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and Mantineia, which had joined the Aetolian League | B. C. 188 by razing the fortifications of the city and and had been ceded by the latter to the Spartans, abolishing the laws of Lycurgus, their conduct was war broke out between Sparta and the Achacan severely censured by the senate; and every succeedLeague, B.C. 227. In this war, called by Polybius ing transaction between the League and the senate the Cleomenic war, the Achaeans were defeated in showed still more clearly the subject condition of the several battles and lost some important places; and Achaeans. The Romans, however, still acknowso unsuccessful had they been, that they at length ledged in name the independence of the Achaeans; resolved to form a coalition or alliance with Sparta, and the more patriotic part of the nation continued acknowledging Cleomenes as their chief. Aratus to offer a constitutional resistance to all the Roman was unable to brook this humiliation, and in an evil encroachments upon the liberties of the League, hour applied to Antigonus Doson for help, thus whenever this could be done without affording the undoing the great work of his life, and making the Romans any pretext for war. At the head of this Achaean cities again dependent upon Macedonia. party was Philopoemen, and after his death, LyAntigonus willingly promised his assistance; and cortas, Xenon, and Polybius. Callicrates on the the negotiations with Clemenes were broken off, B.C. other hand was at the head of another party, which 224. The war was brought to an end by the defeat counselled a servile submission to the senate, and of Cleomenes by Antigonus at the decisive battle of sought to obtain aggrandizement by the subjecSellasia, B. C. 221. Cleomenes immediately left the tion of their country. In order to get rid of his country and sailed away to Egypt. Antigonus thus political opponents, Callicrates, after the defeat of became master of Sparta; but he did not annex it Perseus by the Romans, drew up a list of 1000 to the Achaean League, as it was no part of his Achaeans, the best and purest part of the nation, policy to aggrandize the latter. whom the Romans carried off to Italy (B. c. 167) under the pretext of their having afforded help to Perseus. The Romans never brought these prisoners to trial, but kept them in the towns of Italy; and it was not till after the lapse of 17 years, and when their number was reduced to 300, that the senate gave them permission to return to Greece. Among those who were thus restored to their country, there were some men of prudence and ability, like the historian Polybius; but there were others of weak judgment and violent passions, who had been exasperated by their long and unjust confinement, and who now madly urged their country into a war with Rome. A dispute having arisen between Sparta and the League, the senate sent an embassy into Greece in B. c. 147, and required that Sparta, Corinth, Argos, and other cities should be severed from the League, thus reducing it almost to its original condition when it included only the Achaean towns. This demand was received with the utmost indignation, and Critolaus, who was their general, used every effort to inflame the passions of the people against the Romans. Through his influence the Achaeans resolved to resist the Romans, and declared war against Sparta. This was equivalent to a declaration of war against Rome itself, and was so understood by both parties. In the spring of 146 Critolaus marched northwards through Boeotia into the S. of Thessaly, but retreated on the approach of Metellus, who advanced against him from Macedonia. He was, however, overtaken by Metellus near Scarphea, a little S. of Thermopylae; his forces were put to the rout, and he himself was never heard of after the battle. Metellus followed the fugitives to Corinth. Dineus, who had succeeded Callicrates in the office of General, resolved to continue the contest, as he had been one of the promoters of the war and knew that he had no hope of pardon from the Romans. Meantime the consul Mummius arrived at the Isthmus as the successor of Metellus. Encouraged by some trifling success against the Roman outposts, Diaeus ventured to offer battle to the Romans. The Achaeans were easily defeated and Corinth surrendered without a blow. Signal vengeance was taken upon the unfortunate city. The men were put to the sword; the women and children were reserved as slaves: and after the city had been stript of all its treasures and works of art, its buildings were committed to the flames, B. C. 146. [CORINTHUS.] Thus perished the Achacan

