with the plain of Patra, and the whole of the western part of Achaia is forest or pasture. The plains are drained by numerous streams; but in consequence of the proximity of the mountains to the sea the course of these torrents is necessarily short, and most of them are dry in summer. The coast is generally low, and deficient in good harbours. Colonel Leake remarks, that the level along the coast of Achaia "appears to have been formed in the course of ages by the soil deposited by the torrents which descend from the lofty mountains that rise immediately at the back of the plains. Wherever the rivers are largest, the plains are most extensive, and each river has its correspondent promontory proportioned in like manner to its volume. These promontories are in general nearly opposite to the openings at which the rivers emerge froin the mountains." (Peloponnesiaca, p. 390.)

of Molycreium. These two promontories formed the entrance of the Corinthian gulf. The breadth of the strait is stated both by Dodwell and Leake to be about a mile and a half; but the ancient writers make the distance less. Thucydides makes it 7 stadia, Strabo 5 stadia, and Pliny nearly a Roman mile. On the promontory of Rhium there was a temple of Poseidon. (Thuc. ii. 86; Strab. pp. 335, 336; Plin. iv. 6; Steph. B. s. v.; Dodwell, Classical Tour, vol. i. p. 126; Leake, Morea, vol. ii. p. 147.) 3. ARAXUS ("Apaços: Kalogria), W. of Dyme, formerly the boundary between Achaia and Elis, but the confines were afterwards extended to the river Larissus. (Pol. iv. 65; Strab. pp. 335, 336; Paus. vi. 26. § 10.)

The following is a list of the rivers of Achaia from E. to W. Of these the only two of any importance are the Crathis (No. 3) and the Peirus (No. 14). 1. SYTHAS, or SYS (Zúðas, Zûs), forming the boundary between Achaia and Sicyonia. We may infer that this river was at no great distance from Sicyon, from the statement of Pausanias, that at the festival of Apollo there was a procession of children from Sicyon to the Sythas, and back again to the city. (Paus. ii. 7. § 8, ii. 12. § 2, vii. 27. § 12; Ptol. iii. 16. § 4; comp. Leake, Morea, vol. iii. p. 383, Peloponnesiaca, p. 403.) 2. CRIUS (Kpiós), rising in the mountains above Pellene, and flowing into the sea a little W. of Aegeira. (Paus. vii. 27. § 11.) 3. CRATHIS (Kpâtis: Akrata), rising in a mountain of the same name in Arcadia, and falling into the sea near Aegae. It is described as àévvaos, to distinguish it from the other streams in Achaia, which were mostly dry in summer, as stated above. The Styx, which rises in the Arcadian mountain of Aroania, is a tributary of the Crathis. (Herod. i. 145; Callim. in Jov. 26; Strab. p. 386; Paus. vii. 25. § 11, viii. 15. §§ 8, 9, viii. 18. § 4; Leake, Morea, vol. iii. pp. 394, 407.) 4. BURAICUS (TOтauds Boupatkós: river of Kalavryta, or river of Bura), rising in Arcadia, and falling into the sea E. of Bura. It appears from Strabo that its proper name was Erasinus. (Paus. vii. 25. § 10; Strab. p. 371; Leake, 1. c.) 5. CERYNITES (Kepuvírns: Bokhusia), flowing from the mountain Ceryneia, in The highest mountain in Achaia is situated be- Arcadia, and falling into the sea probably E. of hind Patrae; it is called MONS PANACHAICUS Helice. (Paus. vii. 25. § 5; Leake, l. c.) 6. by Polybius, and is, perhaps, the same as the Scio- SELINUS (Zeλivous: river of Vostitza), flowing into essa of Pliny (тd Пaνaxaïкdν ŏpos, Pol. v. 30; the sea between Helice and Aegium. Strabo erroPlin. iv. 6: Voidhia). It is 6322 English feet in neously describes it as flowing through Aegium. height. (Leake, Travels in Morea, vol. ii. p. 138, (Paus. vii. 24. § 5; Strab. p. 387; Leake, l. c.) Peloponnesiaca, p. 204.) There are three conspi- 7, 8. MEGANITAS (Meyavíтas) and PHOENIX cuous promontories on the coast. 1. DREPANUM (Poîvi), both falling into the sea W. of Aegium. (Apéнavov: C. Dhrepano), the most northerly (Paus. vii. 23. § 5.) 9. BOLINAEUS (Bolivaîos), point in Peloponnesus, is confounded by Strabo with flowing into the sea a little E. of the promontory the neighbouring promontory of Rhium, but it is Drepanum, so called from an ancient town Bolina, the low sandy point 4 miles eastward of the latter. which had disappeared in the time of Pausanias. Its name is connected by Pausanias with the sickle (Paus. vii. 24. § 4.) 10. SELEMNUS (Zéλeμvos), of Cronus; but we know that this name was often flowing into the sea between the promontories Dreapplied by the ancients to low sandy promontories, panum and Rhium, a little E. of Argyra. (Paus. which assume the form of a dpéπavov, or sickle. vii. 23. § 1.) 11, 12. CHARADRUS (Xápadpos: (Strab. p. 335; Paus. vii. 23. §. 4; Leake, Morea, river of Velvitzi) and MEILICHUS (Melλixos: river vol. iii. p. 415.) 2. RHIUM (Plov: Castle of the of Sykena), both falling into the sea between the Morea), 4 miles westward of Drepanum, as men- promontory Rhium and Patrae. (Paus. vii. 22. tioned above, is opposite the promontory of ANTIR-§ 11, vii. 19. § 9, 20. § 1.) 13. GLAUCUS RHIUM, sometimes also called Rhium ('AvTippiov: Castle of Rumili), on the borders of Aetolia and Locris. In order to distinguish them from each other the former was called Tò 'Axaïkóv, and the latter To Moλvкpikóv, from its vicinity to the town

