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as well as 'Adpías for the sea. 1. A city of Cisalpine Gaul, situated between the Padus and the Athesis, not far from their mouths, and still called Adria. It is now distant more than 14 miles from the sea, but was originally a sea-port of great celebrity. Its foundation is ascribed to Diomed by Stephanus Byzantinus, and some other late writers: Justin also (xx. 1), probably following Theopompus, calls it a city of Greek origin; but these testimonies are far outweighed by those of the Roman writers, who agree in describing it as an Etruscan colony. It was probably established at the same period with their other settlements on the north side of the Apennines, and became, from its position, the principal emporium for their trade with the Adriatic; by which means it attained to so flourishing a condition, as to have given name to the gulf, or portion of the sea in its immediate neighbourhood, from whence the appellation was gradually extended to the whole of the inland sea still called the Adriatic. To this period may also be ascribed the great canals and works which facilitated its communications with the adjoining rivers, and through them with the interior of Cisalpine Gaul, at the same time that they drained the marshes which would otherwise have rendered it uninhabitable. (Liv. v. 33; Plin. iii. 16. s. 20; Strab. v. p. 214; Varro de L. L. v. 161; Festus, p. 13, ed. Müller; Plut. Camill. 16.) Notwithstanding its early celebrity, we have scarcely any information concerning its history; but the decline of its power and prosperity may reasonably be ascribed to the conquest of the neighbouring countries by the Gauls, and to the consequent neglect of the canals and streams in its neighbourhood. The increasing commerce of the Greeks with the Adriatic probably contributed to the same result. It has been supposed by some writers that it received, at different periods, Greek colonies, one from Epidamnus and the other from Syracuse; but both statements appear to rest upon misconceptions of the passages of Diodorus, from which they are derived. (Diod. ix. Exc. Vat. p. 17, xv. 13; in both of which passages the words Tov 'Adpíav certainly refer to the Adriatic sea or gulf, not to the city, the name of which is always feminine.) The abundance of vases of Greek manufacture found here, of precisely similar character with those of Nola and Vulci, sufficiently attests a great amount of Greek intercourse and influence, but cannot be admitted as any proof of a Greek colony, any more than in the parallel case of Vulci. (R. Rochette in the Annali dell' Inst. Arch. vol. vi. p. 292; Welcker, Vasi di Adria in the Bullettino dell' Inst. 1834, p. 134.). Under the Romans Adria appears never to have been a place of much consequence. Strabo (1.c.) speaks of it as a small town, communicating by a short navigation with the sea; and we learn from Tacitus (Hist. iii. 12) that it was still accessible for the light Liburnian ships of war as late as the time of Vitellius. After the fall of the Western Empire it was included in the exarchate of Ravenna, but fell rapidly into decay during the middle ages, though it never ceased to exist, and always continued an episcopal see. Since the opening of new canals it has considerably revived, and has now a population of 10,000 souls. Considerable remains of the ancient city have been discovered a little to the south of the modern town towards Ravegnano; they are all of Roman date, and comprise the ruins of a theatre, baths, mosaic pavements, and part of the ancient walls, all which have been buried to a considerable depth under the accu

mulations of alluvial soil. Of the numerous minor antiquities discovered there, the most interesting are the vases already alluded to. (See Müller, Etrusker, i. p. 229, and the authors there cited.) The coins ascribed to this city certainly belong to Adria in Picenum.

A river of the same name (8 'Adpías) is mentioned by Hecataeus (ap. Steph. Byz. s. v.), and by Theopompus (ap. Strab. vii. p. 317); it is called by Ptolemy 'Aтpiavòs Toтaμós, and must probably be the same called by the Romans Tartarus (Plin. iii. 16. s. 20), and still known in the upper part of its course as the Tartaro. It rises in the hills to the SE. of the Lago di Garda, and flows by the modern Adria, but is known by the name of Canal Bianco in the lower part of its course; it communicates, by canals, with the Po and the Adige.