The next war, in which the Achaeans were engaged, again witnessed their humiliation and dependence upon Macedonia. In B.C. 220 commenced the Social war, as it is usually called. The Aetolians invaded Peloponnesus and defeated the Achaeans, whereupon Aratus applied for aid to Philip, who had succeeded Antigonus on the Macedonian throne. The young monarch conducted the war with striking ability and success; and the Aetolians having become weary of the contest were glad to conclude a peace in B. C. 217. The Achaeans now remained at peace for some years; but they had lost the proud pre-eminence they had formerly enjoyed, and had become little better than the vassals of Macedonia. But the influence of Aratus excited the jealousy of Philip, and it was commonly believed that his death (B. C. 213) was occasioned by a slow poison administered by the king's order. The regeneration of the League was due to Philopoemen, one of the few great men produced in the latter days of Grecian independence. He introduced great reforms in the organization of the Achaean army, and accustomed them to the tactics of the Macedonians and to the close array of the phalanx. By the ascendancy of his genius and character, he acquired great influence over his countrymen, and breathed into them a martial spirit. By these means he enabled them to fight their own cause, and rendered them to some extent independent of Macedonia. His defeat of Machanidas, tyrant of Sparta (B. C. 208), both established his own reputation, and caused the Achaean arms again to be respected in Greece. In the war between the Romans and Philip, the Achaeans espoused the cause of the former, and concluded a treaty of peace with the republic, B. C. 198. About this time, and for several subsequent years, the Achaeans were engaged in hostilities with Nabis, who had succeeded Machanidas as tyrant of Sparta. Nabis was slain by some Aetolians in B. c. 192; whereupon Philopoemen hastened to Sparta and induced the city to join the League. In the following year (B. c. 191) the Messenians and the Eleans also joined the League. Thus the whole of Peloponnesus was at length annexed to the League; but its independence was now little more than nominal, and its conduct and proceedings were regulated to a great extent by the decisions of the Roman senate. When the Achaeans under Philopoemen ventured to punish Sparta in

League, and with it the independence of Greece; but the recollection of the Achaean power was perpetuated by the name of Achaia, which the Romans gave to the south of Greece, when they formed it into a province. (Paus. vii. 16, sub fin.)

The history of the Achaean League has been treated with ability by several modern writers. The best works on the subject are:- Helwing, Geschichte des Achäischen Bundes, Lemgo, 1829; Schorn, Geschichte Griechenland's von der Entstehung des Aetol. und Achäischen Bundes bis auf die Zerstörung Corinths, Bonn, 1833; Flathe's Geschichte Macedoniens, vol. ii., Leipz. 1832; Merleker, Achaicorum Libri III., Darmst. 1837; Brandstäter, Gesch. des Aetolischen Landes, Volkes und Bundes, Berlin, 1844; Droysen, Hellenismus, vol. ii., Hamburg, 1843; Thirlwall, History of Greece, vol. viii.

The following is a list of the towns of Achaia from E. to W.: PELLENE, with its harbour Aristonautae, and its dependent fortresses Olurus and Gonoëssa, or Donussa: AEGEIRA, with its fortress Phelloë: AEGAE: BURA: CERYNEIA: HELICE: AEGIUM, with the dependent places Leuctrum and Erineum : the harbour of PANORMUs between the promontories of Drepanum and Rhium: PATRAE, with the dependent places Boline and Argyra: OLENUS with the dependent places Peirae and Euryteiae: DYME, with the dependent places Teichos, Hecatombacon and Langon.. In the interior PHARAE: LEONTIUM TRITAEA. The following towns, of which the sites are unknown, are mentioned only by Stephanus Byzantinus: Acarra (Аkappa): Alos (Aλos): Anace ('Aváên): Ascheion (Aoxetov): Azotus (Afros): Pella (Пéλλa): Phaestus (Palorós): Politeia (Пoλíтeα): Psophis (Ywpís): Scolis (Kós): Tarne (Tápvn): Teneium (ThVELOV): Thrius (Opious), which first belonged to Achaia, afterwards to Elis, and lay near Patrae. Athenaeus (xiv. p. 658) mentions an Achaean town, named Tromileia (Tpouínea) celebrated for its

cheese.

Respecting the geography of Achaia in general see Müller, Dorians, vol. ii. p. 428, seq.; Leake's Morea, vols. ii. & iii., and Peloponnesiaca; Boblaye, Recherches, p. 15, seq.; Curtius, Peloponnesos, vol. i. p. 403. seq.

