ARABIA. ARABIAE MONS. sion of by A. Cornelius Palma, and formed into a Some partial temporary footing was gained, at a much later period, on the SW. coast by the Aethiopians, who displaced a tyrant of Jewish race; and both in this direction and from the N., Christianity was introduced into the country, where it spread to a great extent, and continued to exist side by side with the old religion (which was Sabaeism, or the worship of heavenly bodies), and with some admixture of Judaism, until the total revolution produced by the rise of Mohammedanism in A.D. 622. While maintaining their independence, the Arabs of the desert have also preserved to this day their ancient form of government, which is strictly patriarchal, under heads of tribes and families (Emirs and Sheikhs). In the more settled districts, the patriarchal authority passed into the hands of kings; and the people were divided into the several castes of scholars, warriors, agriculturists, merchants, and mechanics. The Mohammedan revolution lies beyond our limits. VI. Geographical Details.-1. Arabia Petraea. [PETRA; IDUMAEA; NABATHAEI]. 2. Arabia Deserta (ʼn epnuos 'Apabía), the great Syrian Desert, N. of the peninsula of Arabia Proper, between the Euphrates on the E., Syria on the N., and Coelesyria and Palestine on the W., was entirely inhabited by nomad tribes (the Beduins, or more properly Bedawee), who were known to the ancients under the appellation of SCENITAE (Σkηviтal, Strab. xvi. p. 767; Plin. vi. 28. s. 32; Ptol.) from their dwelling in tents, and Nomadae (Noμáda) from their occupation as wandering herdsmen, and afterwards by that of SARACENI (Zapaкnνoí), a name the origin of which is still disputed, while its renown has been spread over the world by its mistaken application to the great body of the Arabs, who burst forth to subdue the world to El Islam (Plin. l. c.; Ptol.; Ammian. xiv. 4, 8, xxii. 15, xxiii. 5, 6, xxiv. 2, xxxi. 16; Procop. Pers. ii. 19, 20). Some of them served the Romans as mercenary light cavalry in the Persian expedition of Julian. Ptolemy (v. 19) mentions, as separate tribes, the Cauchabeni, on the Euphrates; the Batanaei, on the confines of Syria [BATANAEA], the Agubeni and Rhaabeni, on the borders of Arabia Felix; the Orcheni, on the Persian Gulf; and, between the above, the Aeseitae, Masani, Agraei, and Marteni. He gives a long list of towns along the course of the Euphrates and the Persian Gulf, from 3. Arabia Felix ('Apasía ǹ Evdaíμav), included titles of the most important tribes; beginning S. of ARABIA FELIX ('Apabía evdaíuwv, Peripl. ARABIAE and ARABICUS MONS (Tns 'ApaGins, Tò 'Apásov obpos: Jebel Mokattem, fc.), the name given by Herodotus (ii. 8) to the range of mountains which form the eastern border of the N 3 Nile-valley, and separated it from the part of Arabia | Herodotus knew the Red Sea as a narrow gulf of [P.S.] ARA'BICUS SINUS, or MARE RUBRUM (8 'Aрábios кóλños, Herod., &c.; in some later writers Αραβικός κόλπος; Ἐρυθρὰ θάλασσα, its usual name in LXX. and N. T.: Arab. Bahr-el-Kolsum: Red Sea), the long and narrow gulf which extends northwards from the Indian Ocean, between Arabia on the E. and Africa (Abyssinia, and Nubia, and Egypt) on the W., between 12° 40′ and 30° N. lat. and between 43° 30′ and 32° 30' E. long. Its direction is NNW. and SSE. its length 1400 miles; its greatest breadth nearly 200 miles. It was first known to the ancients in its N. part, that is, in the western bay of the two into which its head is parted by the peninsula of Mt. Sinai (Gulf of Suez). The Israelites, whose miraculous passage of this gulf, near its head, is the