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ACO'NTIA or ACUTIA ('AKOνTíα, Strab. p.

Hispania Tarraconensis, on the river Durius (Douro), which had a ford here. Its site is unknown. [P. S.]

ACIRIS ("Akipis), a river of Lucania, mentioned both by Pliny and Strabo, as flowing near to He-152; 'AKOÚтeia, Steph. B.), a town of the Vaccaei, in raclea on the N. side, as the Siris did on the S. It is still called the Acri or Agri, and has a course of above 50 miles, rising in the Apennines near Marsico Nuovo, and flowing into the Gulf of Tarentum, a little to the N. of Policoro, the site of the ancient Heraclea. (Plin. iii. 11. s. 15; Strab. p. 264.) The ACIDIOS of the Itinerary is supposed by Cluverius to be a corruption of this name, but it would appear to be that of a town, rather than a river. (Itin. Ant. p. 104.) [E. H. B.]

ACIS ("Akis), a river of Sicily, on the eastern coast of the island, and immediately at the foot of Aetna. It is celebrated on account of the mythological fable connected with its origin, which was ascribed to the blood of the youthful Acis, crushed under an enormous rock by his rival Polyphemus. (Ovid. Met. xiii. 750, &c.; Sil. Ital. xiv. 221-226; Anth. Lat. i. 148; Serv. ad Virg. Ecl. ix. 39, who erroneously writes the name Acinius.) It is evidently in allusion to the same story that Theocritus speaks of the "sacred waters of Acis." ("Akidos iepòv vowp, Idyll. i. 69.) From this fable itself we may infer that it was a small stream gushing forth from under a rock; the extreme coldness of its waters noticed by Solinus (Solin. 5. § 17) also points to the same conclusion. The last circumstance might lead us to identify it with the stream now called Fiume Freddo, but there is every appearance that the town of Acium derived its name from the river, and this was certainly further south. There can be no doubt that Cluverius is right in identifying it with the little river still called Fiume di Jaci, known also by the name of the Acque | Grandi, which rises under a rock of lava, and has a very short course to the sea, passing by the modern town of Aci Reale (Acium). The Acis was certainly quite distinct from the Acesines or Asines, with which it has been confounded by several writers. (Cluver. Sicil. p. 115; Smyth's Sicily, p. 132; Ortolani, Diz. Geogr. p. 9; Ferrara, Descriz. dell' Etna, p. 32.)

[E. H. B.]

A'CIUM, a small town on the E. coast of Sicily, mentioned only in the Itinerary (Itin. Ant. 87), which places it on the high road from Catana to Tauromenium, at the distance of 9 M. P. from the former city. It evidently derived its name from the little river Acis, and is probably identical with the modern Aci Reale, a considerable town, about a mile from the sea, in the neighbourhood of which, on the road to Catania, are extensive remains of Roman Thermae. (Biscari, Viaggio in Sicilia, p. 22; Ortolani, Diz. Geogr. p. 9.) [E. H. B.]

ACMONIA ('Ακμονία: Eth. Ακμονιεύς, Ακμόvios, Acmonensis), a city of Phrygia, mentioned by Cicero (Pro Flacc. 15.) It was on the road from Dorylaeum to Philadelphia, 36 Roman miles SW. of Cotyaeum; and under the Romans belonged to the Conventus Juridicus of Apamea. The site has been fixed at Ahatkoi; but it still seems doubtful. (Hamilton, Researches, fc. vol. i. p. 115.) [G.L.]

AKMONA

REOA

COLN OF ACMONIA.

ACONTISMA, a station in Macedonia on the coast and on the Via Egnatia, 8 or 9 miles eastward of Neapolis, is placed by Leake near the end of the passes of the Sapaei, which were formed by the mountainous coast stretching eastward from Kavála. Tafel considers it to be identical with Christopolis and the modern Kavála. (Amm. Marc. xxvii. 4; It. Ant. and Hierocl.; Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iii. p. 180; Tafel, De Viae Egnatiae Parte Orient. p. 13, seq.)

A'CORIS ('Akopis), a town of Egypt, on the east bank of the Nile in the Cynopolite Nome, 17 miles N. of Antinoopolis. (Ptol. iv. 5. § 59; Tab. Peut.)