2. A city of Picenum, still called Atri, situated about 5 miles from the Adriatic Sea, between the rivers Vomanus and Matrinus. According to the Itinerary it was distant 15 Roman miles from Castrum Novum, and 14 from Teate. (Itin. Ant. pp. 308, 310, 313; comp. Tab. Peut.) It has been supposed, with much probability, to be of Etruscan origin, and a colony from the more celebrated city of the name (Mazocchi, Tab. Heracl. p. 532; Müller, Etrusker, vol. i. p. 145), though we have no historical evidence of the fact. It has also been generally admitted that a Greek colony was founded there by Dionysius the Elder, at the time that he was seeking to establish his power in the Adriatic, about B. c. 385; but this statement rests on very doubtful authority (Etym. Magn. v. 'Aôpías), and no subsequent trace of the settlement is found in history. The first certain historical notice we find of Adria is the establishment of a Roman colony there about 282 B.C. (Liv. Epit. xi.; Madvig, de Coloniis, p. 298.) In the early part of the Second Punic War (B.C. 217) its territory was ravaged by Hannibal; but notwithstanding this calamity, it was one of the 18 Latin colonies which, in B. C. 209, were faithful to the cause of Rome, and willing to continue their contributions both of men and money. (Liv. xxii. 9, xxvii. 10; Polyb. iii. 88.) At a later period, as we learn from the Liber de Coloniis, it must have received a fresh colony, probably under Augustus: hence it is termed a Colonia, both by Pliny and in inscriptions. One of these gives it the titles of "Colonia Aelia Hadria," whence it would appear that it had been re-established by the emperor Hadrian, whose family was originally derived from hence, though he was himself a native of Spain. (Lib. Colon. p. 227; Plin. H. N. iii. 13. s. 18; Orell. Inscr. no. 148, 3018; Gruter, p. 1022; Zumpt de Colon. p. 349; Spartian. Hadrian. 1.; Victor, Epit. 14.) The territory of Adria (ager Adrianus), though subsequently included in Picenum, appears to have originally formed a separate and independent district, bounded on the N. by the river Vomanus (Vomano), and on the S. by the Matrinus (la Piomba); at the mouth of this latter river was a town bearing the name of MATRINUM, which served as the port of Adria; the city itself stood on a hill a few miles inland, on the same site still occupied by the modern Atri, a place of some consideration, with the title of a city, and the see of a bishop. Great part of the circuit of the ancient walls may be still traced, and mosaic pavements and other remains of buildings are also preserved. (Strab. v. p. 241; Sil. Ital. viii. 439; Ptol. iii. 1. § 52; Mela, ii. 4; Romanelli, vol. iii. p 307.) Ac

cording to the Itin. Ant. (pp. 308, 310) Adria was the point of junction of the Via Salaria and Valeria, a circumstance which probably contributed to its importance and flourishing condition under the Roman empire.

It is now generally admitted, that the coins of Adria (with the legend HAT.) belong to the city of Picenum; but great difference of opinion has been entertained as to their age. They belong to the class commonly known as Aes Grave, and are even among the heaviest specimens known, exceeding in weight the most ancient Roman asses. On this account they have been assigned to a very remote antiquity, some referring them to the Etruscan, others to the Greek, settlers. But there seems much reason to believe that they are not really so ancient, and belong, in fact, to the Roman colony, which was founded previous to the general reduction of the Italian brass coinage. (Eckhel, vol. i. p. 98; Müller, Etrusker, vol. i. p. 308; Böckh, Metrologie, p. 379; Mommsen, Das Römische Münzwesen, p. 231; Millingen, Numismatique de l'Italie, p. 216.) [E.H.B.]

COIN OF ADRIA.