first great event in their history as a nation, called it the sedgy sea. It seems to have been to this part also (as the earliest known) that the Greek geographers gave the name of Red Sea, which was afterwards extended to the whole Indian Ocean; while the Red Sea itself came to be less often called by that name, but received the distinctive appellation of Arabian Gulf. But it never entirely lost the former name, which it now bears exclusively. To find a reason for its being called Red has puzzled geographers, from Strabo (xvi. p. 779) to the present day. The best explanation is probably that, from its washing the shores of Arabia Petraea, it was called the Sea of Edom, which the Greeks translated literally into ἡ ἐρυθρὰ θάλασσα. The views of the ancients respecting this gulf are various and interesting. Herodotus (ii. 11) calls it a gulf of Arabia, not far from Egypt (i. e. the Nilevalley), flowing in from the sea called 'Epu@ph, up to Syria, in length forty days' rowing from its head to the open sea, and half a day's voyage in its greatest breadth; with a flood and ebb tide every day. In c. 158, he speaks of Necho's canal as cut into the Red Sea, which he directly afterwards calls the Arabian Gulf and the Southern Sea; the mixture of the terms evidently arising from the fact that he is speaking of it simply as part of the great sea, which he calls Southern, to distinguish it from the Northern, i. e. the Mediterranean. So, in iv. 37, he says that the Persians extend as far as the Southern or Red Sea, ἐπὶ τὴν νοτίην θάλασσαν τὴν Ἐρυθρὴν και Aevμény, i. e. the Persian Gulf, which he never distinguishes from the Erythraean Sea, in its wider sense; thus, he makes the Euphrates and Tigris fall into that sea (i. 180, vi. 20). Again, in iv. 39, speaking of Arabia, as forming, with Persia and Assyria, a great peninsula, jutting out from Asia into the Red Sea, he distinguishes the Arabian Gulf as its W. boundary; and he extends the Erythraean sea all along the S. of Asia to India (c. 40). Again, in c. 159, he speaks of Necho's fleet "on the Arabian Gulf, adjacent to the Red Sea” (¿πì tỷ 'Epulpy daAάoon); and, in relating the circumnavigation of Africa under that king, he says that Necho, having finished the canal from the Nile to the Arabian Gulf, caused some Phoenicians to embark for the expedition; and that they, setting forth from the Red Sea, navigated the Southern Sea (Spunoévтes ἐκ τῆς Ἐρυθρῆς θαλάσσης ἔπλωον τὴν νοτίην πά. Xarray), and so round Libya by the Pillars of Hercules to Egypt (iv. 42). These passages show that the great ocean, which he supposed to extend S. of Asia and Africa, but that his notion of the connection between the two was very vague; a view confirmed by the fact that he regards Arabia as the southernmost country of Asia (iii. 107). Respecting the gulf which forms the western head of the Red Sea, he had the opportunity of gaining accurate information in Lower Egypt, even if he did not see it himself; and, accordingly, he gives its width correctly as half a day's voyage in its widest part (the average width of the Gulf of Suez is thirty miles); but he fell into the error of supposing the whole sea to be the same average width. For its length he was dependent on the accounts of traders; and he makes it much too long, if we are to reckon the forty days by his estimate of 700 stadia, or even 500 stadia, a day, which would give 2,400 and 2,000 geog. miles respectively. But these are his estimates for sailing, and the former under the most favourable circumstances; whereas his forty days are expressly for rowing, keeping of course near the