COIN OF ACHAIA.

allusion to the establishment of a Roman province, although we find mention of various regulations adopted by the Romans for the consolidation of their power. 2. Many of these regulations would have been unnecessary if a provincial government had been established. Thus we are told that the government of each city was placed in the hands of the wealthy, and that all federal assemblies were abolished. Through the influence of Polybius the federal assemblies were afterwards allowed to be held, and some of the more stringent regulations were repealed. (Pol. xl. 8-10; Paus. vii. 16. § 10.) The re-establishment of these ancient forms appears to have been described by the Romans as a restoration of liberty to Greece. Thus we find in an inscription discovered at Dyme mention of ǹ àπodedoμÉVη KATȧ KOWOY Tois "EXλnow èλevepía, and also of ἡ ἀποδοθεῖσα τοῖς Ἀχαίοις ὑπὸ Ῥωμαίων TоλíTeia, language which could not have been used if the Roman jurisdiction had been introduced into the country. (Böckh, Corp. Inscript. No. 1543; comp. Thirlwall, vol. viii. p. 458.) 3. We are expressly told by Plutarch (Cim. 2), that in the time of Lucullus the Romans had not yet begun to send praetors into Greece (οὔπω εἰς τὴν Ἑλλάδα Ῥωμαῖοι σrpaτnyoùs dieñéμжOνTO); and that disputes in the country were referred to the decision of the governor of Macedonia. There is the less reason for questioning this statement, since it is in accordance with the description of the proceedings of L. Piso, when governor of Macedonia, who is represented as plundering the countries of southern Greece, and exercising sovereignty over them, which he could hardly have done, if they had been subject to a provincial administration of their own. (Cic. c. Pis. 40.) It is probable that the south of Greece was first made a separate province by Julius Caesar; since the first governor of the province of whom any mention is made (as far as we are aware) was Serv. Sulpicius, and he was appointed to this office by Caesar (Cic. ad Fam. vi. 6. § 10.)

In the division of the provinces made by Augustus, the whole of Greece was divided into the provinces of Achaia, Macedonia, and Epeirus, the latter of which formed part of Illyris. Achaia was one of the provinces assigned to the senate and was governed by a proconsul. (Strab. p. 840; Dion Cass. liii. 12.) Tiberius in the second year of his reign (A. D. 16) took it away from the senate and made it an imperial province (Tac. Ann. i. 76), but Claudius gave it back again to the senate (Suet. Claud. 25). In the reign of this emperor Corinth was the residence of the proconsul, and it was here that the Apostle Paul was brought before Junius Gallio as proconsul of Achaia. (Acta Apost. xviii. 12.) Nero abolished the province of Achaia, and gave the Greeks their liberty; but Vespasian again established the provincial government and compelled the Greeks to pay a yearly tribute. (Paus. vii. 17. §§ 3, 4; Suet. Vesp. 8.)

The boundaries between the provinces of Macedonia, Epcirus, and Achaia, are difficult to determine. Strabo (p. 840), in his enumeration of the provinces of the Roman empire, says: 'EBôóμnv 'Axaïav μέχρι Θετταλίας καὶ Αἰτωλῶν καὶ ̓Ακαρνάνων, καί τινων Ηπειρωτικῶν ἐθνῶν, ὅσα τῇ Μακεδονία

3. ACHAIA, the Roman province, including the whole of Peloponnesus and the greater part of Hellas proper with the adjacent islands. The time, however, at which this country was reduced to the form of a Roman province, as well as its exact limits, are open to much discussion. It is usually stated by modern writers that the province was formed on the conquest of the Achaeans in B. C. 146; but there are several reasons for questioning this statement. In the first place it is not stated by any ancient writer that Greece was formed into a province at this time. The silence of Poly-роσúpiσтal. "The seventh (province) is Achaia, up bius on the subject would be conclusive, if we possessed entire that part of his history which related the conquest of the Achaeans; but in the existing fragments of that portion of his work, there is no

to Thessaly and the Aetolians and Acarnanians and some Epeirot tribes, which border upon Macedonia.* Most modern writers understand μéxp as inclusive, and consequently make Achaia include Thessaly,