ADRIA'TICUM MARE (¿ 'Adplas), is the name given both by Greek and Latin writers to the inland sea still called the Adriatic, which separates Italy from Illyricum, Dalmatia and Epeirus, and is connected at its southern extremity with the Ionian Sea. It appears to have been at first regarded by the Greeks as a mere gulf or inlet of the Ionian Sea, whence the expression d'Adpías (кóλπos sc.), which first came into use, became so firmly established that it always maintained its ground among the Greek writers of the best ages, and it is only at a later period or in exceptional cases that we find the expressions 'Adpiávn or 'Adpiatikǹ dáλaoσa. (The former expression is employed by Scymnus Chius, 368; and the latter in one instance by Strabo, iv. p. 204.) The Latins frequently termed it MARE SUPERUM, the Upper Sea, as opposed to the Tyrrhenian or Lower Sea (Mare Inferum); and the phrase is copied from them by Polybius and other Greek writers. It appears probable indeed that this was the common or vernacular expression among the Romans, and that the name of the Adriatic was a mere geographical designation, perhaps borrowed in the first instance from the Greeks. The use of ADRIA or HADRIA in Latin for the name of the sea, was certainly a mere Graecism, first introduced by the poets (Hor. Carm. i. 3. 15, iii. 3. 5, &c.; Catull. xxxvi. 15), though it is sometimes used by prose writers also. (Senec. Ep. 90; Mela, ii. 2, &c.)

According to Herodotus (i. 163) the Phocaeans were the first of the Greeks who discovered the Adriatic, or at least the first to explore its recesses, but the Phoenicians must have been well acquainted with it long before, as they had traded with the Venetians for amber from a very early period. It has, indeed, been contended, that & 'Adpins in Herodotus (both in this passage and in iv. 33, v. 9) means not the

sea or gulf so called, but a region or district about the head of it. But in this case it seems highly improbable that precisely the same expression should have come into general use, as we certainly find it not long after the time of Herodotus, for the sea itself.* Hecataeus also (if we can trust to the accuracy of Stephanus B. s. v. 'Adpías) appears to have used the full expression Kóλos 'Adpías.

The natural limits of the Adriatic are very clearly marked by the contraction of the opposite shores at its entrance, so as to form a kind of strait, not exceeding 40 G. miles in breadth, between the Acroceraunian promontory in Epirus, and the coast of Calabria near Hydruntum, in Italy. This is accordingly correctly assumed both by Strabo and Pliny as the southern limits of the Adriatic, as it was at an earlier period by Scylax and Polybius, the latter of whom expressly tells us that Oricus was the first city on the right hand after entering the Adriatic. (Strab. vii. p. 317; Plin. iii. 11. s. 16; Scylax, §14, p. 5, § 27, p. 11; Pol. vii. 19; Mela, ii. 4.) But it appears to have been some time before the appellation was received in this definite sense, and the use of the name both of the Adriatic and of the Ionian Gulf was for some time very vague and fluctuating. It is probable, that in the earliest times the name of ó 'Adpías was confined to the part of the sea in the immediate neighbourhood of Adria itself and the mouths of the Padus, or at least to the upper part near the head of the gulph, as in the passages of Herodotus and Hecataeus above cited; but it seems that Hecataeus himself in another passage (ap. Steph. B. s. v. "IoTpoi) described the Istrians as dwelling on the Ionian gulf, and Hellanicus (ap. Dion. Hal. i. 28) spoke of the Padus as flowing into the Ionian gulf. In like manner Thucydides (i. 24) describes Epidamnus as a city on the right hand as you enter the Ionian gulf. At this period, therefore, the latter expression seems to have been at least the more common one, as applied to the whole sea. But very soon after we find the orators Lysias and Isocrates employing the term 'Adpías in its more extended sense: and Scylax (who must have been nearly contemporary with the latter) expressly tells us that the Adriatic and Ionian gulfs were one and the same. (Lys. Or. c. Diog. § 38, p. 908; Isocr. Philipp. § 7; Scylax, § 27, p. 11.) From this time no change appears to have taken place in the use of the name, d'Aspías being familiarly used by Greek writers for the modern Adriatic (Theophr. iv. 5. §§ 2, 6; Pseud. Aristot. de Mirab. $$ 80, 82; Scymn. Ch. 132, 193, &c.; Pol. ii. 17, iii. 86, 87, &c.) until after the Christian era. But subsequently to that date a very singular change was introduced: for while the name of the Adriatic Gulf (¿ 'Adpías, or 'Adpiatikòs kóλжOs) became restricted to the upper portion of the inland sea now known by the same name, and the lower portion nearer the strait or entrance was commonly known as the