coast, and that in a narrow sea affected by strong tides, and full of impediments to navigation. Moreover, the Gulf of Bab-el-Mandeb should, perhaps be included in his estimate. Herodotus regarded the Nile-valley and the Red Sea as originally two parallel and equal gulfs, the one of the Northern Ocean, and the other of the Southern; of which the former has been filled up by the deposit of the Nile in two myriads of years, a thing which might happen to the latter, if the Nile were by any chance to be turned into it (ii. 11). How little was generally known of the S. part of the Red Sea down to the time of Herodotus, is shown by the fact that Damastes, the logographer, a disciple of Hellanicus, believed it to be a lake. (Strab. i. p. 47.) Another curious conjecture was that of Strabo, the writer on physics, and Eratosthenes, who tried to account for the marine remains in the soil of the countries round the Mediterranean, by supposing that the sea had a much higher level, before the disruption of the Pillars of Hercules; and that, until a passage was thus made for it into the Atlantic, its exit was across the Isthmus of Suez into the Red Sea ('Epv0pà Jáλaoσa). This theory, the latter part of which was used to explain Homer's account of the voyage of Menelaus to the Aethiopians, is mentioned and opposed by Strabo (i. pp. 38, 39, 57; Eratosth. Frag. p. 33, foll. ed. Seidel.) The ancient geographers first became well acquainted with the Red Sea under the Ptolemies. About B. C. 100, Agatharchides wrote a full description of both coasts, under the title Пep s épv@pûs Dáλaoons, of the 1st and 5th books of which we have a full abstract by Photius (Cod. 250, pp. 441-460, ed. Bekker; and in Hudson's Geo graphi Graeci Minores, vol. i.); and we have nnerous notices of the gulf in Strabo, Mela, Pliny, Ptolemy, and Agathemerus. They describe it as one of the two great gulfs of the Southern Sea (voría dáλaoσa, Strab. p. 121), or Indian Ocean, to which the names of 'Epvepà Sáraσoa and Mare Rubrum were now usually applied, the Red Sea itself being sometimes called by the same name and sometimes by the distinctive name of Arabian Gulf. Ptolemy carefully distinguishes the two (viii. 16. § 2); as also does Agathemerus, whose Red Sea ('Epvepà θάλασσα) is the Gulf of Bab-el-Mandeb. It extended from Arabia Petraea to the S. extremity of the coast of the Troglodytae in Aethiopia, being ARABICUS SINUS. enclosed on the W. by Egypt and Aethiopia, on the E. by Arabia Felix. Strabo, who includes, under the name of Aethiopians, all the people of the extreme south, from the rising to the setting sun, says that the Aethiopians are divided by nature into two parts by the Arabian Gulf, ὡς ἂν μεσημ Bpivov KUKλov Tμhμaтi àşioλóyw (i. p. 35; see Groskurd and the commentators). He places the Arabian and Persian Gulf opposite the Euxine and the Caspian respectively, which is quite right (ii. Its S. entrance was a narrow strait, p. 121). Fauces Maris Rubri (тà σTevà èv tỷ 'Epv0pậ JaAdoon, Ptol.; Straits of Bab-el-Mandeb), enclosed by the promontory of Deire or Dere (Ras Sejan) on the W., and that of Palindromos (C. Bab-elMandeb), on the E. (Ptol. i. 15. § 11, iv. 7. § 9, Its length was difvi. 