C

Aetolia, and Acarnania. Their interpretation is con- |
firmed by a passage in Tacitus, in which Nicopolis
in the south of Epeirus is called by Tacitus (Ann.
ii. 53) a city of Achaia; but too much stress must
not be laid upon this passage, as Tacitus may only
have used Achaia in its widest signification as
equivalent to Greece. If μέχρι is not inclusive,
Thessaly, Aetolia, and Acarnania must be assigned
either wholly to Macedonia, or partly to Macedonia
and partly to Epeirus. Ptolemy (iii. 2, seq.), in
his division of Greece, assigns Thessaly to Mace-
donia, Acarnania to Epeirus, and Aetolia to Achaia;
and it is probable that this represents the political
division of the country at the time at which he lived
(A.D. 150). Achaia continued to be a Roman pro-
vince governed by proconsuls down to the time of
Justinian. (Kruse, Hellas, vol. i. p. 573.)

ACHA'RACA ('Axápaña), a village of Lydia, on the road from Tralles to Nysa, with a Plutonium | or a temple of Pluto, and a cave, named Charonium, where the sick were healed under the direction of the priests. (Strab. xiv. pp. 649, 650.)

ACHARNAE ('Axapval: Eth. 'Axapveús, Acharnanus, Nep. Them. 1.; Adj. ’Axapvikós), the principal demus of Attica, belonging to the tribe Oeneis, was situated 60 stadia N. of Athens, and consequently not far from the foot of Mt. Parnes. It was from the woods of this mountain that the Acharnians were enabled to carry on that traffic in charcoal for which they were noted among the Athenians. (Aristoph. Acharn. 332.) Their land was fertile; their population was rough and warlike; and they furnished at the commencement of the Peloponnesian war 3000 hoplites, or a tenth of the whole infantry of the republic. They possessed sanctuaries or altars of Apollo Aguieus, of Heracles, of Athena Hygieia, of Athena Hippia, of Dionysus Melpomenus, and of Dionysus Cissus, so called, because the Acharnians said that the ivy first grew in this demus. One of the plays of Aristophanes bears the name of the Acharnians. Leake supposes that branch of the plain of Athens, which is included between the foot of the hills of Khassid and a projection of the range of Aegaleos, stretching eastward from the northern termination of that moun-tain, to have been the district of the demus Acharnae. The exact situation of the town has not yet been discovered. Some Hellenic remains, situated of a mile to the westward of Menidhi, have generally been taken for those of Archarnae; but Menidhi is more probably a corruption of Пalovídat. (Thuc. ii. 13, 19-21; Lucian, Icaro-Menip. 18; Pind. Nem. ii. 25; Paus. i. 31. § 6; Athen. p. 234; Steph. B. s. v. ; Leake, Demi of Attica, p. 35, seq.) ACHARRAE, a town of Thessaly in the district Thessaliotis, on the river Pamisus, mentioned only by Livy (xxxii. 13), but apparently the same place as the Acharne of Pliny (iv. 9. s. 16).

ACHATES ('Axárns), a small river in Sicily, noticed by Silius Italicus for the remarkable clearness of its waters (perlucentem splendenti gurgite Achaten, xiv. 228), and by various other writers as the place where agates were found, and from whence they derived the name of "lapis Achates," which they have retained in all modern languages. It has been identified by Cluverius (followed by most modern geographers) with the river Dirillo, a small stream on the S. coast of Sicily, about 7 miles E. of Terranova, which is indeed remarkable for the clearness of its waters: but Pliny, the only author who affords any clue to its position, distinctly places the

Achates between Thermae and Selinus, in the SW.
quarter of the island. It cannot, therefore, be the
Dirillo, but its modern name is unknown. (Plin. iii.
8. s. 14, xxxvii. 10. s. 54; Theophrast. de Lapid.
§ 31; Vib. Seq. p. 3; Solin. 5. § 25; Cluver. Sicil.
p. 201.)
[E. H. B.]