*The expressions of Polybius (iv. 14, 16) cited by Müller (Etrusker, i. p. 141) in support of this view, certainly cannot be relied on, as the name of d'Adplas was fully established as that of the sea, long before his time, and is repeatedly used by himself in this sense. But his expressions are singularly vague and fluctuating: thus we find within a few pages, δ κατὰ τὸν Ἀδρίαν κόλπος, ὁ τοῦ παντὸς Αδρίου μυχός, ὁ ̓Αδριατικὸς μυχός, ἡ κατὰ τὸν 'Adpíav Jáλarra, etc. (See Schweighäuser's Index to Polybius, p. 197.)

ADRUME'TUM. [HADRUMETUM.]

ADRUS (Albaragena), a river of Hispania Lusitanica, flowing from the N. into the Anas (Guadiana) opposite to Badajoz (Itin. Ant. p. 418; Ukert, vol. ii. pt. 1, pp. 289-392). [P.S.]

ADUA'TICA or ADUA'TUCA, a castellum or fortified place mentioned by Caesar (B. G. vi. 32) as situated about the centre of the country of the Eburones, the greater part of which country lay between the Mosa (Maas) and the Rhenus. There is no further indication of its position in Caesar. Q. Cicero, who was posted here with a legion in B. C. 53, sustained and repelled a sudden attack of the Sigambri (B. G. vi. 35, &c.), in the same camp in which Titurius and Aurunculeius had wintered in B. C. 54 (B. G. v. 26). If it be the same place as the Aduaca Tungrorum of the Antonine Itinerary, it is the modern Tongern, in the Belgian province of Limburg, where there are remains of old walls, and many antiquities. Though only a castellum or temporary fort in Caesar's time, the place is likely enough to have been the site of a larger town at a later date. [G. L.]

Ionian Gulf, the sea without that entrance, previously | the same name, that some later writers have derived known as the Ionian or Sicilian, came to be called the appellation of the sea from Adria in Picenum, the Adriatic Sea. The beginning of this altera- which was situated at some distance from the coast, tion may already be found in Strabo, who speaks of and is not known to have been a place of any imthe Ionian Gulf as a part of the Adriatic: but it portance in early times. [E. H. B.] is found fully developed in Ptolemy, who makes the promontory of Garganus the limit between the Adriatic Gulf ( 'Adpías κóλños) and the Ionian Sea (To 'Iúvov Téλayos), while he calls the sea which bathes the eastern shores of Bruttium and Sicily, the Adriatic Sea (тd 'Adpiaтikov méλayos): and although the later geographers, Dionysius Periegetes and Agathemerus, apply the name of the Adriatic within the same limits as Strabo, the common usage of historians and other writers under the Roman Empire is in conformity with that of Ptolemy. Thus we find them almost uniformly speaking of the Ionian Gulf for the lower part of the modern Adriatic: while the name of the latter had so completely superseded the original appellation of the Ionian Sea for that which bathes the western shores of Greece, that Philostratus speaks of the isthmus of Corinth as separating the Aegaean Sea from the Adriatic. And at a still later period we find Procopius and Orosius still further extending the appellation as far as Crete on the one side, and Malta on the other. (Ptol. iii. 1. §§ 1, 10. 14, 17, 26, 4. §§ 1, 8; Dionys. Per. 92-94, 380, 481; Agathemer. i. 3, ii. 14: Appian, Syr. 63, B. C. ii. 39, iii. 9, v. 65; Dion Cass. xli. 44, xiv. 3; Herodian. viii. 1; Philostr. Imagg. ii. 16; Pausan. v. 25. § 3, viii. 54. § 3; Hieronym. Ep. 86; Procop. B. G. i. 15, iii. 40, iv. 6, B. V. i. 13, 14, 23; Oros. i. 2.) Concerning the various fluctuations and changes in the application and signification of the name, see Larcher's Notes on Herodotus (vol. i. p. 157, Eng. transl.), and Letronne (Recherches sur Dicuil. p. 170-218), who has, however, carried to an extreme extent the distinctions he attempts to establish. The general form of the Adriatic Sea was well known to the ancients, at least in the time of Strabo, who correctly describes it as long and narrow, extending towards the NW., and corresponding in its general dimensions with the part of Italy to which it is parallel, from the Iapygian promontory to the mouths of the Padus. He also gives its greatest breadth pretty correctly at about 1200 stadia, but much overstates its length at 6000 stadia. Agathemerus, on the contrary, while he agrees with Strabo as to the ADU'LA MONS (d'Adoúλas), the name given breadth, assigns it only 3000 stadia in length, to a particular group of the Alps, in which, accordwhich is as much below the truth, as Strabo exceeds ing to the repeated statement of Strabo, both the it. (Strab. ii. p. 123, v. p. 211; Agathemer. 14.) Rhine and the Addua take their rise, the one flowing The Greeks appear to have at first regarded the neigh-northwards, the other southward into the Larian bourhood of Adria and the mouths of the Padus as the head or inmost recess of the gulf, but Strabo and Ptolemy more justly place its extremity at the gulf near Aquileia and the mouth of the Tilavemptus (Tagliamento). (Strab. ii. p. 123, iv. p. 206; Ptol. iii. 1. §§ 1, 26.)