ACRA LEUCE (ˇАкра ▲еvкй), a great city of Hispania Tarraconensis, founded by Hamilcar Barcas (Diod. Sic. xxv. 2), and probably identical with the Castrum Album of Livy (xxiv. 41). Its position seems to have been on the coast of the Sinus Ilicitanus, N. of Ilici, near the modern Alicante (Ukert, vol. ii. pt. 1, p. 403). [P.S.]

ACRAE (Aкpai, Thuc. et alii; "Aкpа, Steph. B.; Akpalai, Ptol.; 'Arpaiol, Steph. B.; Acrenses, Plin.; Palazzolo), a city of Sicily, situated in the southern portion of the island, on a lofty hill, nearly due W. of Syracuse, from which it was distant, according to the Itineraries, 24 Roman miles (Itin. Ant. p. 87; Tab. Peut.). It was a colony of Syracuse, founded, as we learn from Thucydides, 70 years after its parent city, i. e. 663 B. C. (Thuc. vi. 5), but it did not rise to any great importance, and continued almost always in a state of dependence on Syracuse. Its position must, however, have always given it some consequence in a military point of view; and we find Dion, when marching upon Syracuse, halting at Acrae to watch the effect of his proceedings. (Plut. Dion, 27, where we should certainly read 'Arpas for Makpás.) By the treaty concluded by the Romans with Hieron, king of Syracuse, Acrae was included in the dominions of that monarch (Diod. xxiii. Exc. p. 502), and this was probably the period of its greatest prosperity. During the Second Punic War it followed the fortunes of Syracuse, and afforded a place of refuge to Hippocrates, after his defeat by Marcellus at Acrillae, B. C. 214. (Liv. xxiv. 36.) This is the last mention of it in history, and its name is not once noticed by Cicero. It was probably in his time a mere dependency of Syracuse, though it is found in Pliny's list of the "stipendiariae civitates,” so that it must then have possessed a separate municipal existence. (Plin. iii. 8; Ptol. iii. 4. § 14.) The site of Acrae was correctly fixed by Fazello at the modern Palazzolo, the lofty and bleak situation of which corresponds with the description of Silius Italicus ("tumulis glacialibus Acrae," xiv. 206), and its distance from Syracuse with that assigned by the Itineraries. The summit of the hill occupied by the modern town is said to be still called Acremonte. Fazello speaks of the ruins visible there as "egregium urbis cadaver," and the recent researches and excavations carried on by the Baron Judica have brought to light ancient remains of much interest. The most considerable of these are two theatres, both in very fair preservation, of which the largest is turned towards the N., while immediately adjacent to it on the W. is a much smaller one, hollowed out in great part from the rock, and supposed from some peculiarities in its construction to have been intended to

serve as an Odeum, or theatre for music. Numerous other architectural fragments, attesting the existence of temples and other buildings, have also been brought to light, as well as statues, pedestals, inscriptions, and other minor relics. On an adjoining hill are great numbers of tombs excavated in the rock, while on the hill of Acremonte itself are some monuments of a singular character; figures as large as life, hewn in relief in shallow niches on the surface of the native rock. As the principal figure in all these sculptures appears to be that of the goddess Isis, they must belong to a late period. (Fazell. de Reb. Sic. vol. i. p. 452; Serra di Falco, Antichità di Sicilia, vol. iv. p. 158, seq.; Judica, Antichità di Acre.) [E.H.B.] ACRAE ("Aкpaι), a town in Aetolia of uncertain site, on the road from Metapa to Conope. Stephanus erroneously calls it an Acarnanian town. (Pol. v. 13; Steph. B. s. v. Aкpa.)

ACRAEA ('Aкρzíα), a mountain in Argolis, opposite the Heraeum, or great temple of Hera. (Paus. ii. 17. § 2; Leake, Morea, vol. ii. p. 393, Peloponnesiaca, p. 263.)

