his passage of the Graian Alps. (Wickham and called Portus Artabrorum (Bay of Coruña and Ferrol). The above is probably the right form of the name, but the MSS. differ greatly. (Mela, iii. 1. § 9.) [P. S.] ARDUENNA ('Apdovevva üλn: Ardennes), the largest forest in Gallia in Caesar's time. (B. G. v. 3, vi. 29, 33.) He describes it in one passage as extending from the Rhine, through the midst of ARELA'TE (also Arelatum, Arelas, 'Apeλára: the territory of the Treviri, to the borders of the Eth. Arelatensis: Arles), a city of the Provincia or territory of the Remi; and in another passage as Gallia Narbonensis, first mentioned by Caesar (B.C. extending from the banks of the Rhine and the bor-i. 36, ii. 5), who had some ships built there for the ders of the Treviri more than 500 Roman miles to the Nervii. From a third passage we may collect that he supposed it to extend to the Scaldis, Schelde. Accordingly it was included in the country of the Belgae D'Anville conjectures that the reading of Caesar, instead of "millibusque amplius ID in longitudinem," should be CL. Orosius (vi. 10), who is here copying Caesar, has "plus quam quingenta millia passuum" (ed. Haverkamp); but the old editions, according to D'Anville, have L instead of ID. Strabo (p. 194) says that the Arduenna is a forest, not of lofty trees; an extensive forest, but not so large as those describe it who make it 4,000 stadia, that is, 500 Roman miles, or exactly what the text of Caesar has. (See Groskurd's Translation, vol. i. p. 335, and his note.) It seems, then, that Strabo must then be referring to what he found in Caesar's Commentaries. He makes the Arduenna include the country of the Morini, Atrebates, and Eburones, and consequently to extend to the North Sea on the west, and into the Belgian province of Liege on the north. The dimensions of 500 Roman miles is a great error, and it is hardly possible that Caesar made the mistake. The error is probably due to his copyists. The direct distance from Coblenz, the most eastern limit that we can give to the Arduenna, to the source of the Sambre, is not above 200 Roman miles; and the whole distance from Coblenz to the North Sea, measured past the sources of the Saibre, is not much more than 300 miles. The Arduenna comprehended part of the Prussian territory west of the Rhine, of the duchy of Luxembourg, of the French department of Ardennes, to which it gives name, and a small part of the south of Belgium. It is a rugged country, hilly, but not mountainous. The name Arduenna appears to be descriptive, and "forest." may mean A woodland tract in Warwickshire is still called Arden. It was once a large forest, extending from the Trent to the Severn. [G. L.] ARDYES ("Apoves), a tribe of Celtae, whom Polybius (iii. 47) places in the upper or northern valley of the Rhone, as he calls it. His description clearly applies to the Valais, down which the Rhone flows to the Lake of Geneva. In the canton of Valais there is a village still called Ardon in the division of the Valais, named Gontey. [G. L.] AREA, or ARIA. [ARETIAS.] AREBRIGIUM, a town or village of the Salassi, mentioned only in the Itineraries, which place it on the road from Augusta Praetoria to the pass of the Graian Alps, 25 M. P. from the former city. (Itin. Ant. pp. 345, 347; Tab. Peut.) This distance coincides with the position of Prè St. Didier, a considerable village in an opening of the upper valley of Aosta, just where the great streams from the southern flank of Mont Blanc join the Dora, which descends from the Petit St. Bernard. As the first tolerably open space in the valley, it is supposed to have been the first halting-place of Hannibal after siege of Massilia. The place is situated on the left bank of the Rhone, where the river divides into two branches. It was connected by roads with Valentia (Valence), with Massilia (Marseille); with Forum Julii (Fréjus), with Barcino in Spain (Barcelona); and with other places. This city is supposed to be the place called Theline in the Ora Maritima (v. 679) of Festus Avienus; and as Theline appears to be a significant Greek term (nn), D'Anville (Notice, &c., Arelate), and others found a confirmation of the name of Avienus in