7. § 7, viii. 16. § 12.) ferently estimated; by Eratosthenes (ap. Plin.) at 13,000 stadia; by Strabo, at 15,000 (i. p. 35: in ii. p. 100, only 10,000, but the reading should probably be altered); by Agrippa, at 14,000 or 13,776 (1722 M.P. ap. Plin.), and by Agathemerus at 10,000 stadia, or 1,333 M. P.; besides other calculations, following the line of either coast. Its breadth is still more variously stated, probably from its being taken at different parts; by Timosthenes (ap. Plin.) at 2 days' journey (about 1,200 stadia); by Strabo, at not much more than 1,000 stadia at its widest part; while the general estimate reached 3,800 stadia, or 475 M.P. The width of the strait is 60 stadia, according to Strabo and Agathemerus, or from 6 to 12 M. P. according to different accounts preserved by Pliny: it is really 20 miles. The dangers of this strait, which have given to it the name of Bab-el-Mandeb (i. e. Gate of Tears) are not made much of by the ancient writers. From the narrowness of the sea, Strabo often compares it to a river. At the northern end, the sea was parted into two bays by the peninsula of Arabia Petraea, consisting of the Black Mountains of Ptolemy (тà μéλava õpη, Ptol. v. 17. § 3, vi. 7. § 12; the Sinaitic group), terminating on the S. in the promontory of Poseidonium Of these bays, (Ras Mohammed) in 28° N. lat. the western and longer, running NW. to 30° N. lat. was called the Sinus Heroöpolites, or Heroöpoliticus (Ηρωοπολίτης κόλπος οι μύχος, Ηρωος κόλπος, Theophrast. H. Pl. iv. 8, кóλπos AlyvπтiaKós, Joseph. Ant. Jud. viii. 2; Bahr Es-Suez, Gulf of Suez), from the city of HEROOPOLIS ('Hpwwv Tóλis), near its head, on the canal which Necho made to connect It divided Middle Egypt from it with the Nile. Arabia Petraea, and is separated from the Mediterranean by the Isthmus of Suez. Its head seems to have retired in consequence of the sand washed up by the strong tides and prevailing S. winds. The The tide in this narrow gulf is so strong as to raise its surface above that of the Mediterranean. eastern bay was called Aelanites and Aelaniticus, or Elanites and Elaniticus Sinus (Aiλavíτns, 'ExaVÍTηs, 'EXAVITIKÒS KÓλTOS OR μixos: Gulf of Akaba), from the city of AELANA. It was regarded as the innermost recess of the Arabian Gulf (uúxos, Herod. Strab., &c.; Sinus intimus, Plin.). Pliny says that it took its name from the Laeanitae, who dwelt upon it, and whose capital was Laeana, or, according to others, Aelana; he then adds the various forms Aeliniticus, Aleniticus (from Artemidorus) and Laeniticum (from Juba). It extends NNE. to 29° 36' N. lat., with an average breadth of 12 miles, between rocky and precipitous shores. ARACELI. The character of the Red Sea, as given by the ARABIS (Apaßis, Ptol. vi. 19. § 2), a river of ARABRICA ('Apa6piya: Arabricenses: Alanquer), a stipendiary town of the Lusitani, in Hispania Lusitanica, on the right bank of the Tagus, N. of [P.S.] Olisipo; the Jerobriga of the Itinerary. (Plin. iv. 22. s. 35; Ptol. ii. 5. §7; It. Ant. pp. 419, 421; Florez, xiv. 174.) ARACCA (Apакка, Рtol. vi. 3. § 4; Aracha, Amm. Marc. xxiii. 6), a town in Susiana, on the Tigris. Bochart (ad Gen. x. 10) has attempted to [V.] identify it with Erech, and Michaelis with Edessa. If, however, it was in Susiana, neither of these idenARACE'LI (Eth. Aracelitanus: Huarte Araquil), tifications will answer. a stipendiary town of the Vascones, in the conventus N 4 of Caesaraugusta, in Hispania Tarraconensis, at the | nus has apparently contrasted two cities,-Arafoot of the Pyrenees, 24 M. P. west of Pamplona, on the little river Araquil. (Plin. iii. 3. s. 4; Itin. Ant. p. 455.) [P. S.] ARACHNAEUM (τò 'Apaxvaîov õpos), a mountain in Peloponnesus, forming the boundary between the territories of Corinth and Epidaurus. (Paus. ii. 25. § 10; Steph. B. s. v.; Hesych. s. v. voσéλvov; Leake, Morea, vol. ii. p. 417, seq., vol. iii. p. 312.) ARACHO'SIA (ʼn 'Apaxwoía: Eth. 