(гλaûкos: Lefka, or Lafka), falling into the sea, a little S. of Patrae. (Paus. vii. 18. § 2; Leake, vol. ii. p. 123.) 14. PEIRUS (Пeîpos: Kamenitza), also called Achelous, falling into the sea near Olenus. This river was mentioned by Hesiod

under the name of Peirus, as we learn from Strabo. | good reasons for believing that there were more than
It is described by Leake as wide and deep in the
latter end of February, although no rain had fallen
for some weeks. Into the Peirus flowed the Teu-
theas (Tevbéas), which in its turn received the
Caucon. The Peirus flowed past Pharae, where it
was called Pierus (Пíepos), but the inhabitants of the
coast called it by the former name. (Strab. p. 342;
Herod. i. 145; Paus. vii. 18. § 1, 22. § 1; Leake,
vol. ii. p. 155.) Strabo in another passage calls it
Melas (Méλas), but the reading is probably cor-
rupt. Dionysius Periegetes mentions the Melas along
with the Crathis among the rivers flowing from Mt.
Erymanthus. (Strab. p. 386; Dionys. 416.) 15.
LARISUS (Aápidos: Mana), forming the boundary
between Achaia and Elis, rising in Mt. Scollis,
and falling into the sea 30 stadia from Dyme.
(Paus. vii. 17. § 5; Strab. p. 387; Liv. xxvii. 31.)
The original inhabitants of Achaia are said to
have been Pelasgians, and were called Aegialeis
(Alyianeis), or the "Coast-Men," from Aegialus,
the ancient name of the country, though some
writers sought a mythical origin for the name, and
derived it from Aegialeus, king of Sicyonia. (Herod.
vii. 94; Paus. vii. 1.) The Ionians subsequently
settled in the country. According to the mythical
account, Ion, the son of Xuthus, crossed over from
Attica at the head of an army, but concluded an al-
liance with Selinus, the king of the country, married
his daughter Helice, and succeeded him on the throne.
From this time the land was called Ionia, and the in-
habitants Ionians or Aegialian Ionians. The Ionians
remained in possession of the country till the invasion
of Peloponnesus by the Dorians, when the Achacans,
who had been driven out of Argos and Lacedaemon by
the invaders, marched against the Ionians in order
to obtain new homes for themselves in the country
of the latter Under the command of their king
Tisamenus, the son of Orestes, they defeated the
Ionians in battle. The latter shut themselves up in
Helice, where they sustained a siege for a time, but
they finally quitted the country and sought refuge
in Attica. The Achaeans thus became masters of
the country, which was henceforth called after
them Achaia. (Herod. i. 145; Pol. ii. 41; Paus.joyed a state of almost uninterrupted prosperity down
vii. 1; Strab. p. 383.) This is the common legend,
but it should be observed that Homer takes no no-
tice of Ionians on the northern coast of Pelopon-
nesus; but on the contrary, the catalogue in the
Iliad distinctly includes this territory under the do-
minions of Agamemnon. Hence there seems reason
for questioning the occupation of northern Pelopon-
nesus by the Ionians and their expulsion from it by
Tisamenus; and it is more probable that the histo-
rical Achaeans in the north part of Peloponnesus are
a small undisturbed remnant of the Achaean popu-
lation once distributed through the whole peninsula.
(Grote, History of Greece, vol. ii. p. 17.)