a stone discovered near Arles, with the inscription Mammillaria: but the stone is a mile-stone, and the true reading on it is Massil. Milliar. I.", that is, the first milestone on the way from Arelate to Massilia; a signal instance of the blunders which may be made by trusting to careless copies of inscriptions, and to false etymologies (Walckenaer, Géog. des Gaules). Arelate was in the country of the Salyes, after whose conquest by the Romans (B. C. 123), we may suppose that the place fell under their dominion. It became a Roman colony, apparently in the time of Augustus, with the name of Sextani attached to it, in consequence of some soldiers of the sixth legion being settled there (Plin. iii. 4); and this name is confirmed by an inscription. Another inscription gives it also the cognomen Julia. In Strabo's time (p. 181) it was the centre of considerable trade, and Mela (ii. 5) mentions Arelate as one of the chief cities of Gallia Narbonensis. The place was improved by Constantine, and a new town was built, probably by him, opposite to the old one, on the other side of the stream; and from this circumstance Arelate was afterwards called Constantina, as it is said. Ausonius (Urb. Nobil. viii.) accordingly calls Arelate duplex, and speaks of the bridge of boats on the river. The new city of Constantine was on the site of the present suburb of Trinquetaille, in the island of La Camargue, which is formed by the bifurcation of the Rhone at Arles. Arelate was the residence of the praefect of Gallia in the time of Honorius; and there was a mint in the city. The Roman remains of Arles are very numerous. An obelisk of Egyptian granite was found buried with earth some centuries ago, and it was set up in 1675 in one of the squares. It seems that the obelisk had remained on the spot where it was originally landed, and had never been erected by the Romans. The amphitheatre of Arles is not so perfect as that of Nemausus (Nimes), but the dimensions are much larger. It is estimated that it was capable of containing at least 20,000 persons. The larger diameter of the amphitheatre is 466 feet. A part of the old cemetery, Campus Elysius, now Eliscamps, contains ancient tombs, both Pagan and Christian. [G. L.] AREMORICA. [ARMORICA.] ARENACUM, is mentioned by Tacitus (list. v. 20) as the station of the tenth legion, when Civilis attacked the Romans at Arenacum, Bata [E. B. J.] 3. A fountain at Syracuse. [SYRACUSAE.] 4. A fountain close to Chalcis in Euboea, which was sometimes disturbed by volcanic agency. Dicaearchus says that its water was so abundant as to be sufficient to supply the whole city with water. (Dicaearch. Bíos Tns 'Eλλádos, p. 146, ed. Fuhr; Strab. i. p. 58, x. p. 449; Eurip. Iphig. in Aul. 170; Plin. iv. 12.) There were tame fish kept in this fountain. (Athen. viii. p. 331, e. f.) Leake says that this celebrated fountain has now totally disappeared. (Northern Greece, vol. ii. p. 255.) 5. A fountain in Ithaca. [ITHACA.] vodurum, and other places. Some geographers have | wholesome, which does not correspond with the acidentified Arenacum with Arnheim, but D'Anville count of Pliny. and Walckenaer place it at Aert near Herwen. In the Antonine Itin., on the road from Lugdunum (Leiden), to Argentoratum (Strassburg), the fifth place from Lugdunum, not including Lugdunum, is Harenatio, which is the same as Arenacum. The next place on the route is Burginatio. Burginatio also follows Arenatio in the Table; but the place before Arenatio in the Table is Noviomagus (Nimegen); in the Itin. the station which precedes Harenatio is Carvo (Rhenen), as it is supposed. It is certain that Arenatio is not Arnheim. [G. L.] ARENAE MONTES, according to the common text of Pliny (iii. 1. s. 3), are the sand-hills (Arenas Gordas) along the coast of Hispania Baetica, NW. of the mouth of the Baetis. But Sillig adopts, from some of the best MSS., the reading Mariani Montes. [MARIANUS.] [P.S.] 6. A town of Bisaltia in Macedonia, in the pass of Aulon, a little N. of Bromiscus, and celebrated for containing the sepulchre of Euripides. (Amm. Marc. xxvii. 