ACHELOUS (Αχελώος, Epic Αχελώος).
1. (Aspropotamo), the largest and most celebrated
river in Greece, rose in Mount Pindus, and after
flowing through the mountainous country of the
Dolopians and Agracans, entered the plain of
Acarnania and Aetolia near Stratus, and discharged
itself into the Ionian sea, near the Acarnanian
town of Oeniadae. It subsequently formed the
boundary between Acarnania and Aetolia, but in
the time of Thucydides the territory of Oeniadae
extended east of the river. It is usually called a
river of Acarnania, but it is sometimes assigned to
Aetolia. Its general direction is from north to
south. Its waters are of a whitish yellow or cream
colour, whence it derives its modern name of Aspro-
potamo or the White river, and to which Dionysius
(432) probably alludes in the epithet àpyvpodívns.
It is said to have been called more anciently Thoas,
Axenus and Thestius (Thuc. ii. 102; Strab. pp.
449, 450, 458; Plut. de Fluv. 22; Steph. B. s. v.)
We learn from Leake that the reputed sources of
the Achelous are at a village called Khaliki, which
is probably a corruption of Chalcis, at which place
Dionysius Periegetes (496) places the sources of
the river. Its waters are swelled by numerous
torrents, which it receives in its passage through
the mountains, and when it emerges into the plain
near Stratus its bed is not less than three-quarters
of a mile in width. In winter the entire bed
is often filled, but in the middle of summer the
river is divided into five or six rapid streams, of
which only two are of a considerable size. After
leaving Stratus the river becomes narrower; and,
in the lower part of its course, the plain through
which it flows was called in antiquity Paracheloitis
after the river. This plain was celebrated for its
fertility, though covered in great part with marshes,
several of which were formed by the overflowings of
the Achelous. In this part of its course the river
presents the most extraordinary series of wander-
ings; and these deflexions, observes a recent tra-
veller, are not only so sudden, but so extensive,
as to render it difficult to trace the exact line of its
bed, and sometimes, for several miles, having its
direct course towards the sea, it appears to flow
back into the mountains in which it rises. The
Achelous brings down from the mountains an
immense quantity of earthy particles, which have
formed a number of small islands at its mouth,
which belong to the group anciently called Echi-
nades; and part of the mainland near its mouth is
only alluvial deposition. [ECHINADES.] (Leake,
Northern Greece, vol. i. p. 136, seq., vol. iii. p.
513, vol. iv. p. 211; Mure, Journal of a Tour in
Greece, vol. i. p. 102.) The chief tributaries
of the Achelous were:-on its left, the CAMPYLUS
(Kaunúλos, Diod. xix. 67: Medghova), a river of
considerable size, flowing from Dolopia through the
territory of the Dryopes and Eurytanes, and the
CYATHUS (Kúa@os, Pol. ap. Ath. p. 424, c.) flow-
ing out of the lake Hyrie into the main stream just
above Conope: - on its right the PETITARUS (Liv.
xliii. 22) in Aperantia, and the ANAPUS ("Avanos),
which fell into the main stream in Acarnania 80
stadia S. of Stratus. (Thuc. ii. 82.)

The Achelous was regarded as the ruler and representative of all fresh water in Hellas. Hence he is called by Homer (I. xx. 194) Kpeiwv 'AxeAwïos, and was worshipped as a mighty god throughout Greece. He is celebrated in mythology on account of his combat with Heracles for the possession of Deïaneira. The river-god first attacked Heracles in the form of a serpent, and on being worsted assumed that of a bull. The hero wrenched off one of his horns, which forthwith became a cornucopia, or horn of plenty. (Soph. Trach. 9; Ov. Met. ix. 8, seq.; Apollod. ii. 7. § 5.) This legend alludes apparently to some efforts made at an early period to check the ravages, which the inundations of the river caused in this district; and if the river was confined within its bed by embankments, the region would be converted in modern times into a land of plenty. For further details respecting the mythological character of the Achelous, see Dict. of Biogr. and Myth. s. v.

In the Roman poets we find Acheloïdes, i. e. the Sirenes, the daughters of Achelous (Ov. Met. v. 552): Acheloia Callirhoë, because Callirhoë was the daughter of Achelous (Ov. Met. ix. 413): pocula Acheloïa, i. e. water in general (Virg. Georg. i. 9): Acheloïus heros, that is, Tydeus, son of Oeneus, king of Calydon, Acheloïus here being equivalent to Aetolian. (Stat. Theb. ii. 142.)

