Zeus, surnamed Lycaeus, was also very ancient | some considerable towns, as has been mentioned in Arcadia, and was celebrated with human sacri- above. Of these by far the most important were fices even down to the Macedonian period, a fact Tegea and Mantineia, on the borders of Laconia and which proves that the Arcadians still retained much Argolis, their territories consisting of the plain of of their original rude and savage character, notwith- Tripolitzá. standing the praises of their countryman Polybius. (Theoph. ap. Porphyr. de Abstin. ii. 27; comp. Paus. viii. 38. § 7.) Despoena, daughter of Poseidon and Demeter, was likewise worshipped with great solemnity in Arcadia. (Paus. viii. 37.) It has already been stated, that the Spartans made various attempts to extend their dominion over Arcadia. The whole of the northern territory of Sparta originally belonged to Arcadia, and was inhabited by Arcadian inhabitants. The districts of Scirītis, Beleminātis, Maleātis, and Caryatis, were at one time part of Arcadia, but had been conquered and annexed to Sparta before B. c. 600. (Grote, Hist. of Greece, vol. ii. p. 588.) The Spartans, however, met with a formidable resistance from Tegea, and it was not till after a struggle, which lasted for several centuries, and in the course of which the Spartans had been frequently defeated, that Tegea at length acknowledged the supremacy of Sparta, about B. C. 560. [TEGEA.] From this time Tegea and the other Arcadian towns appear as the allies of Sparta, and obeyed her orders as to the disposal of their military force; but they continued to maintain their independence, and never became the subjects of Sparta. In the Persian Of the history of the Arcadians little requires to be said. Pausanias (viii. 1, seq.) gives a long list of the early Arcadian kings, respecting whom the curious in such matters will find a minute account in Clinton. (Fast. Hell. vol. i. pp. 88-92.) It appears from the genealogy of these kings that the Arcadians were, from an early period, divided into several independent states. The most ancient division appears to have been into three separate bodies. This is alluded to in the account of the descendants of Arcas, who had three sons, Azan, Apheidas, and Elatus, from whom sprang the different Arcadian kings (Paus. viii. 4); and this triple division is also seen in the geographical distributions of the Arcadians into Azanes, Parrhasii, and Trapezuntii. (Steph. B. 8. v. 'AÇavía.) In the Trojan war, how-wars, the Arcadians fought under Sparta, and the ever, there is only one Arcadian king mentioned, Agapenor, the son of Ancaeus, and descendant of Apheidas, who sailed with the Arcadians against Troy, in 60 ships, which had been supplied to them by Agamemnon. (Hom. Il. ii. 609.) Previous to the Trojan war various Arcadian colonies are said to have been sent to Italy. Of these the most celebrated was the one led by Evander, who settled on the banks of the Tiber, at the spot where Rome was afterwards built, and called the town which he built Pallantium, after the Arcadian place of this name, from which he came. [PALLANTIUM.] That these Arcadian colonies are pure fictions, no one would think of doubting at the present day; but it has been suggested that an explanation of them may be found in the supposition that the ancient inhabitants of Latium were Pelasgians, like the Arcadians, and may thus have possessed certain traditions in common. (Comp. Niebuhr, Hist. of Rome, vol. i. p. 86.) On the invasion of Peloponnesus by the Dorians, the Arcadians, protected by their mountains, maintained their independence (Herod. ii. 171; Strab. p. 333); but the Spartans, when their power became more fully developed, made various attempts to obtain dominion over the Arcadian towns. Accordingly, the Arcadians fought on the side of the Messenians in their wars against Sparta; and they showed their sympathy for the Messenians by