4; Itin. Hierosol. p. 604; Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iii. p. 170.) We learn from Scylax (c. 67) that it was an ancient Greek colony. It was probably founded by the Chalcidians of Euboea, who may have called it after the celebrated fountain in the neighbourhood of their city. Ste ARE'NĚ ('Aphvn), a town mentioned by Homer as belonging to the dominions of Nestor, and situated near the spot where the Minyeius flows into the sea. (Hom. Il. ii. 591, xi. 723.) It also occurs in the Homeric Hymn to Apollo (423), in conjunc-phanus B. (s. v.) erroneously calls it a city of tion with other towns on the western coast of Peloponnesus. According to Pausanias (iv. 2. § 4, 3. §7), it was built by Aphareus, who called it after Arene, both his wife and his sister by the same mother. It was commonly supposed in later times that Arene occupied the site of Samos or Samia in Triphylia, near the mouth of the Anigrus, which was believed to be the same as the Minyeius. (Strab. viii. p. 346; Paus. v. 6. § 2.) AREON ('Apewv), a small stream in Persis. (Arrian, Indic. 38.) [V.] a Thrace. It was either from this place or from Bromiscus that the fortified town of Rentine arose, which is frequently mentioned by the Byzantine historians. (Tafel, Thessalonica, p. 68.) ARE'TIAS (Apnτiás), a small island on the coast of Pontus, 30 stadia east of Pharnacia (Kerasunt), called "Apeos voos by Scymnus (Steph. B. s. v. "Apeos voos) and Scylax. Here (Apollon. Rhod. ii. 384) the two queens of the Amazons, Otrere and Antiope, built a temple to Ares. Mela (ii. 7) mentions this place under the name of Area or Aria, an island dedicated to Mars, in the neighbourhood of Colchis. Aretias appears to be the rocky islet called by the Turks Kerasunt Ada, which is between 3 and 4 miles from Kerasunt. "The rock is a black volcanic breccia, with imbedded fragments of trap, and is covered in many places with broken oystershells brought by gulls and sea-birds." (Hamilton, Researches, i. 262.) This may explain the legend of the terrible birds that frequented this spot. Pliny (vi. 12) gives to the island also the name of Chalceritis. [G. L.] ARE'TIAS. [ARIAS.] AREOPOLIS, identical with Ar of Moab. S. Jerome explains the name to be compounded of the Hebrew word ( Ar or Ir) signifying "city" and its Greek equivalent (Tóλis), "non ut plerique existimant quod 'Apeos, i. e. Martis, civitas sit" (in Jos. xv.). He states that the walls of this city were shaken down by an earthquake in his infancy (circ. A. D. 315). It was situated on the south side of the River ARNON, and was not occupied by the Israelites (Deut. ii. 9, 29; Euseb. Onomast. sub voc. 'Apv@v). Burkhardt suggests that its site may be marked by the ruined tank near Mehatet-el-Haj, little to the south of the Arnon (p. 374). [G. W.] A'REVA, a tributary of the river Durius, in ARETHU'SA. 1. (Apélovoa: Eth. 'Apelovarios, Hispania Tarraconensis, from which the Arevaci Arethusius, Plin. v. 23), a city of Syria, not far from derived their name. It is probably the Ucero, which Apamea, situated between Epiphania and Emesa. flows from N. to S., a little W. of 3° W. long., and (Anton. Itin.; Hierocles.) Seleucus Nicator, in pur-falls into the Douro S. of Osma, the ancient Uxama. suance of his usual policy, Hellenized the name. (Appian, Syr. 57.) It supported Caecilius Bassus in his revolt (Strab. p. 753), and is mentioned by Zosimus (i. 52) as receiving Aurelian in his campaign against Zenobia. (For Marcus, the well-known bishop of Arethusa, see Dict. of Biog. s. v.) It afterwards took the name of Rastan (Abulf. Tab. Syr. p. 22), under which name it is mentioned by the same author (An. Mus. ii. 213, iv. 429). Irby and Mangles visited this place, and found some remains (p. 254). 