2. A river of Thessaly, in the district of Malis, flowing near Lamia. (Strab. pp. 434, 450.)

3. A mountain torrent in Arcadia, flowing into the Alpheus, from the north of Mount Lycaeus. (Paus. viii. 38. § 9.)

4. Also called PEIRUS, a river in Achaia, flowing near Dyme. (Strab. pp. 342, 450.)

ACHERDUS (Axepdoûs, -oûvтos: Eth. 'Axepdovolos), a demus of Attica of uncertain site, belonging to the tribe Hippothoontis. Aristophanes (Eccl. 362) in joke, uses the form 'Axpadovo LOS instead of 'Axepdovolos. (Steph. B. s. vv. 'Axepdous, 'Axpadoûs; Aeschin. in Tim. § 110, ed. Bekker; Leake, Demi of Attica, p. 185.)

ACHERI'NI, the inhabitants of a small town in Sicily, mentioned only by Cicero among the victims of the oppressions of Verres. Its position is quite uncertain; whence modern scholars propose to read either Scherini, or Achetini from ACHETUM, a town supposed to be mentioned by Silius Italicus (xiv. 268); but the "pubes liquentis Acheti" (or Achaeti, as the name stands in the best MSS.) of that author would seem to indicate a river rather than a town. There is, however, no authority for either emendation. (Cic. Verr. iii. 43; Zumpt ad loc.; Orell. Onomast. p. 6; Cluver. Sicil. p. 381.) [E. H. B.] A'CHERON ('Axépwv), the name of several rivers, all of which were, at least at one time, believed to be connected with the lower world. The Acheron as a river of the lower world, is described in the Dict. of Biogr. and Myth.

the surrounding district bore according to Thucydides the name of Elaeatis ('Eλaiâtis). The Acheron is the modern Gurla or river of Suli, the Cocytus is the Vuvó, and the great marsh or lake below Kastri the Acherusia. The water of the Vuvó is reported to be bad, which agrees with the account of Pausanias (i. 17. § 5) in relation to the water of the Cocytus (vdwp аTEρTéσTATOV). The Glycys Limen is called Port Fanári, and its water is still fresh; and in the lower part of the plain the river is commonly called the river of Fanári. The upper part of the plain is called Glyky; and thus the ancient name of the harbour has been transferred from the coast into the interior. On the Acheron Aidoneus, the king of the lower world, is said to have reigned, and to have detained here Theseus as a prisoner; and on its banks was an oracle called veкvoμavтEîov (Herod. v. 92. § 7), which was consulted by evoking the spirits of the dead. (Thuc. i. 46; Liv. viii. 24; Strab. p. 324; Steph. B. s. v. ; Paus. i. 17. § 5; Dion Cass. 1. 12; Scylax, p. 11; Ptolem. iii. 14. §5; Leake, Northern Greece, vol. i. p. 232, seq. iv. p. 53.)

2. A river of Elis, a tributary of the Alpheius. (Strab. p. 344; Leake, Morea, vol. ii. p. 89.)

A'CHERON ('Axépwv), a small river in Bruttium, near Pandosia. Its name is mentioned in conjunction with that city both by Strabo and Justin, from whom we learn that it was on its banks that Alexander, king of Epirus, fell in battle against the Lucanians and Bruttians, B. c. 326. (Strab. p. 256; Justin. xii. 2.) Pliny also mentions it as a river of Bruttium (iii. 5. s. 10.), but appears erroneously to connect it with the town of Acherontia in Lucania. It has been supposed to be a small stream, still called the Arconti, which falls into the river Crathis just below Consentia; but its identification must depend upon that of Pandosia. [PANDOSIA.] [E. H. B.]

ACHERONTIA (Αχεροντίς or Αχεροντία), a small town of Apulia, near the frontiers of Lucania, situated about 14 miles S. of Venusia, and 6 SE. of Ferentum. Its position on a lofty hill is alluded to by Horace in a well-known passage (celsae nidum Acherontiae, Carm. iii. 4. 14; and Acron ad loc.), and the modern town of Acerenza retains the site as well as name of the ancient one. It is built on a hill of considerable elevation, precipitous on three sides, and affording only a very steep approach on the fourth. (Romanelli, vol. ii. p. 238.) It seems to have been always but a small town, and is not mentioned by any ancient geographer; but the strength of its position gave it importance in a military point of view: and during the wars of the Goths against the generals of Justinian, it was occupied by Totila with a garrison, and became one of the chief strongholds of the Gothic leaders throughout the contest. (Procop. de B. G. iii. 23, 26, iv. 26, 33.) The reading Acherunto in Livy (ix. 20), which has been adopted by Romanelli and Cramer, and considered to refer to the same place, is wholly unsupported by authority. (Alschefski, ad loc.) The coins assigned to this city belong to AQUILONIA. [E. H. B.]