receiving them into their country, and giving them their daughters in marriage at the close of the second Messenian war (B. C. 631), and by putting to death Aristocrates, king of Orchomenus, because he treacherously abandoned the Messenians at the battle of the Treneh. (Diod. xv. 66; Pol. iv. 33; Paus. viii. 5. § 10, seq.) Since the Arcadians were not united by any political league, and rarely acted in concert, till the foundation of Megalopolis by Epa minondas, in B. c. 371, their history down to this period is the history of their separate towns. It is only necessary to mention here the more important events, referring, for details, to the separate articles under the names of these towns. Most of the Arcadian towns were only villages, each independent of the other, but on the eastern frontier there were Tegeatans appear as the second military power in the Peloponnesus, having the place of honour on the left wing of the allied army. (Herod. ix. 26.) Between the battle of Plataea and the beginning of the third Messenian war (i. e. between B.C. 479 and 464), the Arcadians were again at war with Sparta. Of this war we have no details, and we only know that the Spartans gained two great victories, one over the Tegeates and Argives at Tegea, and another over all the Arcadians, with the exception of the Mantineians, at Dipaea (èv ▲iñaçûσiv) in the Maenalian territory. (Herod. ix. 35; Paus. iii. 11. § 7.) In the Peloponnesian war, all the Arcadian towns remained faithful to Sparta, with the exception of Mantineia; but this city, which was at the head of the democratical interest in Arcadia, formed an alliance with Argos, and Athens, and Elis, in B. C. 421, and declared war against Sparta. The Mantineians, however, were defeated, and compelled to renew their alliance with Sparta, B.C. 417. (Thuc. v. 29, seq., 66, seq., 81.) Some years afterwards, the Spartans, jealous of the power of Mantineia, razed the walls of the city, and distributed the inhabitants among the four or five villages, of which they had originally consisted, B. c. 385. (Xen. Hell. v. 2. §§ 1-6; Diod. xv. 19.) [MANTINEIA.] The defeat of the Spartans at the battle of Leuctra, by Epaminondas and the Thebans (B. c. 371), destroyed the Spartan supremacy in the Peloponnesus, and restored the independence of the Arcadian towns. This victory was followed immediately by the restoration of Mantineia, and later in the same year by the formation of a political confederation in Arcadia. The person who took the most active part in effecting this union, was a native of Mantineia, named Lycomedes, and his project was warmly seconded by Epaminondas and the Boeotian chiefs. The plan was opposed by the aristocratical parties at Orchomenus, Tegea, and other Arcadian towns, but it received the cordial approbation of the great body of the Arcadian people. They resolved to found a new city, which was to be the seat of the new government, and to be called Megalopolis, or the Great City. The foundations of the city were immediately laid, and its population was drawn The following is a list of the towns of Arcadia. 1. In Tegeatis (Teyeâris), the SE. district, TEGEA, with the dependent places Manthyrea, Phylace, Garea, Corytheis. 2. In Mantinice (Mavтivikń), the district N. of Tegeatis, MANTINEIA, with the dependent places, Maera, Petrosaca, Phoezon, Nestane, Melangeia, Elymia. 