twelve independent cities in Achaia (Grote, Hist. of
Greece, vol. ii. p. 614), yet the ancient writers al-
ways recognize only 12, and this seems to have been
regarded as the established number of the confede-
ration. These cities continued to be governed by the
descendants of Tisamenus down to Ogygus, after
whose death they abolished the kingly rule and es-
tablished a democracy. Each of the cities formed a
separate republic, but were united together by pe-
riodical sacrifices and festivals, where they arranged
their disputes and settled their common concerns.
In the time of Herodotus (i. 145) the twelve cities
were Pellene, Aegeira, Aegae, Bura, Helice, Aegium,
Rhypes, Patrcis (ae), Phareis (ae), Olenus, Dyme,
Tritaceis (Tritaea). This list is copied by Strabo
(pp. 385, 386); but it appears from the list in
Polybius (ii. 41), that Leontium and Ceryneia were
afterwards substituted in the place of Rhypes and
Aegae, which had fallen into decay. Pausanias (vii.
6. § 1) retains both Rhypes and Aegae, and substi-
tutes Ceryneia for Patrae; but his authority is of no
value in opposition to Polybius. The bond of union
between these cities was very loose, and their connec-
tion was of a religious rather than of a political
nature. Thus we find them sometimes acting quite
independently of one another. Pellene alone joined
the Lacedaemonians at the commencement of the
Peloponnesian war, while the rest remained neutral;
and at a later period of the war Patrae alone es-
poused the Athenian cause. (Thuc. ii. 9, v. 52.)
Their original place of meeting was at Helice, where
they offered a common sacrifice to Poseidon, the tute-
lary god of the place; but after this city had been
swallowed up by the sea in B. C. 373 [HELICE],
they transferred their meetings to Aegium, where
they sacrificed to Zeus Homagyrius, or Homarius,
and to the Panachaean Deineter. (Paus. vii. 24;
Pol. v. 94.)

The Ionians are said to have dwelt in villages, and the cities in the country to have been first built by the Achaeans. Several of these villages were united to form a town; thus Patrae was formed by an union of seven villages, Dyme of eight, and Acgium also of seven or eight. The Achaeans possessed twelve cities, the territory of each of which was divided into seven or eight demi. (Strab. p. 386.) This number of 12 is said to have been borrowed from the Ionians, who were divided into 12 parts (uépea), when they occupied the country, and who accordingly refused to allow of more than twelve cities in their league, Although there are

The Achaeans are rarely mentioned during the flourishing period of Grecian history. Being equally unconnected with the great Ionian and Doric races, they kept aloof for the most part from the struggles between the Greek states, and appear to have en

to the time of Philip. They did not assist the other Greeks in repelling the Persians. In B. C. 454 they formed an alliance with the Athenians, but the latter were obliged to surrender Achaia in the truce for thirty years, which they concluded with Sparta and her allies in B. C. 445. (Thuc. i. 111, 115.) In the course of the Peloponnesian war they joined the Lacedaemonians, though probably very reluctantly. (Thuc. ii. 9.) They retained, however, a high character among the other Greeks, and were esteemed on account of their sincerity and good faith. So highly were they valued, that at an early age some of the powerful Greek colonies in Italy applied for their mediation and adopted their institutions, and at a later time they were chosen by the Spartans and Thebans as arbiters after the battle of Lenctra. (Pol. ii. 39.) The first great blow which the Achaeans experienced was at the battle of Chacroneia (B. C. 338), when they fought with the Athenians and Boeotians against Philip and lost some of their bravest citizens. Eight years afterwards (B. C. 330) all the Achaean towns, with the exception of Pellene, joined the Spartans in the cause of Grecian freedom, and shared in the disastrous defeat at Mantineia, in which Agis fell. This severe blow left them so prostrate that they were unable to render

any assistance to the confederate Greeks in the Lamian war after the death of Alexander. (Paus. vii. 6.) But their independent spirit had awakened the jealousy of the Macedonian rulers, and Demetrius, Cassander, and Antigonus Gonatas placed garrisons in their cities, or held possession of them by means of tyrants. Such a state of things at length became insupportable, and the commotions in Macedonia, which followed the death of Lysimachus (B. C. 281), afforded them a favourable opportunity for throwing off the yoke of their oppressors; and the Gaulish invasion which shortly followed effectually prevented the Macedonians from interfering in the affairs of the Peloponnesus. Patrae and Dyme were the first two cities which expelled the Macedonians. Their example was speedily followed by Tritaea and Pharae; and these four towns now resolved to renew the ancient League. The date of this event was B. C. 280. Five years afterwards (B. C. 275) they were joined by Aegium and Bura, and the accession of the former city was the more important, as it had been the regular place of meeting of the earlier League after the destruction of Helice, as has been already related. The main principles of the constitution of the new League were now fixed, and a column was erected inscribed with the names of the confederate towns. Almost immediately afterwards Ceryneia was added to the League. There were now only three remaining cities of the ancient League, which had not joined the new confederation, namely, Leontium, Aegeira, and Pellene; for Helice had been swallowed up by the sea, and Olenus was soon afterwards abandoned by its inhabitants. The three cities mentioned above soon afterwards united themselves to the League, which thus consisted of ten cities. (Pol. ii. 41; Strab. p. 384; Paus. vii. 18. § 1.)