ACRAE'PHIA, ACRAEPHIAE, ACRAEPHIUM, ACRAEРHNIUM ('Акpaipía, Steph. B. s. v.; Herod. viii. 135, Acraephia, Liv. xxxiii. 29; Plin. iv. 7. s. 12; 'Аxpaιpíaι, Strab. p. 410; 'Akpaíplov, Strab. p. 413.; 'Arpaioviov, Paus. ix. 23. § 5: Ta 'Axpaipria, Theopomp. ap. Steph. B. s. v. ; Eth. ̓Ακραιφιαῖος, Ακραίφιος, Ακραίφνιος, ΑκραιφνιώTηs, 'Акрaιpviεús, Steph. B. s. v.; 'Akpaιpieús, Böckh, Inscr. 1587: nr. Kardhitza), a town of Boeotia on the slope of Mt. Ptoum (Птŵov) and on the eastern bank of the lake Copais, which was here called 'Arpaipis Xíuvn from the town. Acraephia is said to have been founded by Athamas or Acraepheus, son of Apoilo; and according to some writers it was the same as the Homeric Arne. Here the Thebans took refuge, when their city was destroyed by Alexander. It contained a temple of Dionysus. (Steph. B. s. v.; Strab. p. 413; Paus. l. c.) At the distance of 15 stadia from the town, on the right of the road, and upon Mt. Ptoum, was a celebrated sanctuary and oracle of Apollo Ptous. This oracle was consulted by Mardonius before the battle of Plataea, and is said to have answered his emissary, who was a Carian, in the language of the latter. The name of the mountain was derived by some from Ptous, a son of Apollo and Euxippe, and by others from Leto having been frightened (TTоéw) by a boar, when she was about to bring forth in this place. Both Acraephia and the oracle belonged to Thebes. There was no temple of the Ptoan Apollo, properly so called; Plutarch (Gryllus, 7) mentions a Sóxos, but other writers speak only of a réuevos, lepov, Xpnothρion or uavтelov. (Steph. B. s. v.; Strab. I. c.; Paus. l. c., iv. 32. § 5; Herod. viii. 135; Plut. Pelop. 16.) According to Pausanias the oracle ceased after the capture of Thebes by Alexander; but the sanctuary still continued to retain its celebrity, as we see from the great Acraephian inscription, which Böckh places in the time of M. Aurelius and his son Commodus after A.D. 177. It appears from this inscription that a festival was celebrated in honour of the Ptoan Apollo every four years. (Böckh, Inscr. No. 1625.) The ruins of Acraephia are situated at a short distance to the S. of Kardhitza. The remains of the acropolis are visible on an isolated hill, a spur of Mt. Ptoum, above the Copaic sea, and at its foot on the N. and W. are traces of the ancient town. Here stands the church of St. George built out of the stones of the old town, and containing

many fragments of antiquity. In this church Leake discovered the great inscription alluded to above, which is in honour of one of the citizens of the place called Epaminondas. The ruins near the fountain, which is now called Perdikóbrysis, probably belong to the sanctuary of the Ptoan Apollo. The poet Alcaeus (ap. Strab. p. 413) gave the epithet тpurápavov to Mt. Ptoum, and the three summits now bear the names of Paled, Strutzina, and Skroponéri respectively. These form the central part of Mt. Ptoum, which in a wider signification extended from the Tenerian plain as far as Larymna and the Euboean sea, separating the Copaic lake on the E. from the lakes of Hylae and Harma. (Leake, Northern Greece, vol. ii. p. 295, seq.; Ulrichs, Reisen in Griechenland, vol. i. p. 239, seq.; Forchhammer, Hellenika, p. 182.)

ACRAGAS. AGRIGENTUM.]

A'CRIAE or ACRAEAE ('Aкрial, Paus. iii. 21, § 7, 22. §§ 4, 5; Pol. 5. 19. § 8; 'Anpaîαι, Strab. pp. 343, 363; "Axpeιa, Ptol. iii. 16. § 9: Eth. 'Akpıárns), a town of Laconia, on the eastern side of the Laconian bay, 30 stadia S. of Helos. Strabo (l. c.) describes the Eurotas as flowing into the sea between Acriae and Gythium. Acriae possessed a sanctuary and a statue of the mother of the gods, which was said by the inhabitants of the town to be the most ancient in the Peloponnesus. Leake was unable to discover any remains of Acriae; the French expedition place its ruins at the harbour of Kokinio. (Leake, Morea, vol. i. p. 229; Boblaye, Recherches, p. 95.)