3. In Stymphalia (Ervμpaλía), the district N. of Mantinice, STYMPHALUS, OLIGYRTUM, ALEA. 4. In Maenalia (Maivaλía), so called from Mt. Maenalus [MAENALUS], the district S. and W. of Mantinice, and W. of Tegeatis: on the road from Megalopolis to Tegea, LADOCEIA; Haemoniae (Aluoviai), probably on the western side of Mt. Tzimbarú (Paus. viii. 3. § 3, 44. § 1; Steph. B. s. v.; Leake, Peloponnesiaca, p. 247); ORESTHASIUM, a little to the right of the road; Aphrodisium (Aopodiotov, Paus. viii. 44. § 2); ATHENAEUM; ASEA; PALLANTIUM. On the road from Megalopolis to Maenalus, along the valley of the Helisson, Peraetheis (Пepaileîs, Paus. viii. 3. § 4, 27. § 3, 36. § 7), Lycoa, Dipaea, SUMATIA, MAENALUS. N. of Maenalus, ANEMOSA and HELISSON. Between Pallantium and Asea EUTAEA. The inhabitants of most of these towns were removed to MEGALOPOLIS, on the foundation of the latter city, which was situated in the SW. corner of Maenalia. The same remark applies to the inhabitants of most of the towns in the districts Maleatis, Cromitis, Parrhasia, Cynuria, Eutresia. from about 40 petty Arcadian townships. [ME- | For our knowledge of the greater part of the counGALOPOLIS.] Of the constitution of the new con- try we are indebted chiefly to Pausanias, who has federation we have very little information. We only devoted one of his books to a description of its cities know that the great council of the nation, which and their remains. used to meet at Megalopolis, was called of Múpio, or the "Ten Thousand." (Xen. Hell. vi. 5. § 3, seq., vii. 1. § 38; Paus. viii. 27; Diod. xv. 59.) This council was evidently a representative assembly, and was not composed exclusively of Megalopolitans; but when and how often it was assembled, and whether there was any smaller council or not, are questions which cannot be answered. (For details, see Thirlwall, Hist. of Greece, vol. v. p.88.) A standing army was also formed, called Epariti ('ErάρITоi), consisting of 5000 men, to defend the common interests of the confederation. (Xen. Hell. vii. 4. § 34, vii. 5. § 3; Diod. xv. 62, 67; Hesych. 8. v. èñoρóηTOL.) Supported by the Thebans, the Arcadians were able to resist all the attempts of the Spartans to prevent the new confederacy from becoming a reality; but they sustained one signal defeat from the Spartans under Archidamus, in B. C. 367, in what is called the "Tearless battle," although the statement that 10,000 of the Arcadians and their Argive allies were slain, without the loss of a single man on the Spartan side, is evidently an exaggeration. (Plut. Ages. 33; Diod. xv. 72; Xen. Hell. vii. 1. § 28, seq.) In B. C. 365, a war broke out between the Arcadians and Eleans, in which the former were not only successful, but took possession of Olympia, and gave to the Pisatans the presidency of the Olympic games (364). The members of the Arcadian government appropriated a portion of the sacred treasures at Olympia to pay their troops; but this proceeding was warmly censured by the Mantineians, who were, for some reason, opposed to the supreme government. The latter was supported by Tegea, as well as by the Thebans, and the Mantineians, in consequence, were led to ally themselves with their ancient enemies the Spartans. (Xen. Hell. vii. 4; Diod. xv. 77, seq.) Thus, the two most powerful cities of Arcadia were again arrayed against each other, and the strength of the new confederation was destroyed almost as soon as it was formed. The disturbed state of Arcadia brought Epaminondas at the head of a Theban army into Peloponnesus, in B. c. 362; and his death at the battle of Mantineia was followed by a general peace among all the belligerents, with the exception of Sparta. In the subsequent 7. In Parrhasia (Пappaσinn, Thuc. v. 33), a disturbances in Greece, we hear little of the Ar- district on the Messenian frontier, N. of Cromitis cadians; and though Megalopolis continued to be and Messenia, occupying the left bank of the plain an important city, the political confederation lost all of the Alpheius: MACAREAE; DASEAE; ACACEreal power. After the death of Alexander the Great, SIUM; LYCOSURA; THOCNIA; BASILIS; CYPSELA; we find many of the Arcadian cities in the hands BATHOS; TRAPEZUS; Acontium and Proseis of tyrants; and so little union was there between ('AкóvтLOV, Проσεîs), both of uncertain site. (Paus. the cities, that some of them joined the Achaean, viii. 27. § 4.) The Parrhasii (Naßßáσ101) are menand others the Aetolian, league. Thus Megalopolis tioned as one of the most ancient of the Arcadian was united to the Achaean League, whereas Orcho- tribes. (Strab. p. 388; Steph. B. s. v. 