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first 25 years there were two Strategi; but at the end of that time (B. C. 255) only one was appointed. Marcus of Ceryneia was the first who held the sole office. (Pol. ii. 43; Strab. p. 385.) It was probably at this time that an Hipparchus (inарxos) or commander of the cavalry was then first appointed in place of the Strategus, whose office had been abolished. We also read of an Under-Strategus (Úжоσтратηуós), but we have no account of the extent of his powers or of the relation in which he stood to the chief Strategus. 2. A Secretary of State (ypauuaTeús). 3. Ten Demiurgi (dŋuovpyoi), who formed a kind of permanent committee, and who probably represented at first the 10 Achaean cities, of which the League consisted. The number of the Demiurgi, however, was not increased, when new cities were subsequently added to the League. All these officers were elected for one year at the spring meeting of the assembly, and the Strategus was not eligible for re-election till a year had elapsed after the expiration of his office. If the Strategus died under the period of his office, his place was filled up by his predecessor, until the time for the new elections arrived.

It remains to give a brief sketch of the history of the League. At the time of its revival its numbers were so inconsiderable, that the collective population of the confederate states was scarcely equal to the inhabitants of a single city according to Plutarch. (Arat. 9) Its greatness may be traced to its connection with Aratus. Up to this time the League was confined to the Achaean cities, and the idea does not seem to have been entertained of incorporating foreign cities with it. But when Aratus had delivered his native city Sicyon from its tyrant, and had persuaded his fellow-citizens to unite themselves to the League (B. C. 251), a new impulse was given to the latter. Aratus, although only 20 years of age, became the soul of the League. The great object of his policy was to liberate the Peloponnesian cities from their tyrants, who were all more or less dependent upon Macedonia, and to incorporate them with the League; and under his able management the confederacy constantly received fresh accessions. Antigonus Gonatas, king of Macedonia, and his successor Demetrius II., used every effort to crush the growing power of the Achaeans, and they were supported in their efforts by the Aetolians, who were equally jealous of the confederacy. Aratus however triumphed over their opposition, and for many years the League enjoyed an uninterrupted succession of prosperity. In B. C. 243 Aratus surprised Corinth, expelled the tyrant, and united this important city to the League. The neighbouring cities of Megara, Troezen, and Epidaurus followed the example thus set them, and joined the League in the course of the same year. A few years afterwards, probably in B. C. 239, Megalopolis also became a member of the League; and in B. C. 236 it received the accession of the powerful city of Argos. It now seemed to Aratus that the time had arrived when the whole of Peloponnesus might be annexed to the League, but he experienced a far more formidable opposition from Sparta than he had anticipated. Cleomenes III., who had lately as

The Achaean League thus renewed eventually became the most powerful political body in Greece; and it happened by a strange coincidence that the people, who had enjoyed the greatest celebrity in the heroic age, but who had almost disappeared from history for several centuries, again became the greatest among the Greek states in the last days of the nation's independence. An account of the constitution of this League is given in the Dictionary of Antiquities (art. Achaicum Foedus), and it is therefore only necessary to give here a brief recapitulation of its fundamental laws. The great object of the new League was to effect a much closer political union than had existed in the former one. No city was allowed to make peace or war or to treat with any foreign power apart from the entire nation, although each was allowed the undisturbed control of its internal affairs. This sovereign power resided in the federal assembly (σúvodos, ékкλŋoía, avvédpiov) which was held twice a year originally at Aegium, afterwards at Corinth or other places, though extraordinary meetings might be convened by the officers of the League either at Aegium or elsewhere. At all these meetings, every Achaean, who had attained the age of 30, was allowed to speak; but questions were not decided by an absolute majority of the citizens, but by a majority of the cities, which were members of the League. In addition to the general assembly there was a Council (Bovλń), which previously decided upon the ques-cended the Spartan throne, was a man of energy; and tions that were to be submitted to the assembly. The principal officers of the League were: 1. The Strategus or general (Στparnyós), whose duties were partly military and partly civil, and who was the acknowledged head of the confederacy. For the

his military abilities proved to be far superior to those of Aratus. Neither he nor the Spartan government was disposed to place themselves on a level with the Achaean towns; and accordingly when Aratus attempted to obtain possession of Orchomenus, Tegea,

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