ACRIDO'PHAGI ('Akpidopάyoi), or "Locusteaters," the name given by Diodorus (iii. 29) and Strabo (p. 770) to one of the half-savage tribes of Aethiopia bordering on the Red Sea, who received their denomination from their mode of life or their staple food. [W.R.]

ACRILLA or ACRILLAE (Aкpiλλα), a town of Sicily, known only from Stephanus of Byzantium (s. v.), who tells us that it was not far from Syracuse. But there can be no doubt that it is the same place mentioned by Livy (xxiv. 35) where the Syracusan army under Hippocrates was defeated by Marcellus. The old editions of Livy have ACCILLAE, for which Acrillae, the emendation of Cluverius, has been received by all the recent editors. From this passage we learn that it was on the line of march from Agrigentum to Syracuse, and not far from Acrae; but the exact site is undetermined. Plutarch (Marcell. 18), in relating the same event, writes the name 'Akíλas or 'Akíλλas. [E. H. B.]

ACRITAS ('Aкpíтas: C. Gallo), the most southerly promontory in Messenia. (Strab. p. 359; Paus. iv. 34. § 12; Ptol. iii. 16. § 7; Plin. iv. 5. s. 7; Leake, Morea, vol. i. p. 443.)

ACROCERAU'NIA. [CERAUNII MONTES.] ACROCORINTHUS. [CORINTHUS.] ACRO'NIUS LACUS. [BRIGANTINUS LACUS.] ACROREIA (AKрúрeia), the mountainous district of Elis on the borders of Arcadia, in which the rivers Peneius and Ladon take their rise. The inhabitants of the district were called Acrocreii ('Aкpwpeîoi), and their towns appear to have been Thraustus, Alium, Opus, and Eupagium. The name is used in opposition to Kolan or Hollow Elis. Stephanus (s. v.), who is followed by many modern writers, makes Acrocreii a town, and places it in Triphylia; but this error appears to have arisen from confounding the Acrocreii with the Paroreatae in Triphylia. (Diod. xiv. 17; Xen. Hell. iii. 2. §

30, vii. 4. § 14; Leake, Morea, vol. ii. p. 203; Boblaye, Recherches, p. 123.)

ACROTHOUM, or ACROTHOΊ (Ακρόθωον Her. vii. 22; 'Aкрółwoι, Thuc. iv. 109; Strab. p. 331; Scyl. p. 26; Steph. B. s. v.; Acroathon, Mel. ii. 2; Acrothon, Plin. iv. 10. s. 17: Eth. 'Akpółwos, 'Akpolwiτns), a town in the peninsula of Acte, in Chalcidice in Macedonia, situated near the extremity of the peninsula, probably upon the site of the modern Lavra. Strabo, Pliny, and Mela seem to have supposed that Acrothoum stood upon the site of Mt. Athos; but this is an impossibility. [ATHOS.] It was stated by Mela and other ancient writers that the inhabitants of Acrothoi lived longer than ordinary men, Mannert and others erroneously suppose Acrothoi to have been the same place as the later Uranopolis. (Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iii. p. 149.)

ACTE' ('AKтh), signified a piece of land running into the sea, and attached to another larger piece of land, but not necessarily by a narrow neck. Thus Herodotus gives the name of Acte to Asia Minor as compared with the rest of Asia (iv. 38), and also to Africa itself as jutting out from Asia (iv. 41). Attica also was originally called Acte. (Steph. B. S. v.) [ATTICA.] The name of Acte, however, was more specifically applied to the easternmost of the three promontories jutting out from Chalcidice in Macedonia, on which Mt. Athos stands. It is spoken of under ATHOS.