'AÇaría.) menus, Tegea, and Mantineia, were members of the During the Peloponnesian war the Mantineians had Aetolian. (Pol. ii. 44, 46.) Subsequently, the extended their supremacy over the Parrhasii, but whole of Arcadia was annexed to the Achaean the latter were restored to independence by the League, to which it continued to belong till the Lacedaemonians, B. c. 421. (Thuc. v. 33.) [MANdissolution of the league by the Romans, when TINEIA.] Homer mentions a town Parrhasia, said Arcadia, with the rest of the Peloponnesus, became to have been founded by Parrhasus, son of Lycaon, part of the Roman province of Achaia. [ACHAIA.] or by Pelasgus, son of Arestor, which Leake conLike many of the other countries of Greece, Arcadia jectures to be the same as Lycosura. (Hom. II. rapidly declined under the Roman dominion. Strabo ii. 608; Plin. iv. 10; Steph. B. s. v. Пappaola.) describes it as almost deserted at the time when he [LYCOSURA.] The Roman poets frequently use wrote; and of all its ancient cities Tegea was the the adjectives Parrhasius and Parrhasis as equionly one still inhabited in his day. (Strab. p. 388.) | valent to Arcadian. (Virg. Aen. viii. 344, xi. 31; 5. In Maleatis (Maλeâris), a district S. of Maenalia, on the borders of Laconia. The inhabitants of this district, and of Cromitis, are called Aegytae by Pausanias (viii. 27. § 4), because the Lacedaemonian town of Aegys originally belonged to Arcadia. MALEA; LEUCTRA, or LEUCTRUM; PHALAESEAE; Scirtonium (Kipréviov, Paus. viii. 27. § 4), of uncertain site. 6. In Cromitis (Kpwuîris), a district west of Maleatis, on the Messenian frontier: CROMI, or CROMNUS; GATHEAE; Phaedrias (Þaidpías, Paus. viii. 35. § 1), on the road from Megalopolis to Carnasium, perhaps on the height above Neokhori. (Leake, Peloponnesiaca, p. 236.) ARCADIA. Ov. Met. viii. 315.) ARCIDAVA. Thus we find Parrhasides | (NeoTavía); Nostia (Nooría); Oechalia (Oixastellae, i. e. Ursa major (Ov. Fast. iv. 577); Par-λía); Pylae (Пúλaι); Phorieia (Popícia); Thenae rhasia dea, i. e. Carmenta (Ov. Fast. i. 618); (évai); Thyraeum (Ovpaîov). Parrhasia virgo, i. e. Callisto. 190.) (Ov. Trist. ii. 8. In Phigalice, W. of Parrhasia and N. of Messenia, PHIGALIA. 9. In Cynuria, N. of Phigalice and Parrhasia: 10. In Eutresia (Evrpnoía), a district between 11. In Heraeatis ('Hpaiaris), the district in the W. on the borders of Elis, HERAEA and MELAE NEAE. 12. In Orchomenia ('Opxoμevía), the district N. of Eutresia and Cynuria, and E. of Hereatis: ORCHOMENUS; AMILUS; METHYDRIUM; PHALANTHUM; THEISOA; TEUTHIS; Nonacris, Callia, and Dipoena, forming a Tripolis, but otherwise unknown. (Paus. viii. 27. §4.) This Nonacris must not be confounded with the Nonacris in Pheneatis, where the Styx rose. 13. In Caphyatis (Kaquâris), the district N. and W. of Orchomenia: CAPHYAE and Nasi (Nãσoi), on the river Tragus. (Paus. viii. 23. §§ 2, 9.) 14. In Pheneatis (Peveâris), the district N. of Caphyatis, and in the NE. of Arcadia, on the frontiers of Achaia: PHENEUS; LYCURIA; CARYAE; PENTELEUM; NONACRIS. 15. In Cleitoria (Kλeropía), the district W. of Pheneatis: CLEITOR; LUSI; PAUS; Seirae (Zeîpai, Paus. viii. 23. § 9; nr. Dekhuni, Leake, Peloponnesiaca, p. 221), on the frontiers of Psophidia; Leucasium (Aevráσlov), Mesoboa (Meσóboa), Nasi (Navoi), Oryx or Halus ("Opv§, 'Aλoûs), and Thaliades (@ariades), all on the river Ladon. (Paus. viii. 25. § 2; Leake, Peloponnesiaca, p. 229.) 16. CYNAETHA, with a small territory N. of Cleitoria. 17. In Psophidia (Ywpidía), a district W. of Cleitoria, on the frontiers of Elis: PSOPHIS, with the village Tropaea. 