The navigation of the Adriatic was much dreaded on account of the frequent and sudden storms to which it was subject: its evil character on this account is repeatedly alluded to by Horace. (Carm. i. 3. 15, 33. 15, ii. 14. 14, iii. 9. 23, &c.)

There is no doubt that the name of the Adriatic was derived from the Etruscan city of Adria or Atria, near the mouths of the Padus. Livy, Pliny, and Strabo, all concur in this statement, as well as in extolling the ancient power and commercial influence of that city [ADRIA, No. 1], and it is probably only by a confusion between the two cities of

ADUA'TICI ('ATоvaTiKol, Dion Cass.), a people of Belgic Gaul, the neighbours of the Eburones and Nervii. They were the descendants of 6000 Cimbri and Teutones, who were left behind by the rest of these barbarians on their march to Italy, for the purpose of looking after the baggage which their comrades could not conveniently take with them. After the defeat of the Cimbri and Teutones, near Aix by C. Marius (B. c. 102), and again in the north of Italy, these 6000 men maintained themselves in the country. (Caes. B. G. ii. 29.) Their head quarters were a strong natural position on a steep elevation, to which there was only one approach. Caesar does not give the place a name, and no indication of its site. D'Anville supposes that it is Falais on the Mehaigne. The tract occupied by the Aduatici appears to be in South Brabant. When their strong position was taken by Caesar, 4000 of the Aduatici perished, and 53,000 were sold for slaves. (B. G. ii. 33.) [G. L.]

Lake. This view is not however correct, the real source of the Addua being in the glaciers of the Rhaetian Alps, at the head of the Valtelline, while both branches of the Rhine rise much farther to the W. It is probable that Strabo considered the river which descends from the Splügen to the head of the lake of Como (and which flows from N. to S.) as the true Addua, overlooking the greatly superior magnitude of that which comes down from the Valtelline. The sources of this river are in fact not far from those of the branch of the Rhine now called the Hinter Rhein, and which, having the more direct course from S. to N., was probably regarded by the ancients as the true origin of the river. Mt. Adula would thus signify the lofty mountain group about the passes of the Splügen and S. Bernardino, and at the head of the valley of the Hinter Rhein, rather than the Mt. St. Gothard, as supposed by most