ACTIUM (AKTIOV: Eth. "AKTIOS, Actius: Adj. 'AKTIαKós, Actiacus, also AKTIOs, Actius), a promontory in Acarnania at the entrance of the Ambraciot Gulf (Gulf of Arta) off which Augustus gained his celebrated victory over Antony and Cleopatra, on September 2nd, B. c. 31. There was a temple of Apollo on this promontory, which Thucydides mentions (i. 29) as situated in the territory of Anactorium. This temple was of great antiquity, and Apollo derived from it the surname of Actius and Actiacus. There was also an ancient festival named Actia, celebrated here in honour of the god. Augustus after his victory enlarged the temple, and revived the ancient festival, which was henceforth celebrated once in four years (TEVTaeTnpis, ludi quinquennales), with musical and gymnastic contests, and horse races. (Dion Cass. li. 1; Suet. Aug. 18.) We learn from a Greek inscription found on the site of Actium, and which is probably prior to the time of Augustus, that the chief priest of the temple was called 'Iepanóλos, and that his name was employed in official documents, like that of the first Archon at Athens, to mark the date. (Böckh, Corpus Inscript. No. 1793.) Strabo says (p. 325) that the temple was situated on an eminence, and that below was a plain with a grove of trees, and a dock-yard; and in another passage (p. 451) he describes the harbour as situated outside of the gulf. On the opposite coast of Epirus, Augustus founded the city of Nicopolis in honour of his victory. [NICOPOLIS.] Actium was properly not a town, though it is sometimes described as such; but after the foundation of Nicopolis, a few buildings sprang up around the temple, and it served as a kind of suburb to Nicopolis.

The site of Actium has been a subject of dispute. The accompanying plan of the entrance of the Ambraciot gulf, taken from the map published by Lieut. Wolfe (Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, vol. iii.) will give the reader a clear idea of the locality.

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The entrance of the Ambraciot gulf lies between the low point off Acarnania, on which stands Fort La Punta (5), and the promontory of Epirus, on which stands the modern town of Prevesa (1), near the site of the ancient Nicopolis. The narrowest part of this entrance is only 700 yards, but the average distance between the two shores is half a mile. After passing through this strait, the coast turns abruptly round a small point to the SE., forming a bay about 4 miles in width, called the Bay of Prevesa (P). A second entrance is then formed to the larger basin of the gulf by the two high capes of La Scara (2) in Epeirus, and of Madonna (4) in Acarnania, the width of this second entrance being about one mile and a half. Now some modern writers, among others D'Anville, suppose Actium to have been situated on Cape Madonna, and Anactorium, which Strabo (p. 451) describes as 40 stadia from Actium, on La Punta. Two reasons have led them to adopt this conclusion: first, because the ruins on C. Madonna are sometimes called Azio (6), which name is apparently a corruption of the ancient Actium; and, secondly, because the temple of Apollo is said by Strabo to have stood on a height, which description answers to the rocky eminence on C. Madonna, and not to the low peninsula of La Punta. But these reasons are not conclusive, and there can be no doubt that the site of Actium corresponds to La Punta. For it should be observed, first, that the name Azio is unknown to the Greeks, and appears to have been introduced by the Venetians, who conjectured that the ruins on C. Madonna were those of Actium, and therefore invented the word; and, secondly, that though Strabo places the temple of Apollo on a height, he does not say that this height was on the sea, but on the contrary, that it was at some little distance from the sea. In other respects Strabo's evidence is decisive in favour of the identification of Actium with La Punta. He says that Actium is one point which forms the entrance of the bay; and it is clear that he considered the entrance of the bay to be between Prevesa and La Punta, because he makes the breadth of the strait "a little more than four stadia," or half a mile, which is true when applied to the first narrow entrance, but not to the second. That the strait between Prevesa and La Punta was regarded as the entrance of the Ambraciot gulf, is clear, not only from the distance assigned to it by Strabo, but from the statements of

Polybius (iv. 63), who makes it 5 stadia, of Scylax
(v. Kaoowwol), who makes it 4 stadia, and of
Pliny (iv. 1) who makes it 500 paces. Anactorium
is described by Strabo as "situated within the bay,"
while Actium makes "the mouth of the bay."
(Strab. pp. 325, 451.) Anactorium, therefore,
must be placed on the promontory of C. Madonna.
[For its exact site, see ANACTORIUM.] The testi-
mony of Strabo is confirmed by that of Dion
Cassius. The latter writer says (1. 12) that
"Actium is a temple of Apollo, and is situated
before the mouth of the strait of the Ambraciot
gulf, over against the harbours of Nicopolis."
Cicero tells us (ad Fam. xvi. 6, 9) that in coasting
from Patrae to Corcyra he touched at Actium,
which he could hardly have done, if it were so far
out of his way as the inner strait between C. La
Scara and C. Madonna. Thus we come to the
conclusion that the promontory of Actium was the
modern La Punta (3), and that the temple of
Apollo was situated a little to the S., outside the
strait, probably near the Fort La Punta (5).