1. A river of Epeirus in Thesprotia, which passed through the lake Acherusia ('Axepovoía Xíμvn), and after receiving the river Cocytus (KúкUTOS), flowed into the Ionian sea, S. of the promontory Cheime- ACHERU'SIA PALUS ('Axepovola Xiuvn), the rium. Pliny (iv. 1) erroneously states that the name of several lakes, which, like the various river flowed into the Ambraciot gulf. The bay of rivers of the name of Acheron, were at some time the sea into which it flowed was usually called believed to be connected with the lower world, until Glycys Limen (Tλvkùs λ‹μhv) or Sweet-Harbour, at last the Acherusia came to be considered in the because the water was fresh on account of the quan- lower world itself. The most important of these was tity poured into it from the lake and river. Scylax the lake in Thesprotia, through which the Acheron and Ptolemy call the harbour Elaea (Eλaia), "and | flowed. [ACHERON.] There was a small lake of

this name near Hermione in Argolis. (Paus. ii. 35. $ 10.)

ACHERU'SIA PALUS ('Axepovola Xíuvn), the name given to a small lake or saltwater pool in Campania separated from the sea only by a bar of sand, between Cumae and Cape Misenum, now called Lago di Fusaro. The name appears to have been bestowed on it (probably by the Greeks of Cumae) in consequence of its proximity to Avernus, when the legends connecting that lake with the entrance to the infernal regions had become established. [AVERNUS.] On this account the name was by some applied to the Lucrine lake, while Artemidorus maintained that the Acherusian lake and Avernus were the same. (Strab. v. pp. 243,245; Plin.iii. 5. s. 9.) The Lago di Fusaro could never have had any direct connection with the volcanic phenomena of the region, nor could it have partaken of the gloomy and mysterious character of Lake Avernus. The expressions applied to it by Lycophron (Alex. 695) are mere poetical hyperbole: and Virgil, where he speaks of tenebrosa palus Acheronte refuso (Aen. vi. 107), would seem to refer to Avernus itself rather than to the lake in question. In later times, its banks were adorned, in common with the neighbouring shores of Baiae, with the villas of wealthy Romans; one of these, which belonged to Servilius Vatia, is particularly described by Seneca (Ep. 55). [E. H. B.]

ACHETUM. [ACHERINI.] ACHILLA, ACHOLLA, or ACHULLA ('Axóλλa: Eth. 'Axoaîos, Achillitänus: El Aliah, large Ru.), a town on the sea-coast of Africa Propria (Byzacena), a little above the N. extremity of the Lesser Syrtis, and about 20 G. miles S. of Thapsus. It was a colony from the island of Melita (Malta), the people of which were colonists from Carthage. Under the Romans, it was a free city. In the African war, B. c. 46, it submitted to Caesar, for whom it was held by Messius; and it was in vain besieged by the Pompeian commander Considius. Among its ruins, of a late style, but very extensive, there has been found an interesting bilingual inscription, in Phoenician and Latin, in which the name is spelt Achulla (Steph. B. s. v.; Strab. p. 831; Liv. xxxiii. 48; Appian. Pun. 94; Hirtius, Bell. Afric. 33-43; Plin. v. 4; Ptol.; Tab. Peut., name corrupted into Anolla; Shaw's Travels, p. 193; Barth, Wanderungen, &c. vol. i. p. 176; Gesenius, Monum. Phoenic. p. 139.)

[P.S.]