modern geographers, but we must not expect great accuracy in the use of the term. Ptolemy, who also represents the Rhine as rising in Mt. Adula, says nothing of the Addua; but erroneously describes this part of the Alps as that where the chain alters its main direction from N. to E. (Strab.iv. pp. 192, 204, v. p. 213; Ptol. ii. 9. § 5, iii. 1. § 1.) [E. H. B.] ADULE or ADU'LIS ('Adoúλn, Ptol. iv. 7. § 8, viii. 16. § 11; Arrian. Peripl.; Eratosth. pp. 2, 3; "Adovais, Steph. B. s. v.; 'Adoúλei, Joseph. Antiq. ii. 5; Procop. B. Pers. i. 19; oppidum adoulitôn, Plin. H. N. vi. 29. s. 34: Eth. 'Adouλírns, Ptol. iv. 8; Adulita, Plin. l. c.: Adj. 'AdovλITIKós), the principal haven and city of the Adulitae, a people of mixed origin in the regio Troglodytica, situated on a bay of the Red Sea called Adulicus Sinus ('AdouλIKÒS KÓλπOS, Annesley Bay). Adule is the modern Thulla or Zulla, pronounced, according to Mr. Salt, Azoole, and stands in lat. 15° 35' N. Ruins are said to exist there. D'Anville, indeed, in his Map of the Red Sea, places Adule at Arkeeko on the same coast, about 22° N. of Thulla. According indeed to Cosmas, Adule was not immediately on the coast, but about two miles inland. It was founded by fugitive slaves from the neighbouring kingdom of Egypt, and under the Romans was the haven of Axume. Adule was an emporium for hides (riverhorse and rhinoceros), ivory (elephant and rhinoceros tusks), and tortoise-shell. It had also a large slave-market, and was a caravan station for the trade of the interior of Africa. The apes which the Roman ladies of high birth kept as pets, and for which they often gave high prices, came principally from Adule. At Adule was the celebrated Monumentum Adulitanum, the inscription of which, in Greek letters, was, in the 6th century of the Christian era, copied by Cosmas the Indian merchant (Indicopleustes; see Dict. of Biog. art. Cosmas) into the second book of his "Christian Topography." The monument is a throne of white marble, with a slab of some different stone behind it. Both throne and slab seem to have been covered with Greek characters. Cosmas appears to have put two inscriptions into one, and thereby occasioned no little perplexity to learned men. Mr. Salt's discovery of the inscription at Axume, and the contents of the Adulitan inscription itself, show that the latter was bipartite. The first portion is in the third person, and records that Ptolemy Euergetes (B. C. 247-222) received from the Troglodyte Arabs and Aethiopians certain elephants which his father, the second king of the Macedonian dynasty, and himself, had taken in hunting in the region of Adule, and trained to war in their own kingdom. The second portion of the inscription is in the first person, and commemorates the conquests of an anonymous Aethiopian king in Arabia and Aethiopia, as far as the frontier of Egypt. Among other names, which we can identify with the extant appellations of African districts, occurs that of the most mountainous region in Abyssinia, the Semenae, or Samen, and that of a river which is evidently the Astaboras or Tacazzé, a main tributary of the Nile. The Adulitan inscription is printed in the works of Cosmas, in the Collect. Nov. Patr. et Script. Graec. by Montfaucon, pt. ii. pp. 113-346; in Chisull's Antiq. Asiat.; and in Fabricius, Bibl. Graec. iv. p. 245. The best commentary upon it is by Buttmann, Mus. der Alterthumsw. ii. 1. p. 105. [W. B. D.] ADULITAE. [ADULE.]

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N. Africa, mentioned by Herodotus as the first
Libyan people W. of Egypt. (Herod. iv. 168.) Their
extent was from the frontier of Egypt (that is, ac-
cording to Herodotus, from the Sinus Plinthinetes
(ii. 6), but according to Scylax (p. 44, Hudson),
from the Canopic mouth of the Nile), to the harbour
of Plynos, near the Catabathmus Major. Herodotus
distinguishes them from the other Libyan tribes in
the E. of N. Africa, who were chiefly nomade (iv.
191), by saying that their manners and customs
resembled those of the Egyptians (iv. 168). He
also mentions some remarkable usages which pre-
vailed amongst them (1. c.). At a later period they
are found further to the S., in the interior of Mar-
marica. (Ptol.; Plin. v. 6; Sil. Ital. iii. 278, foll.,
ix. 223, foll.)
[P.S.]