A few remarks are necessary respecting the site of the battle, which has conferred its chief celebrity upon Actium. The fleet of Antony was stationed in the Bay of Prevesa (P). His troops had built towers on each side of the mouth of the strait, and they occupied the channel itself with their ships. Their camp was near the temple of Apollo, on a level spacious ground. Augustus was encamped on the opposite coast of Epirus, on the spot where Nicopolis afterwards stood; his fleet appears to have been stationed in the Bay of Gomaros, now the harbour of Mitika, to the N. of Nicopolis, in the Ionian sea. Antony was absent from his army at Patrae; but as soon as he heard of the arrival of Augustus, he proceeded to Actium, and after a short time crossed over the strait to Prevesa, and pitched his camp near that of Augustus. But having experienced some misfortunes, he subsequently re-crossed the strait and joined the main body of his army at Actium. By the advice of Cleopatra he now determined to return to Egypt. He accordingly sailed out of the strait, but was compelled by the manoeuvres of Augustus to fight. After the battle had lasted some hours Cleopatra, who was followed by Antony, sailed through the middle of the contending fleets, and took to flight. They succeeded in making their escape, but most of their ships were destroyed. The battle was, therefore, fought outside of the strait, between La Punta and Prevesa (ew Tŵv σTEVŵv, Dion Cass. 1. 31), and not in the Bay of Prevesa, as is stated by some writers. (Dion Cass. 1. 12, seq.; Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iv. p. 28, seq.; Wolfe, l. c.) A'DADA (“Adada: Eth. 'Adadeus, Ptol.; 'Adadárn in old edit. of Strabo; 'Odáda, Hierocl.), a town in Pisidia of uncertain site. On coins of Valerian and Gallienus we find AAAAEON. Adada is mentioned in the Councils as the see of a bishop. (Artemiod. ap. Strab. xii. p. 570; Ptol. v. 5. §8; Hierocl. p. 674, with Wesseling's note.)

A'DAÑA (rà "Adava: Eth. 'Adaveús), a town of Cilicia, which keeps its ancient name, on the west side of the Sarus, now the Syhoon or Syhan. It lay on the military road from Tarsus to Issus, in a fertile country. There are the remains of a portico. Pompey settled here some of the Cilician pirates whom he had compelled to submit. (Appian, Mith. 96.) Dion Cassius (xlvii. 31) speaks of Tarsus and Adana being always quarrelling. [G. L.]

ADANE ('Adávn, Philostorg. H. E. iii. 4), called ATHANA by Pliny (vi. 28. s. 32), and ARABIA FELIX ('Apasía evdaluwv), in the Periplus of Arrian (p. 14), now Aden, the chief seaport in the country of Homeritae on the S. coast of Arabia. It became at a very early period the great mart for the trade between Egypt, Arabia, and India; and although destroyed by the Romans, probably by Aelius Gallus in his expedition against Arabia, in the reign of Augustus, it speedily revived, and has ever since remained a place of note. It has revived conspicuously within the last few years, having fallen into the possession of the English, and become one of the stations for the steamers which navigate the Red Sea. [W.R.]

A'DDUA (¿ 'Adovas: Adda), a river of Gallia Cisalpina, one of the largest of the tributaries which bring down the waters of the Alps to the Po. It rises in the Rhaetian Alps near Bormio, and flows through the Valtelline, into the Lacus Larius or Lago di Como, from which it again issues at its south-eastern extremity near Lecco, and from thence has a course of above 50 miles to the Po, which it joins between Placentia and Cremona. During this latter part of its course it seems to have formed the limit between the Insubres and the Cenomani. It is a broad and rapid stream: the clearness of its blue waters, resulting from their passage through a deep lake, is alluded to by Claudian (De VI. Cons. Hon. 196). Strabo erroneously places its sources in MT. ADULA, where, according to him, the Rhine also rises: it is probable that he was imperfectly acquainted with this part of the Alps, and supposed the stream which descends from the Splügen to the head of the lake of Como to be the original Addua, instead of the much larger river which enters it from the Valtelline. (Strab. iv. pp. 192, 204; v. p. 213; Plin. iii. 16. s. 20; Pol. ii. 32, xxxiv. 10; Tac. Hist. ii. 40.) [E. H. B.] ÁDIABE'NE ('Adia6nvh). [ASSYRIA.]