ACHILLE OS DROMOS (Apóμos 'Axiños, or 'Axiλλéws, or 'Axíλλeios, or 'Axiλλhïos), a long narrow strip of land in the Euxine, NW. of the Chersonesus Taurica (Crimea) and S. of the mouth of the Borysthenes (Dnieper), running W. and E., with a slight inclination N. and S., for about 80 miles, including that portion of the coast from which it is a prolongation both ways. It is now divided by a narrow gap, which insulates its W. portion, into two parts, called Kosa (i. e. tongue) Tendra on the W., and Kosa Djarilgatch on the E. In the ancient legends, which connected Achilles with the NW. shores of the Euxine, this strip of land was pitched upon as a sort of natural stadium on which he might have exercised that swiftness of foot which Homer sings; and he was supposed to have instituted games there. Further to the W., off the mouth of the Ister, lay a small island, also sacred to the hero, who had a temple there. This island, called Achillis Insula, or Leuce ('Axiλλéws †) Aeuкn vñσos), was said to be the place to which Thetis transported the body of Achilles. By some it was made the abode of the

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shades of the blest, where Achilles and other heroes were the judges of the dead. Geographers identify it with the little island of Zmieroï, or Oulan A dassi (i. e. Serpents' Island) in 30° 10′ E long., 45° 15′ N. lat. (Herod. iv. 55, 76; Eurip. Iphig. in Taur. 438; Pind. Olymp. ii. 85; Paus. iii. 19. § 11; Strab. pp. 306-308, foll.; and other passages collected by Ukert, vol. iii. p. 2, pp. 442, foll., and Forbiger, vol. iii. pp. 1121-1122.) [P.S.]

ACHILLE'UM ('Axíλλeιov), a small town near the promontory Sigeum in the Troad (Herod. v. 94), where, according to tradition, the tomb of Achilles was. (Strab. p. 594.) When Alexander visited the place on his Asiatic expedition, B. c. 334, he placed chaplets on the tomb of Achilles. (Arrian, i. 12.) [G. L.] ACHILLIS INSULA. [ACHILLEOS DROMOS.] ACHOLLA. [ACHILLA.] ACHRADU'S. [ACHERDUS.]

ACHRIS, or A'CHRITA. [LYCHNIDUS.]

A'CILA ('Akiλa), which seems to be identical with OCE'LIS COknλis), now Zee Hill or Ghela, a seaport of the Sabaei Nomades, in Arabia Felix, a short distance to the S. of Mocha, and to the N. of the opening of the strait of Babel Mandeb. (Strab. p. 769; Plin. vi. 23. s. 26, 28. s. 32; Ptol. vi. 7. § 7.) By some geographers it is identified with the Bovλikás of the Homeritae mentioned by Procopius (B. P. i. 19). [W. R.]

ACIMINCUM, ACUMINCUM (Akovugkor, Ptol. ii. 16. § 5: Alt-Salankemen), a station or permanent cavalry barrack in Pannonia. (Amin. Marc. xix. 11. §7; Notit. Imp.) By George of Ravenna (iv. 19), and on the Peutingerian Table, the name is written ACUNUM. [W. B. D.]

ACINCUM, AQUINCUM ('AкоÚTYKOV, Ptol. ii. 16. § 4; Tab. Peut.; Orelli, Inscript. 506, 959, 963, 3924; Amm. Marc. xxx. 5; Itin. Anton.), a Roman colony and a strong fortress in Pannonia, where the legion Adjutrix Secunda was in garrison (Dion. Cass. lv. 24), and where also there was a large manufactory of bucklers. Acincum, being the centre of the operations on the Roman frontier against the neighbouring lazyges (Slovács), was occasionally the head-quarters of the emperors. It answers to the present Alt-Buda, where Roman basements and broken pillars of aqueducts are still visible. On the opposite bank of the Danube, and within the territory of the Iazyges, stood a Roman fort or outpost called, from its relative position, ContraAcincum (Not. Imp.), which was connected with Acincum by a bridge. Contra-Acincum is named Пéoσiov by Ptolemy (iii. 7. § 2). [W. B. D.]

ACI'NIPO ('AKIVITTW: Ronda la Vieja, Ru. 2 leagues N. of Ronda), a town of Hispania Bactica, on a lofty mountain. Ptolemy calls it a city of the Celtici (ii. 4. § 15.) Its site is marked by the ruins of an aqueduct and a theatre, amidst which many coins are found inscribed with the name of the place. (Florez, Esp. Sagr. vol. ix. pp. 16-60; Eckhel, vol. i. p. 14.)

COIN OF ACINIPO.

ACINIPO

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