18. In Thelpusia (eλvola), the district S. of the preceding, also on the frontiers of Elis: THELPUSA, and ONCEIUM or ONCAE. NTV COINS OF ARCADIA. ARCA'NUM. [ARPINUM.] ARCEUTHUS (Apкevoos), a small tributary of ARCHAEO'POLIS ('Apxaιómoλis), a city of Colchis, on the borders of Iberia, in a very strong position on a rock near the river Phasis. At the [P.S.] time of the Byzantine empire, it was the capital of the Lazic kingdom. (Procop. B. G. iv. 13; Agath. iii. 5, 8, 17.) ARCHANDRO'POLIS('Apxávdpov πóxis, Herod. ii. 97, 98; Steph. B. s.v.: Eth. 'Aрxavdρoñoλíтns), a city in Lower Egypt, between Naucratis and Sais, which derived its name, according to Herodotus, from He observes that Archandros is not an Egyptian [W. B. D.] Archandros of This, the father-in-law of Danaus. appellation. [ANDROPOLIS.] ARCHELA'IS ('Apxeλats). 1. In Cappadocia, tion of Archelaus, the last king of Cappadocia, which and on the Halys, as Pliny states (vi. 3); a foundathe emperor Claudius made a Colonia. The site is assumed to be Ak-serai (Hamilton, Researches, vol. ii. p. 230; Lond. Geog. Journ. vol. viii. p. 146); but Ak-serai is not on the Halys, as Leake supposes. Ak-serai is in 38° 20' N. lat., "in an open and well-cultivated valley, through which a small stream called the Beyaz-Su flows into the salt lake of Kochthe position of Archelais as laid down in the Itinehisar." Ak-serai, however, agrees very well with the stream on which it stood to be a branch of the [G. L.] raries, and Pliny may have been misled in supposing Halys. 2. A village built by Archelaus, son of Herod (Joseph. Antiq. xvii. 13. § 1), and not far from Pha[E. B. J.] saelis (xviii. 2. §2). It is placed by the Peutinger p. 576, comp. plate, p. 421.) Tables 12 M. P. north of Jericho. (Reland, Palaest. ARCI, a city of Hispania Baetica, and a colony, The site of the following Arcadian towns, men[P. S.] tioned by Stephanus Byzantinus, is quite unknown: is identified by coins and inscriptions with the ruins Allante (ANávrn); Anthana (Aváva); Aulon at Arcos on the Guaudalete, E. of Xeres. (Florez, ARCIDA'VA (Tab. Peut.; 'Apyídava, Ptol. iii. (Avλwv); Derea (Aépea); Diope (Aión); Elis ix. p. 90, x. p. 48.) HAIS); Ephyra (Epupa); Eua (Eba); Eugeia (Ebyeia); Hysia (Tola); Nede (Nédn); Nestania | 8. § 9), a city of Dacia, on the road from Vimina cium to Tiviscum, probably near Safka or Slatina, had united with the Zacynthians in the foundation of Saguntum in Spain, also points to the early power and prosperity ascribed to the city. In the historical period Ardea had become a purely Latin city, and its name appears among the thirty which constituted the Latin League. (Dion. Hal. v. 61.) According to the received history of Rome, it was besieged by Tarquinius Superbus, and it was during this longARCONNE'SUS ('Apкóvνnσos), a small island of protracted siege that the events occurred which led Caria, near to the mainland, and south of Halicar-to the expulsion of this monarch. (Liv. i. 57—60; nassus. It is now called Orak Ada. When Alex- Dion. Hal. iv. 64.) But though we are told that, ander besieged Halicarnassus, some of the inhabitants in consequence of that revolution, a truce for 15 fled to this island. (Arrian, Anab. i. 23; Strabo, p. years was concluded, and Ardea was not taken, yet 656; Chart of the Prom. of Halicarnassus, fc., in it appears immediately afterwards in the first treaty Beaufort's Karamania; Hamilton, Researches, ii. 34.) with Carthage, as one of the cities then subject to Strabo (p. 643) mentions an island, Aspis, between Rome. (Pol. iii. 22.) It is equally remarkable Teos and Lebedus, and he adds that it was also that though the Roman historians speak in high called Arconnesus. Chandler, who saw the island terms of the wealth and prosperity it then enjoyed from the mainland, says that it is called Carabash. (Liv. i. 57), it seems to have from this time sunk Barbié du Bocage (Translation of Chandler's Tra- into comparative insignificance, and never appears in vels, i. p. 422) says that it is called in the charts history as taking a prominent part among the cities Sainte-Euphémie. This seems to be the island of Latium. The next mention we find of it is on Macris of Livy (xxxvii. 