AEA. [COLCHIS.]

AEACE UM. [AEGINA.]

AEA'NTIUM (áávτiov: Trikeri), a promontory in Magnesia in Thessaly, forming the entrance to the Pagasaean bay. According to Ptolemy there was a town of the same name upon it. Its highest summit was called Mt. Tisaeum. (Plin. iv. 9. s. 16; Ptol. iii. 13. § 16; Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iv. p. 397.) [TISAEUM.]

AEAS. [AOUS.]

AEBURA (Al6oupa: Eth. Alsoupaîos: prob. Cuerva), a town of the Carpetani, in Hispania Tarraconensis (Liv. xl. 30; Strab. ap. Steph. B. s. v.), probably the Aisópa of Ptolemy (ii. 6). Its name appears on coins as Aipora and Apora. (Mionnet, vol. i. p. 55, Supp. vol. i. pp. 111, 112). [P.S.]

AECAE (Alka: Eth. Aecanus: Troja), a town of Apulia mentioned both by Polybius and Livy, during the military operations of Hannibal and Fabius in that country. In common with many other Apulian cities it had joined the Carthaginians after the battle of Cannae, but was recovered by Fabius Maximus in B. C. 214, though not without a regular siege. (Pol. iii. 88; Liv. xxiv. 20.) Pliny also enumerates the Aecani among the inland towns of Apulia (iii. 11); but its position is more clearly determined by the Itineraries, which place it on the Appian Way between Equus Tuticus and Herdonia, at a distance of 18 or 19 miles from the latter city. (Itin. Ant. p. 116; Itin. Hier. p. 610; the Tab. Peut. places it between Equus Tuticus and Luceria, but without giving the distances.) This interyal exactly accords with the position of the modern city of Troja, and confirms the statements of several chroniclers of the middle ages, that the latter was founded about the beginning of the eleventh century, on the ruins of the ancient Aecae. Cluverius erroneously identified Aecae with Accadia, a village in the mountains S. of Bovino; but his error was rectified by Holstenius. Troja is an episcopal see, and a place of some consideration; it stands on a hill of moderate elevation, rising above the fertile plain of Puglia, and is 9 miles S. of Lucera, and 14 SW. of Foggia. (Holsten. Not. in Cluver. p. 271; Romanelli, vol. ii. p. 227; Giustiniani, Diz. Geogr. vol. ix. p. 260.) [E.H.B.]

AECULA'NUM, or AECLA'NUM (Aikoúλavov, Appian, Ptol.: Eth. Aeculanus, Plin.; but the contracted form Aeclanus and Aeclanensis is the only one found in inscriptions:-the reading Aeculanum in Cic. ad Att. xvi. 2, is very uncertain:- later inscriptions and the Itineraries write the name ECLANUM), a city of Samnium, in the territory of the Hirpini, is correctly placed by the Itinerary of Antoninus on the Via Appia, 15 Roman miles from Beneventum. ADYRMA'CHIDAE ('Adupμaxídai), a people of | (Plin. iii. 11. s. 16; Ptol. iii. 1. § 71; Itin. Ant. p

120; Tab. Peut.) No mention of it is found in history during the wars of the Romans with the Samnites, though it appears to have been one of the chief cities of the Hirpini: but during the Social War (B. C. 89) it was taken and plundered by Sulla, which led to the submission of almost all the neighbouring cities. (Appian, B. C. i. 51.) It appears to have been soon after restored: the erection of its new walls, gates, and towers being recorded by an inscription still extant, and which probably belongs to a date shortly after the Social War. At a later period we find that part of its territory was portioned out to new colonists, probably under Octavian, but it retained the condition of a municipium (as we learn from Pliny and several inscriptions) until long afterwards. It was probably in the reign of Trajan that it acquired the rank and title of a colony which we find assigned to it in later inscriptions. (Lib. Colon. pp. 210, 260; Orell. Inscr. no. 566, 3108, 5020; Zumpt, de Coloniis, p. 401.)