2. (Nazúk), a lake of Armenia, through which the Tigris flows, according to Pliny (vi. 31). He describes the river as flowing through the lake without any intermixture of the waters. Ritter (Erdkunde, vol. x. pp. 85, 90, 101; comp. Kinneir, Travels, p. 383) identifies it with the lake Nazúk, which is about 13 miles in length, and 5 in breadth at the centre. The water is stated to be sweet and (Plin. iii. 3. s. 4.) [P. S.] ARE'VACI, ÁRE'VACAE ('Apeováko, Strab. iii. p. 162; Ptol. ii. 6. § 56; 'Apavakaí, Pol. xxxv. 2; Apovakoí, Appian. Hisp. 45, 46), the most powerful of the four tribes of the Celtiberi in Hispania Tarraconensis, S. of the Pelendones and Berones, and N. of the Carpetani. They extended along the upper course of the Durius, from the Pistoraca, as far as the sources of the Tagus. Pliny (iii. 3. s. 4) assigns to them six towns, Segontia, Uxama, Segovia, Nova Augusta, Termes, and Clunia, on the borders of the Celtiberi. Numantia, which Pliny assigns to the Pelendones, is mentioned by other writers as the chief city of the Arevaci. [NuMANTIA.] Strabo, Ptolemy, and other writers also mention Lagni, Malia, Serguntia or Sargantha, Cesada, Colenda, Miacum, Pallantia, Segida, Arbace, Confluenta, Tucris, Veluca, and Setortialacta. The Arevaci were distinguished for their valour in the Celtiberian or Numantine war (B. c. 143–133) | of its name is found in any earlier writer, though it and especially for the defence of NUMANTIA. is certainly one of the most remarkable physical (Strab., Polyb., Appian., Ul. cc.) [P. S.] features on the coast of Etruria. Strabo, however, ARGAEUS (Apyaîos: Argish, or Erjish Dagh), notices the adjoining lagune (Auvoláλatta), and a lofty mountain in Cappadocia, at the foot of which the existence of a station for the tunny fishery by was Mazaca. It is, says Strabo (p. 538), always the promontory (v. p. 225), but without giving the covered with snow on the summit, and those who name of the latter. At its south-eastern extremity ascend it (and they are few) say that on a clear day was the small but well-sheltered port mentioned by they can see from the top both the Euxine and the ancient writers under the name of PORTUS HERCUbay of Issus. Cappadocia, he adds, is a woodless LIS ('Hрakλéovs Xiuhy, Strab. 1. c.; Rutil. i. 293), country, but there are forests round the base of Ar- and still known as Porto d'Ercole. Besides this, gaeus. It is mentioned by Claudian. (In Ruf. ii. 30.) the Maritime Itinerary mentions another port to It has been doubted if the summit of the mountain which it gives the name of INCITARIA, which must can be reached; but Hamilton (Researches, ii. 274) probably be the one now known as Porto S. Stefano, reached the highest attainable point, above" which is formed by the northern extremity of the headland; a mass of rock with steep perpendicular sides, rising to but the distances given are corrupt. (Itin. Marit. p. a height of 20 or 25 feet above the ridge," on which 499.) The name of Mons Argentarius points to the he stood. The state of the weather did not enable existence here of silver mines, of which it is said that him to verify Strabo's remark about the two seas, some remains may be still discovered. [E. H. B.] but he doubts if they can be seen, on account of the ARGENTA RIUS MONS (Avien. Or. Marit. high mountains which intervene to the N. and the 291; 'Apyupov opos, Strab. iii. p. 148), that part S. He estimates the height above the sea-level at of M. OROSPEDA in the S. of Spain in which the about 13,000 feet. Argaeus is a volcanic mountain. Baetis took its rise; so called from its silver mines. It is the culminating point in Asia Minor of the (Comp. Steph. B. s. v. Tapτnoσós; Paus. vi. 19.) range of Taurus, or rather of that part which is Bochart (Phaleg. i. 34, p. 601) agrees with Strabo called Antitaurus. [G. L.] in supposing that the word Orospeda had the same sense as argentarius. [P.S.] ARGANTHONIUS ('Αργανθώνιος, Αργανθών, Steph.s. v. Αργανθών: Αdj. Αργανθώνειος), a mountain range in Bithynia, which forms a peninsula, and divides the gulfs of Cius and Astacus. The range terminates in a headland which Ptolemy calls Posidium: the modern name is Katirli, according to some authorities, and Bozburun according to others. The name is connected with the mythus of Hylas and the Argonautic expedition. (Strab. p. 564; Apoll. Rhod. i. 1176.) [G. L.] ARGA'RICUS SINUS (Palk's Bay), a large bay of India intra Gangem, opposite to the island of Taprobane (Ceylon), between the promontory of Cory on the S., and the city of Curula on the N., with a city upon it named Argara or Argari. (Ptol. i. 13. § 1, vii. 1. § 96; Arrian. Peripl.) [P. S.] ARGEIA, ARGEII. [ARGOS.] ARGENNUM ("Apyevvov, 'Apylvov, Thucyd. viii. 34), a promontory of the territory