'Apaxúτoi, Strab. xv. p. 723; Arrian, Anab. vi. 17; 'Apax@Tai, Dion. Perieg. v. 1096, Plin. v. 20. s. 23; Arachosii, Plin. vi. 9. s. 21), a province of Eastern Persia, bounded on the N. by the Paryeti M. (Hazáras, a portion of the chain of the Paropamisus, Hindu Kush), on the E. by the Indus, on the S. by Gedrosia, and on the W. by Drangiana. It comprehends the present provinces of the NE. part of Baluchistan, Cutch, Gandava, Kandahar, Sewestan, and the SW. portion of Kábulistan. Col. Rawlinson (Journ. Geogr. Soc. vol. xii. p. 113) has supposed the name to be derived from Harakhwati (Sansc. Saraswati), which is also preserved in the Arabic Rakhaj (applied generally to Kandahar), and on the Arghandab-river. According to Wilson (Ariana, p. 158), there is a place called Rohaj or Rokhaj, on the route from Bost to Ghizni. chosia, which he says is not far from the Massagetae, and Arachotus, which he calls a town of India. Col. Rawlinson believes the contiguity of the Massagetae and Arachosia may be explained by the supposition that by Massagetae Stephanus meant the Sacae, who colonised the Hazárah Mountains on their way from the Hindu-Kush to Sacastan or Seistan. 2. ('Apaxwrós, Steph. B.; Isid. Charax; Plin. vi. 23), the river of Arachosia, which flowed from the southern part of the Caucasus (Hindu-Kush), and gave its name to the capital. (Steph. B.) Ptolemy has committed an error in extending this river to the Indus; but he has in part attained the truth in connecting it with a lake (Xiμvn, hris Kaλeîтai 'Apáxштоs крývп, Ptol. vi. 20. § 2; "Arachoti Fons," Amm. Marc. xxiii. 26: perhaps the modern Dooree). The chief point is to determine what river Ptolemy refers to, as he does not give its name. The Etymander, Hermandus, or Erymanthus (now Helmend), flows from the mountains W. of Kábul into Lake Zarah; and M. Burnouf has supposed this to be the Arachotus, Zend Haraquaiti (Sansc. Saraswati) being a name common to a river, and implying connection with a lake. Wilson considers, however, the present Arkand-Ab, one of the tributaries of the Helmend, as answering best to the description of Ptolemy. Another tributary called the Turnuk flows through a small lake called Dooree in Elphinstone's map. It is possible that the name Arachotus may have been formerly applied indiscriminately to the three tributaries of the Helmend, the Arkand-ab, Turnuk, and Arghasan, which are all rivers of about the same volume. (Wilson, Ariana, pp. 156, 157.) [V.] It appears to have been a rich and thickly peopled province, and acquired early importance as being one of the main routes from India to Persia. Its chief mountains were called Paryeti (Hazáras), including probably part of the Soliman Koh and their SW. branch the Khojeh Amran mountains. It was watered by several streams, of which the principal bore the name of Arachotus [ARACHOTUS]: and contained the subordinate tribes of the Paryeti, Sidri, Rhoplutae, and Eoritae. Its most ancient capital was Arachotus or Arachosia [ARACHOTUS]; and in later times Alexandreia or Alexandreiopolis, a name probably given to it subsequently in honour of Alexander the Great. (Strab. xv. p. 723, seq.; Arrian,graphy, see Kramer, ad Strab. p. 325 : Arta), a Anab. iii. 28; Steph. s. v.; Ptol.; Rawlinson, Wilson, ul. cc.) [V.] ARACHTHUS (Apaxeos, Pol. xxii. 9; Ptol. iii. 13; Liv. xliii. 22; Plin. iv. 1; "Aparbos, Strab. pp. 325, 327; 'ATаTOós, Dicaearch. 42, p. 460, ed. Fuhr; "Apaitos, Lycophr. 409; Tzetz. ad loc.; Arethon, Liv. xxxviii. 