28), for he describes it as occasion of a dispute with Aricia for possession of the opposite to the promontory on which Myonnesus was vacant territory of Corioli, which was referred by situated. Cramer (Asia Minor, vol. i. p. 355) takes the consent of the two cities to the arbitration of the Macris to be a different island from Aspis. [G. L.] Romans, who iniquitously pronounced the disputed ARDABDA, ARDAUDA (Apdábda, 'Apdaúda), lands to belong to themselves. (Liv. iii. 71, 72.) signifying the city of the seven gods, was the name Notwithstanding this injury, the Ardeates were ingiven by the Alani or the Tauri to the city of duced to renew their friendship and alliance with THEODOSIA on the Tauric Chersonese. (Anon. Rome: and, shortly after, their city being agitated Peripl. Pont. Eux. p. 5.) [P. S.] by internal dissensions between the nobles and plebeians, the former called in the assistance of the Romans, with whose aid they overcame the popular party and their Volscian allies. But these troubles and the expulsion of a large number of the defeated party had reduced Ardea to a low condition, and it was content to receive a Roman colony for its protection against the Volscians, B. C. 442. (Liv. iv. 7, 9, 11; Diod. xii. 34.) In the legendary history of Camillus Ardea plays an important part: it afforded him an asylum in his exile; and the Ardeates are represented as contributing greatly to the very apocryphal victories by which the Romans are said to have avenged themselves on the Gauls. (Liv. v. 44, 48; Plut. Camill. 23, 24.) ARDANIS or ARDANIA ('Apdavis &кра, Рtol. iv. 5. § 2; Peripl.; 'Apdavía, Strab. i. p. 40, corrupted into 'Apdaváčns, xvii. p. 838: Ras-al-Milhr), a low promontory, with a roadstead, on the N. coast of Africa, in that part of Marmarica which belonged to Cyrene, between Petra Magna and Menelaus Portus; at the point where the coast suddenly falls off to the S. before the commencement of the Catabathmus Magnus. [P.S.] From this time Ardea disappears from history as an independent city; and no mention of it is found on occasion of the great final struggle of the Latins against Rome in B. C. 340. It appears to have gra A'RDEA ('Apdéa: Eth. 'Apdeárns, Ardeas, -atis), a very ancient city of Latium, still called Ardea, situated on a small river about 4 miles from the seacoast, and 24 miles S. of Rome. Pliny and Mela reckon it among the maritime cities of Latium: Strabo and Ptolemy more correctly place it inland, but the former greatly overstates its distance from the sea at 70 stadia. (Plin. iii. 5. s. 9; Mela, ii. 4; Strab. v. p. 232; Ptol. iii. 1. § 61.) All ancient writers agree in representing it as a city of great an-dually lapsed into the condition of an ordinary "Colotiquity, and in very early times one of the most wealthy and powerful in this part of Italy. Its foundation was ascribed by some writers to a son of Ulysses and Circe (Xenag. ap. Dion. Hal. i. 72; Steph. B. v. 'Apdéa); but the more common tradition, followed by Virgil as well as by Pliny and Solinus, represented it as founded by Danaë, the mother of Perseus. Both accounts may be considered as pointing to a Pelasgic origin; and Niebuhr regards it as the capital or chief city of the Pelasgian portion of the Latin nation, and considers the name of its king Turnus as connected with that of the Tyrrhenians. (Virg. Aen. vii. 410; Plin. l. c.; Solin. 2. § 5; Niebuhr, vol. i. p. 44, vol. ii. p. 21.) It appears in the legendary history of Aeneas as the capital of the Rutuli, a people who had disappeared or become absorbed into the Latin nation before the commencement of the historical period: but their king Turnus is represented as dependent on Latinus, though holding a separate sovereignty. The tradition mentioned by Livy (xxi. 7), that the Ardeans nia Latina," and was one of the twelve which in B. C. 209 declared themselves unable to bear any longer their share of the burthens cast on them by the Second Punic War. (Liv. xxvii. 