of Erythrae, the nearest point of the mainland to Posidium in Chios, and distant 60 stadia from it. The modern name is said to be called Cap Blanc. [G. L.] ARGENOMESCI or ORGENOMESCI, a tribe of the Cantabri, on the N. coast of Hispania Tarraconensis, with a city Argenomescum (prob. Argomedo), and a harbour Vereasueca (prob. P. S. Martin, Plin. iv. 20. s. 34; Ptol. ii. 6. § 51). [P.S.] ARGENTA'RIA (Amm. Marc. xxxi. 10; Oros. vii. 33; Aur. Vict. Epit. c. 47), also called ARGENTOVARIA, may be Artzenheim in the old province of Alsace, between the Vosges and the Rhine. D'Anville (Notice, fc.), in an elaborate article on Argentovaria, founded on the Antonine Itin. and the Table, has come to this probable conclusion as to the site of Argentaria. Gratian defeated the Alemanni at Argentaria, A.D. 378. [G. L.] ARGENTA RIUS MONS, a remarkable mountain-promontory on the coast of Etruria, still called Monte Argentaro. It is formed by an isolated mass of mountains about 7 miles in length and 4 in breadth, which is connected with the mainland only by two narrow strips of sand, the space between which forms an extensive lagune. Its striking form and appearance are well described by Rutilius (Itin. i. 315-324); but it is remarkable that no mention ARGENTEUS, a river of Gallia Narbonensis, mentioned by Aemilius Lepidus in a letter to Cicero, B. C. 43 (ad Fam. x. 34). Lepidus says that he had fixed his camp there to oppose the force of M. Antonius; he dates his letter from the camp at the Pons Argenteus. The Argenteus is the river Argents, which enters the sea a little west of Forum Julii (Fréjus); and the Pons Argenteus lay on the Roman road between Forum Voconii (Canet), as some suppose, and Forum Julii. Pliny (iii. 4) seems to make the Argenteus flow past Forum Julii, which is not quite exact; or he may mean that it was within the territory of that Colonia. The earth brought down by the Argenteus has pushed the land out into the sea near 3,000 feet. Walckenaer (Géog. des Gaules, &c. ii. 10) thinks that the Argenteus of Ptolemy cannot be the Argenteus of Cicero, because Ptolemy places it too near Olbia. He concludes that the measures of Ptolemy carry us to the coast of Argentière, and the small river of that name. But it is more likely that the error is in the measures of Ptolemy. A modern writer has conjectured that the name Argenteus was given to this river on account of the great quantity of mica in the bed of the stream, which has a silvery appearance. [G. L.] ARGENTEA REGIO. [INDIA.] ARGENTE'OLUM (It. Ant. p. 423; 'Apyerréoλa, Ptol. ii. 6. § 28: Torienzo or Torneras?), a town of the Astures in Hispania Tarraconensis, 14 M. P. south of Asturica. [P. S.] ARGENTOMAGUS (Argenton), a place in Gaul, which seems to be identified by the modern name, and by the routes in the Antonine Itin. Argenton is SW. of Bourges, and in the department of Indre. The form Argantomagus does not appear to be correct. [G. L.] ARGENTORATUM, or ARGENTORATUS (Amm. Marc. xv. 11: Strassburg on the Rhine), is first mentioned by Ptolemy. The position is well ascertained by the Itineraries. It has the name of Stratisburgium in the Geographer of Ravenna and Strataburgum in the Notitia. Nithard, who wrote in the ninth century (quoted by D'Anville and others), speaks of it as having once the name of Argentaria" nunc autem Stratzburg vulgo dicitur;" but he is probably mistaken in giving it the name of Argentaria instead of Argentoratum. [ARGENTARIA.] Zosimus (iii. 3) calls the place 'ApYévTwp. It was originally a town of the Tribocci. The Romans had a manufactory of arms at Argentoratum; and Julian defeated the Alemanni here. (Amm. Marcell. xvi. 12.) [G. L.] ARGENTOVA'RIA. [ARGENTARIA.] ARGIDA'VA. [ARCIDAVA.] A'RGILUS (Apiλos: Eth. 