ADIS or ADES ('Adís, "Aons: prob. Rhades), a considerable city of Africa, on the Gulf of Tunis, in the Carthaginian territory, which Regulus besieged and took, and before which he defeated the Carthaginians, in the 10th year of the first Punic War, B. C. 255. (Pol. i. 30.) As there is no subsequent mention of the place, it is supposed to have been supplanted, or at least reduced to insignificance, by the later town of MAXULA. [P.S.]

ADO'NIS (Adwvis: Nahr el Ibrahim), a small river of Syria, which rising in Mount Libanus enters the Mediterranean a few miles to the S. of Byblus. Maundrell records the fact which he himself witnessed, that after a sudden fall of rain, the river descending in floods is tinged of a deep red by the soil of the hills in which it takes its rise, and imparts this colour to the sea for a considerable distance. Hence some have sought to explain the legend of the beautiful Adonis, who was killed by a wild boar on Mount Libanus (Strab. p. 755; Lucian, de Dea Syr. 6; Plin. v. 20.; Nonn. Dionys. iii. 80, xx. 144.) [W.R.]

ADOREUS, the name of a mountain of Galatia, now Elmah Dagh, in the neighbourhood of Pessinus, in Asia. Livy (xxxviii. 18.) says that it contains the source of the river Sangarius. [G. L.]

ADORSI. [AORSI.]

ADRAA CASpáa, Euseb. Onomast.: Adpa, Ptol. v. 15. § 23: LXX. 'Edpacív, 'Edpatv: Eng. Vers. EDREI: and probably the 'Aoparrós of Hierocles, p. 273: Draa), a town in Palestine, near the sources

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Steph. B. HADRANUM, Sil. Ital.: Eth. 'Adpaviτns, Hadranitanus: Adernò), a city of the interior of Sicily, situated at the foot of the western slope of Mt. Aetna above the valley of the Simeto, and about 7 miles from Centuripi. We learn from Diodorus (xiv. 37) that there existed here from very ancient times a temple of a local deity named Adranus, whose worship was extensively spread through Sicily, and appears to have been connected with that of the Palici. (Hesych. s. v. Пaλikol.) But there was no city of the name until the year 400 B. C. when it was founded by the elder Dionysius, with a view to extend his power and influence in the interior of the island. (Diod. l. c.) It probably continued to be a dependency of Syracuse; but in 345 B. c. it fell into the hands of Timoleon. (Id. xvi. 68; Plut. Timol. 12.) It was one of the cities taken by the Romans at the commencement of the First Punic War (Diod. xxiii. Exc. Hoesch. p. 501), and probably on this account continued afterwards in a relation to Rome inferior to that of most other Sicilian cities. This may per.

of the river Hieromax, and deeply embayed in the spurs of the mountain chain of Hermon. Before the conquest of Canaan by Joshua, it was one of the chief cities of Og, king of Bashan. After his defeat and death it was assigned to the half tribe of Manasseh, which settled on the eastern side of Jordan. It was the seat of a Christian bishop at an early time, and a bishop of Adraa sat in the council of Seleucia (A. D. 381), and of Chalcedon (A. D. 451). By the Greeks it was called Adraa, and by the Crusaders Adratum. Its ruins cover a circuit of about 2 miles, of which the most important is a large rectangular building, surrounded by a double covered colonnade, and with a cistern in the middle. (Numbers, xxi. 33; Deuteron. i. 4, iii. 10; Joshua xii. 4, xiii. 12, 31; Joseph. Antiq. iv. 5. § 42; Buckingham, Travels, vol. ii. p. 146; Burckhardt, id. p. 241.) [W.B.D.] ADRAISTAE ('Adpaïoraí), a people of N. India (the Panjab), with a capital city Pimprama (Пíμраua), which Alexander reached in a day's journey from the Hydraotes (Ravee), on his march to Sangala. (Arrian. Anab. v. 22. §3.) Lassen iden-haps account for the circumstance that its name is tifies them with the modern Arattas (Pentapotamia, p. 25). [P.S.]