9.) We may hence presume that it was then already in a declining state; though on account of the strength of its position, we find it selected in B. C. 186 as the place of confinement of Minius Cerrinius, one of the chief persons implicated in the Bacchanalian mysteries. (Liv. xxxix. 19.) It afterwards suffered severely, in common with the other cities of this part of Latium, from the ravages of the Samnites during the civil wars between Marius and Sulla: and Strabo speaks of it in his time as a poor decayed place. Virgil also tells us that there remained of Ardea only a great name, but its fortune was past away. (Strah v. p. 232; Virg. Aen. vii. 413; Sil. Ital. i. 291.) The unhealthiness of its situation and neighbourhood, noticed by Strabo and various other writers (Strab. p. 231; Seneca, Ep. 105; Martial, iv. 60), doubtless contributed to its decay: and Juvenal tells ARDEA. ARDOBRICA. and not far from the sea-coast. (Strab. v. p. 232; us that in his time the tame elephants belonging to The VIA ARDEATINA, which led direct from the emperor were kept in the territory of Ardea (xii. 105); a proof that it must have been then, as at the We find Rome to Ardea, is mentioned in the Curiosum Urbis present day, in great part uncultivated. 1139. mention of a redistribution of its "ager" by Hadrian (p. 28, ed. Preller) among the roads which issued from the gates of Rome, as well as by Festus (v (Lib. Colon. p. 231), which would indicate an attempt at its revival,- but the effort seems to Retricibus, p. 282, M.; Inscr. ap. Gruter, p. have been unsuccessful: no further mention of it 12). It quitted the Via Appia at a short distance occurs in history, and the absence of almost all in- from Rome, and passed by the farms now called scriptions of imperial date confirms the fact that it Tor Narancia, Cicchignola, and Tor di Nona (so had sunk into insignificance. It probably, however, called from its position at the ninth mile from Rome) never ceased to exist, as it retained its name unaltered, to the Solfarata, 15 R. miles from the city: a spot and a "castellum Ardeae" is mentioned early in the where there is a pool of cold sulphureous water, partly surrounded by a rocky ridge. There is no doubt that this is the source mentioned by Vitrumiddle ages,-probably, like the modern town, occupying the ancient citadel. (Nibby, vol. i. p. 231.) The modern village of Ardea (a poor place with vius (Fons in Ardeatino,' viii. 3) as analogous to the Aquae Albulae; and it is highly probable that only 176 inhabitants, and a great castellated mansion belonging to the Dukes of Cesarini) occupies it is the site also of the Oracle of Faunus, so pictuthe level surface of a hill at the confluence of two resquely described by Virgil (Aen. vii. 81). This narrow valleys: this, which evidently constituted the has been transferred by many writers to the source ancient Arx or citadel, is joined by a narrow neck to of the Albula, but the locality in question agrees a much broader and more extensive plateau, on which much better with the description in Virgil, though stood the ancient city. No vestiges of this exist it has lost much of its gloomy character, since the (though the site is still called by the peasants Ci-wood has been cleared away; and there is no reason vita Vecchia); but on the NE., where it is again why Albunea may not have had a shrine here as joined to the table-land beyond, by a narrow isthmus, well as at Tibur. (See Gell. I. c. p. 102; Nibby, is a vast mound or Agger, extending across from vol. ii. p. 102.) From the Solfarata to Ardea the valley to valley, and traversed by a gateway in its ancient road coincides with the modern one: at the centre; while about half a mile further is another church of Sta Procula, 4 miles from Ardea, it similar