'Apуíos), a city of Macedonia in the district Bisaltia, between Amphipolis and Bromiscus. It was founded by a colony from Andros. (Thuc. iv. 103.) It appears from Herodotus (vii. 115) to have been a little to the right of the route of the army of Xerxes, and must therefore have been situated a little inland. Its territory must have been extended as far as the right bank of the Strymon, since Cerdylium, the mountain immediately opposite Amphipolis, belonged to Argilus. (Thục. v. 6.) The Argilians readily joined Brasidas in B. C. 424, on account of their jealousy of the important city of Amphipolis, which the Athenians had founded in their neighbourhood. (Thuc. iv. 103; comp. Steph. B. s. v.; Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iii. p. 171.) ARGINU'SAE (ai 'Apyшovσai), three small islands near the mainland of Aeolis, and near Canae on the mainland. (Strab. p. 617.) They lay between Canae and Mytilene in Lesbos, and 120 stadia from Mytilene. Thucydides (viii. 101) speaks of Arginusae of the mainland, as if there were a place on the mainland so called. Off these islands the ten generals of the Athenians gained a naval victory over the Spartans, B. C. 406. (Xen. Hell. i. 6.) Stephanus (s.v.'Apyévvovσa) describes Argennusa as an island on the coast of Troas, near a promontory Argennon. This description, given on the authority of Androtion, does not suit the Arginusae; but Stephanus does not mention them elsewhere. Pliny (v.31) places the Arginusae iv. M. P. from Aege. The modern name of the islands is said to be Janot. [G. L.] ARGIPPAEI ('Apуinnaîοi, according to the common text of Herod. iv. 23; but two good MSS. have 'Opуieμmało, which Dindorf adopts; 'Opyléμmeot, Zenob. Prov. v.25; Arimphaei or Arymphaei, Mela, Plin. ll. inf. cc.), a people in the north of Asia, dwelling beyond the Scythians, at the foot of inaccessible mountains, beyond which, says Herodotus (c. 25), the country was unknown; only the Argippaei stated that these mountains were inhabited by men with goats' feet, and that beyond them were other men who slept for six months; "but this story," he adds, "I do not at all accept." East of the Argippaei dwelt the Issedones; but to the N. of both nothing was known. As far as the Argippaei, however, the people were well known, through the traffic both of the Scythians and of the Greek colonies on the Pontus. These people were all bald from their birth, both men and women; flat-nosed and long-chinned. They spoke a distinct language, but wore the Scythian dress. They lived on the fruit of a species of cherry (probably the Prunus padus, or bird-cherry), the thick juice of which they strained through cloths, and drank it pure, or mingled with milk; and they made cakes with the pulp, the juice of which they called boxu. Their flocks were few, because the pasturage was scanty. Each man made his abode under a tree, about which a sort of blanket was hung in the winter only. The bald people were esteemed sacred, and were unmolested, though carrying no arms. Their neighbours referred disputes to their decision; and all fugitives who reached them enjoyed the right of sanctuary. Throughout his account Herodotus calls them the bald people (oi paλaкpoí), only mentioning their proper name once, where the reading is doubtful. Mela (i. 19. § 20), enumerating the peoples E. of the Tanaïs, says that, beyond the Thyssagetae and Turcae, a rocky and desert region extends far and wide to the Arymphaci, of whom he gives a description, manifestly copied from Herodotus, and then adds, that beyond them rises the mountain Rhipaeus, beyond which lies the shore of the Ocean. A precisely similar position is assigned to the Arimphaei by Pliny (vi. 7, 13. s. 14), who calls them a race not unlike the Hyperborei, and then, like Mela, abridges the description of Herodotus. (Comp. Amm. Marc. xxii. 8. § 38; Solin. 21. s. 17; Marcian. Cap. vi. p. 214.) An account of the various opinions respecting this race will be found in Baehr's Notes on the passage in Herodotus. They have been identified with the Chinese, the Brahmins or Lamas, and the Calmucks. The last seems to be the most probable opinion, or the description of Herodotus may be applied to the Mongols in general; for there are several striking points of resemblance. Their sacred character has been explained as referring to the class of priests among them; but perhaps it is only a form of the celebrated fable of the Hyperboreans. The mountains, at the foot of which they are placed, are identified, according to the different views about the people, with the Ural, or the W. extremity of the Altai, or the eastern part of the Altai. (De Guignes, Mém. de