3; respecting the ortho river of Epirus, rising in Mount Tymphe and the district Paroraea, and flowing southwards first through the mountains, and then through the plain of Ambracia into the Ambraciot gulf. The town of Ambracia was situated on its left or eastern bank, at the distance of 7 miles from the sea, in a direct line. ARACHO'TI FONS. [ARACHOTUS, No. 2.] ARACHO'TUS. 1. ('Apáxwros, Ptol. vi. 20. § 5; Isid. Charax; Plin. vi. 23; Arachoti, "ApaxwTO, Strab. xi. p. 514; Steph. B; Arachosia, Plin. vi. 33), the chief city of Arachosia, said to have been founded by Semiramis (Steph. B. s. v.), and to have The Arachthus formed the boundary between been watered by a river which flowed from the Hellas proper and Epirus, whence Ambracia was Indus eastward into a lake called 'Apάxwтоs кρńvn reckoned the first town in Hellas. The country (Ptol. vi. 20. § 2), and by Solinus to have been near the mouth of the river is full of marshes. The situated on the Etymander. Some difference of entrance to the present mouth of the Arta, which opinion has existed in modern times as to the exact lies to the E. of the ancient mouth, is so obstructed position of this town, and what modern city or ruins by swamps and shoals as scarcely to be accessible can be identified with the ancient capital. M. Court even to boats; but on crossing this bar there are (Journ. Asiat. Societ. Beng.) has identified some 16 or 17 feet of water, and rarely less than 10 in the ruins on the Arghasan river, 4 parasangs from Kan- channel, for a distance of 6 miles up the river. Three dahar, on the road to Shikarpur, with those of Ara-miles higher up the river altogether ceases to be navichotus; but these Prof. Wilson considers to be too much to the SE. Rawlinson (Journ. Geog. Soc. vol. xii. p. 113) thinks that he has found them at a place, now called U'lán Robát. He states, what is indeed curious, that the most ancient name of the city, Cophen, mentioned by Stephanus and Pliny, has given rise to the territorial designation of Kipin, applied by the Chinese to the surrounding country. The ruins are of a very remarkable character, and the measurements of Strabo, Pliny, and Ptolemy are, he considers, decisive as to the identity of the site. Stepha gable, not having more than 5 feet in the deepest part, and greatly obstructed by shoals. The course of the river is very tortuous; and the 9 miles up the river are only about 2 from the gulf in a direct line. At the entrance, its width is about 60 yards, but it soon becomes much narrower; and 9 miles up its width is not more than 20 yards. At Ambracia, however, its bed is about 200 yards across; but the stream in summer is divided by sand-banks into small rivulets, shallow, but rapid, running at least 4 miles an hour. Above the town, appears comparatively diminutive, and 5 or 6 miles higher | of oblong shape, with a slight rise towards the up, is lost among the hills. This is the present centre and steep on every side. Though a rock condition of the river, as described by Lieutenant rather than an island, it was extremely populous, Wolfe, who visited it in 1830. (Journal of the Geo- and, contrary to Oriental custom, the houses had graphical Society, vol. iii. p. 81.) many stories. According to Strabo, it owed its foundation to Sidonian exiles. (Comp. Joseph. Ant. i. 6. §2.) The city of Aradus was next in im ARA'CIA ('Apakía, Ptol. vi. 4. § 8; Plin. vi. 25), an island off the coast of Persis, which appears from Ptolemy to have borne also the name of Alex-portance after Tyre and Sidon. Like other Phoeandri Insula. nician cities, it was at first independent, and had its own kings; and it would seem that the strip of land extending from Paltus to Simyra was dependent upon it. In the time of the prophet Ezekiel (xxvii. 