ADRAMITAE or ATRAMITAE (Plin. vi. 28. s. 32; 'Adpapiraι, Ptol.; Arrian, Perip. p. 15), an Arabian tribe in the district Chatramotitis of Arabia Felix. They were situated on the coast of the Red Sea eastward of Aden, and their name is still preserved in the modern Hadramaut. Like their immediate neighbours in Arabia Felix, the Adramitae were actively engaged in the drug and spice trade, of which their capital Sabbatha was the emporium. They were governed by a race of kings, who bore the family or official title of Eleazar. [CHATRAMOTITAE.] [W. B. D.] ADRAMYE'NTTUS SINUS. [ADRAMYTTIUM;

AEOLIS.]

not once mentioned by Cicero (see Zumpt ad Cic. Verr. iii. 6, p. 437); but we learn from Pliny that it was in his time included in the class of the "stipendiariae civitates" of Sicily. (H. N. iii. 8.)

derable place, with above 6000 inhabitants. (Biscari, Viaggio in Sicilia, pp. 57–60; Ortolani, Diz. Geogr. della Sicilia, p. 13; Bull. dell. Inst. Arch. 1843, p. 129.)

Both Diodorus and Plutarch speak of it as a small town owing its importance chiefly to the sanctity of its temple; but existing remains prove that it must have been at one time a place of some consideration. These consist of portions of the ancient walls and towers, built in a massive style of large squared blocks of lava; of massive substructions, supposed to have been those of the temple of Adranus; and the ruins of a large building which appears to have belonged to Roman Thermae. Numerous sepulchres also have been discovered and excavated in the immediate neighbourhood. The modern town of Adernò reADRAMY'TTIUM or ADRAMYTE'UM ('Adpa-tains the ancient site as well as name: it is a consiμύττιον, Αδραμύττειον, Ατραμύττιον, ΑτραμύτTELOV: Eth. 'Adpaμvττηvós, Adramyttenus: Adramiti or Edremit), a town situated at the head of the bay, called from it Adramyttenus, and on the river Caicus, in Mysia, and on the road from the Helles- Stephanus Byzantinus speaks of the city as situated pontus to Pergamum. According to tradition it was on a river of the same name: this was evidently no founded by Adramys, a brother of Croesus, king of other than the northern branch of the Simeto (SyLydia; but a colony of Athenians is said to have sub-maethus) which is still often called the Fiume d' sequently settled there. (Strab. p. 606.) The place certainly became a Greek town. Thucydides (v. 1; viii. 108) also mentions a settlement here from Delos, made by the Delians whom the Athenians removed from the island B. c. 422. After the establishment of the dynasty of the kings of Pergamum, it was a seaport of some note; and that it had some shipping, appears from a passage in the Acts of the Apostles (xxvii. 2). Under the Romans it was a Conventus Juridicus in the province of Asia, or place to which the inhabitants of the district resorted as the court town. There are no traces of ancient remains. [G. L.]

ADRANA (Eder), a river of Germany in the territory of the Chatti, near Cassel. (Tac. Ann. i. 56.) ADRANS, ADRA'NA, ADRA'NTE(Tà"Adpava, Zos. ii. 45; HADRANS, Itiner. Hieros. p. 560: St. Oswald on the Drauberg), a town in Noricum, situated between the towns Aemona and Celeia, in the valley separating Mt. Cetius from Mt. Carvancas. A vestige of its Roman origin or occupation still survives in its local appellation of Trajaner-dorf or Trajan's-thorpe. (Itin. Anton.) [W. B. D.]

ADRA'NUM, or HADRA'NÚM ('Adpavóv, Diod. |

Adernò.

COIN OF ADRANUM.

[E. H. B.]

A'DRIA, A'TRIA, HA'DRIA, or HA'TRIA (Adpía or 'Aτpía). It is impossible to establish any distinction between these forms, or to assign the one (as has been done by several authors) to one city, and another to the other. The oldest form appears to have been HATRIA, which we find on coins, while HADRIA is that used in all inscriptions: some MSS. of Livy have ADRIA, and others ATRIA. Pliny tells us that ATRIA was the more ancient form, which was afterwards changed into ADRIA, but the Greeks seem to have early used 'Aopía for the city

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