l'Acad. des Inscrip. vol. xxxv. p. 551; Ritter, Erdkunde, vol. ii. pp. 691, 765, 892, Vorhalle, p. 292; Heeren, Ideen, i. 2, p. 299; Bohlen, Indien, i. p. 100; Ukert, iii. 2. pp. 543-546; Forbiger, ii. p. 470.) [P.S.] ARGISSA. [ARGURA.] ARGITA ('Apyíra), the river Ban, in Ulster, in Ireland. (Ptol. ii. 2. § 2.) [R. G. L.] ARGITHEA, the capital of Athamania, a district of Epirus, situated betwixt rocky mountains and deep valleys. Leake supposes that it was situated above the bridge of Koráku, to the left of the main stream of the Achelous, and that the ruins found at a small village called Knisovo are those of Argithea. (Liv. xxxviii. 1; Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iv. pp. 272, 526.) ARGIVI. [ARGOS.] ARGOB ('Apyós, LXX: Rajib, Robinson, Palestine, vol. iii. App. p. 166), a district in Bashan, E. of the lake of Gennesareth, which was given to the half-tribe of Manasseh (Deut. iii. 4, 13); afterwards placed under the government of one of Solomon's purveyors. (1 Kings, iv. 13.) Reland (Falaest. p. 959) finds traces of this name in the transJordanic town Ragab ('Payasa, Joseph. Antiq, xiii. 18. § 5), which Eusebius (Onomast. s. v. Argob) places 15 M. P. west of Gerasa. Burkhardt (Travels p. 279) supposed that he had found the ruins of this city in those of El-Hossn on the E. side of the lake of Gennesareth, but Mr. Bankes (Quarterly Review, vol. xxvi. p. 389) conceives this to have been the site of Gamala. [E. B. J.] ARGOLICUS SINUS (δ 'Αργολικός κόλπος), the gulf between Argolis and Laconia, but sometimes used, in a more extended sense, to indicate the whole sea between the promontory Malea in Laconia and the promontory Scyllaeum in Troezenia, thus including the Hermonicus Sinus. (Strab. viii. pp. 335, 368; Pol. v. 91; Ptol. iii. 16. § 10; Plin. iv. 5. s. 9.) A'RGOLIS. [ARGOS.] ARGOS (Td Apyos: Eth. 'Apyeios, Argīvus, and in the poets Argēus), is said by Strabo (viii. p. 372) to have signified a plain in the language of the Macedonians and Thessalians; and it is therefore not improbable that it contains the same root as the Latin word "ager." There were several places of the name of Argos. Two are mentioned in Homer, who distinguishes them by the names of the "Pelasgic Argos" (rò Пeλaσуikòv "Apyos, Il. ii. 681), and the "Achaean Argos" ("Apyos 'Axaiïkòv, Il. ix. 141, Od. iii. 251). The Pelasgic Argos was a town or district in Thessaly. [ARGOS PELASGICUM.] The Achaean Argos, or Argos simply, is used by Homer in three different significations: 1. To indicate the city of Argos where Diomedes reigned. (Il. ii. 559, vi. 224, xiv. 119.) 2. Agamemnon's kingdom, of which Mycenae was the capital. (Il. i. 30, ii. 108, 287, iii. 75, vi. 152.) 3. The whole of Peloponnesus, in opposition to Hellas, or Greece north of the Isthmus of Corinth (kať 'Etráda kal μéσov ˇApyos, Od. i. 344; comp. Od. iv. 726, Il. ix. 141, 283; Strab. viii. pp. 369, 370). In this sense Homer calls it the "Iasian Argos" ("larov "Apyos, Od. xviii. 246), from an ancient king Iasus, son of Argus and Evadne. (Apollod. ii. 1. § 2.) In consequence of this use of Argos, Homer frequently employs the word 'Apyeio to signify the whole body of the Greeks; and the Roman poets, in imitation, use Argivi in the same manner. In the Greek writers Argos is used to signify both the territory of the city of Argos, and more frequently the city itself. I. Argos, the district. 66 English miles. It was separated from Arcadia on the W. by Mts. Artemisium and Parthenium, and from the territory of Epidaurus on the E. by Mt. Arachnaeum. Lessa was a town on the borders of Epidauria (Paus. ii. 26. § 1); and from this town to the frontiers of Arcadia, the direct distance is about 28 English miles. These limits give about 524 square English miles for the territory of Argos. (Clinton, F. H. vol. ii. p. 424.) The plain in which the city of Argos is situated is one of the largest plains in the Peloponnesus, being 10 or 12 miles in length, and from 4 to 5 in width. It is shut in on three sides by mountains, and only open on the fourth to the sea, and is therefore called by Sophocles (Oed. Col. 378) Td коîλov "Aрyos. This plain was very fertile in antiquity, and was celebrated for