8, 11) it supplied Tyre with soldiers and sailors. Along with the rest of Phoenicia, it became subject to Persia. Afterwards, during the campaign of Alexander, Gerostratus, king of Aradus, was serving in the Persian fleet under Autophradates, when his son Straton submitted to the conqueror. Gerostratus assisted the Macedonians at the siege of Tyre. (Arrian, Anab. i. 13, 20.) It fell into the hands of the family of the Lagidae, when Ptolemy Soter, B. C. 320, seized on Phoenicia and Coele Syria. Its wealth and importance was greatly increased by the rights of asylum they obtained from Seleucus Calli [V.] ARACILLUM (Aradillos, near Fontibre and Reynosa), a town of the Cantabri, in Hispania Tarraconensis, not to be confounded with ARACELI. (Oros. vi. 21; Florez, iv. 22.) [P.S.] ARACYNTHUS ('Арáкvvbos: Zygós), a range of mountains in Aetolia running in a south-easterly direction from the Achelous to the Evenus, and separating the lower plain of Aetolia near the sea from the upper plain above the lakes Hyria and Trichonis. (Strab. pp. 450, 460; Dionys. Perieg. 431; Leake, Northern Greece, vol. i. p. 121.) | Pliny (iv. 2. §3) and Solinus (7. § 22) erroneously call Aracynthus a mountain of Acarnania. If we can trust the authority of later writers and of the Roman poets, there was a mountain of the name of Aracynthus both in Boeotia and in Attica, or per-nicus, B. C. 242, whom they had supported against haps on the frontiers of the two countries. Thus Stephanus B. (s. v.) and Servius (ad Virg. Ecl. ii. 24) speak of a Boeotian Aracynthus; and Sextus Empiricus (adv. Gramm. c. 12, p. 270), Lutatius (ad Stat. Theb. ii. 239), and Vibius Sequester (de Mont. p. 27) mention an Attic Aracynthus. The mountain is connected with the Boeotian hero Amphion both by Propertius (iii. 13. 42) and by Virgil (Ecl. ii. 24); and the line of Virgil - Amphion Dircaeus in Actaeo Aracyntho would seem to place the mountain on the frontiers of Boeotia and Attica. (Comp. Brandstäter, Die Gesch. des Aetol. Landes, p. 108.) ARAD (Apád), a city of the Canaanites in the S. of Palestine, in the neighbourhood of the wilderness of Kadesh. When the Israelites were in the mountains of Seir, at the time of Aaron's death, the king of Arad attacked them, and took some of them prisoners. (Numb. xxi. 1, xxxiii. 40; Judges, i. 16.) The city was consequently devoted to destruction by the Israelites; but the accomplishment of their vow (Numb. xxi. 3) is only recorded by anticipation, for it was executed under Joshua (Josh. xii. 14). Eusebius and Jerome place Arad 20 M. P. from Hebron and 4 from Malatha. Dr. Robinson identifies it, on the ground of the general agreement in position and the identity of name, with an eminence on the road from Petra to Hebron, called Tell 'Arad. (Researches, vol. iii. p. 12.) [P.S.] A'RADEN ('Apadhy: Eth. 'Apadnvios, Steph. B. s. v.), a city of Crete, formerly called Anopolis. In Kiepert's map it appears on the SW. coast of the island, near the Phoenix Portus. Remains of ancient walls are found at the modern Anopolis. (Pashley, Crete, vol. ii. p. 285.) [E. B. J.] A'RADUS. 1. (ǹ "Apados: Eth. 'Apádios, Aradius: 0. T. Arvad, Arvadite, Gen. x. 18, 1 Chron. i. 16; 'Apádio LXX.: Ruad), an island off the N. coast of Phoenicia, at a distance of 20 stadia from the mainland. (Strab. p. 753.) Pliny (v. 17), in estimating this distance at only 200 paces, falls short of the true measurement (perhaps we should read 2,200 paces; see Tzschucke, ad Pomp. Mel. ii. 7. § 6). Strabo (1. c.) describes it as a rock rising from the midst of the waves, 7 stadia in circumference. Modern travellers state that it is Antiochus Hierax; so much so that it was enabled As the town was |