mound of equal dimensions. These ramparts crosses the Rio Torto, probably the ancient NumiThe actual diswere probably the only regular fortifications of the cius. [NUMICIUS.] No ancient name is preserved city itself; the precipitous banks of tufo rock towards for the stream which flows by Ardea itself, now the valleys on each side needing no additional de- called the Fosso dell Incastro. fence. The citadel was fortified on the side towards tance from Rome to Ardea by this road is nearly [E. H. B.] the city by a double fosse or ditch, hewn in the rock, 24 miles; it is erroneously stated by Strabo at 160 as well as by massive walls, large portions of which stadia (20 R. miles), while Eutropius (i. 8) calls it are still preserved, as well as of those which crowned only 18 miles. the crest of the cliffs towards the valleys. They are built of irregular square blocks of tufo: but some portions appear to have been rebuilt in later times. (Gell, Top. of Rome, pp. 97-100; Nibby, Dintorni di Roma, vol. i. pp. 233-240.) There exist no other remains of any importance: nor can the sites be traced of the ancient temples, which continued to be objects of veneration to the Romans when Ardea had already fallen into decay. Among these Pliny particularly mentions a temple of Juno, which was adorned with ancient paintings of great merit; for the execution of which the painter (a Greek artist) was rewarded with the freedom of the city.* In another passage he speaks of paintings in temples at Ardea (probably different from the above), which were believed to be more ancient than the foundation of Rome. (Plin. xxxv. 3. s. 6, 10. s. 37.) Besides these temples in the city itself, Strabo tells us that there was in the neighbourhood a temple of Venus ('Aopodiotov), where the Latins annually asThis is evidently the sembled for a great festival spot mentioned by Pliny and Mela in a manner that would have led us to suppose it a town of the name of APHRODISIUM; its exact site is unknown, but it appears to have been between Ardea and Antium, * Concerning the name and origin of the painter, which are written in the common editions of Pliny "Marcus Ludius Elotas Aetolia oriundus," for which Sillig would substitute "Plautius Marcus Cleoetas Alalia exoriundus," see the art. Ludius, in Biogr. Dict., and Sillig's note on the passage, in his new edition of Pliny. But his emendation Alalia is scarcely tenable. A'RDEA (Apdea), a town in the interior of [V.] Persis, S.W. of Persepolis. (Ptol. xi. 4. § 5; Amm. Marc. xxiii. 6.) ARDELICĂ, a town of Gallia Transpadana, which occupied the site of the modern Peschiera, at the SE. angle of the Lacus Benacus (Lago di Garda), just where the Mincius issued from the lake. The name is found under the corrupted form Ariolica in the Tab. Peut., which correctly places it between Brixia and Verona; the true form is preserved by inscriptions, from one of which we learn [E. H. B.] that it was a trading place, with a corporation of (Orell. Inscr. 4108.) ship-owners, "collegium naviculariorum ArdelicenARDETTUS. [ATHENAE.] sium." ARDERICCA ('Aрdéρiккα), a small place in AsThe passage syria on the Euphrates above Babylon (Herod. i. 185), about which the course of the Euphrates was of Herodotus is unintelligible to us, and the site of made very tortuous by artificial cuts. Ardericca unknown. Herodotus (vi. 119) gives the same name to another place in Cissia to which Darius, the son of Hystaspes, removed the captives of Eretria. It was, and 40 stadia from the spring from which were got [G. L.] according to Herodotus, 210 stadia from Susa (Sus), asphalt, salt, and oil. ARDIAEI ('Apdiator), an Illyrian people mentioned by Strabo, probably inhabited Mt. Ardion, which the same geographer describes as a chain of mountains running through the centre of Dalmatia. (Strab. vii. p. 315.) ARDOBRICA (Coruña), a sea-port town of the Artabri, in the NW. of Spain, on the great gulf 0 2 |