its excellent horses. ('Αργος ἱππόβοτον, Homn. 1. ii. 287; Strab. viii. p. 388.) The eastern side is much higher than the western; and the former suffers as much from a deficiency, as the latter does from a superabundance of water. A recent traveller says that the streams on the eastern part of the plain are all drunk up by the thirsty soil, on quitting their rocky beds for the deep arable land,"—a fact which offers a palpable explanation of the epithet very thirsty" (Toλudíov) applied by Homer to the land of Argos. (Il. iv. 171.) The western part of the plain, on the contrary, is watered by a number of streams; and at the south-western extremity of the plain near the sea there is besides a large number of copious springs, which make this part of the country a marsh or morass. It was here that the marsh of Lerna and the fathomless Alcyonian pool lay, where Hercules is said to have conquered the Hydra. [LERNA.] It has been well observed by a modern writer that the victory of Hercules over this fifty-headed water-snake may be understood of a successful attempt of the ancient lords of the Argive plain to bring its marshy extremity into cultivation, by draining its sources and embanking its streams. (Mure, Tour in Greece, vol. ii. p. 194.) In the time of Aristotle (Meteor. i. 14) this part of the plain was well-drained and fertile, but at the present day it is again covered with marshes. With respect to the present productions of the plain, we learn that the "dryer parts are covered with corn; where the moisture is greater, cotton and vines are grown; and in the marshy parts, towards the sea, rice and kalambókki." (Leake, Morea, vol. ii. p. 348.) แ The two chief rivers in the plain of Argos are the Inachus and the Erasinus. to ARGOS, the territory of Argos, called ARGOLIS ( 'Apyolis) by Herodotus (i. 82), but more frequently by other Greek writers ARGEIA (ǹ’Apyeía, | Thuc. v. 75; Strab. viii. p. 371, et passim),—sometimes ARGOLICE (ʼn 'Aрyoλik, Strab. viii. p. 376). By the Greek writers these words were used to signify only the territory of the city of Argos, which was bounded by the territories of Phlius, Cleonae, and Corinth on the N.; on the W. by that of Epidaurus; on the S. by the Argolic gulf and Cynuria; and on the E. by Arcadia. The Romans, however, The INACHUS ("Ivaxos: Búnitza) rises, according used the word Argolis in a more extended sense, in- Pausanias (ii 25. § 3, viii. 6. § 6), in Mt. Artecluding under that name not only the territories of misium, on the borders of Arcadia, or, according to Phlius and Cleonae on the N., but the whole acté or Strabo (viii. p. 370), in Mt. Lyrceium, a northern peninsula between the Saronic and Argolic gulfs, offshoot of Artemisium. Near its sources it receives which was divided in the times of Grecian indepen- a tributary called the CEPHISSUS (Knpiσós), which dence into the districts of Epidauria, Troezenia, and rises in Mt. Lyrceium (Strab. ix. p. 424; Aelian, Hermionis. Thus the Roman Argolis was bounded V. H. ii. 33.) It flows in a south-easterly direction, on the N. by Corinthia and Sicyonia; on the E. by E. of the city of Argos, into the Argolic gulf. This the Saronic gulf and Myrtoum sea; on the S. by the river is often dry in the summer. Between it and Hermionic and Argolic gulfs and by Cynuria; and the city of Argos is the mountain-torrent named on the W. by Arcadia. But at present we confine CHARADRUS (Xápadpos: Xeria), which also rises ourselves to the Argeia of the Greek writers, re-in Mt. Artemisium, and which, from its proximity ferring to other articles for a description of the districts included in the Roman Argolis. [PHLIUS; CLEONAE; EPIDAURUS; TROEZEN; HERMIONE; CYNURIA.] The Argeia, or Argolis proper, extended from N. to S. from the frontiers of Phlius and Cleonae to the frontiers of Cynuria, in direct distance about 24 to Argos, has been frequently mistaken for the Inachus by modern travellers. It flows over a wide gravelly bed, which is generally dry in the summer, whence its modern name of Xeria, or the Dry River. It flows into the Inachus a little below Argos. It was on the banks of the Charadrus that the armies of Argos, on their return from military expeditions, |