The site of Aeculanum was erroneously referred by Cluverius (Ital. p. 1203) to Frigento. Holstenius was the first to point out its true position at a place called le Grotte, about a mile from Mirabella, and close to the Taverna del Passo, on the modern high road from Naples into Puglia. Here the extensive remains of an ancient city have been found: a considerable part of the ancient walls, as well as ruins and foundations of Thermae, aqueducts, temples, an amphitheatre and other buildings have been discovered, though many of them have since perished; and the whole site abounds in coins, gems, bronzes, and other minor relics of antiquity. The inscriptions found here, as well as the situation on the Appian Way, and the distance from Benevento, clearly prove these remains to be those of Aeculanum, and attest its splendour and importance under the Roman empire. It continued to be a flourishing place until the 7th century, but was destroyed in A. D. 662, by the emperor Constans II. in his wars with the Lombards. A town arose out of its ruins, which obtained the name of QUINTODECIMUM from its position at that distance from Beneventum, and which continued to exist to the 11th century when it had fallen into complete decay, and the few remaining inhabitants removed to the castle of Mirabella, erected by the Normans on a neighbouring hill. (Holsten. Not. in Cluver. p. 273; Lupuli, Iter Venusin. pp. 74-128; Guarini, Ricerche sull' antica Città di Eclano, 4to. Napoli, 1814; Romanelli, vol. ii. pp. 323-328.)

[E. H. B.]

AEDEPSUS (Aldn↓os: Eth. Aidhios: Lipso), a town on the NW. coast of Euboea, 160 stadia from Cynus on the opposite coast of the Opuntian Locri. It contained warm baths sacred to Hercules, which were used by the dictator Sulla. These warm baths are still found about a mile above Lipso, the site of Aedepsus. (Strab. pp. 60, 425; Athen. p. 73; Plut. Sull. 26, Symp. iv. 4, where Fányos is a false reading; Steph. B. s. v.; Ptol. iii. 15. § 23; Plin. iv. 21; Leake, Northern Greece, vol. ii. p. 176; Walpole, Travels, &c., p. 71.)

AE'DUI, HE'DUI (Aidovo, Strab. p. 186), a Celtic people, who were separated from the Sequani by the Arar (Saone), which formed a large part of their eastern boundary. On the W. they were separated from the Bituriges by the upper course of the Ligeris (Loire), as Caesar states (B. G. vii. 5). To the NE. were the Lingones, and to the S. the Segusiani. The Aedui Ambarri (B. G. i. 11), kinsmen of the Aedui, were on the borders

of the Allobroges. The chief town of the Aedui in Caesar's time was Bibracte, and if we assuine it to be on the site of the later town of Augustodunum (Autun), we obtain probably a fixed central position in the territory of the Aedui, in the old division of Bourgogne. The Aedui were one of the most powerful of the Celtic nations, but before Caesar's proconsulship of Gallia, they had been brought under the dominion of the Sequani, who had invited Germans from beyond the Rhine to assist them. The Aedui had been declared friends of the Roman people before this calamity befel them; and Divitiacus, an Aeduan, went to Rome to ask for the assistance of the senate, but he returned without accomplishing the object of his mission. Caesar, on his arrival in Gaul (B. C. 58), restored these Aedui to their former independence and power. There was among them a body of nobility and a senate, and they had a great number of clientes, as Caesar calls them, who appear to have been in the nature of vassals. The clientes of the Aedui are enumerated by Caesar (B. G. vii. 75). The Aedui joined in the great rebellion against the Romans, which is the subject of the seventh book of the Gallic war (B. G. vii. 42, &c.); but Caesar reduced them to subjection. In the reign of Tiberius A. D. 21, Julius Sacrovir, a Gaul, attempted an insurrection among the Aedui and seized Augustodunum, but the rising was soon put down by C. Silius. (Tac. Ann. iii. 43-46.) The head of the commonwealth of the Aedui in Caesar's time was called Vergobretus. He was elected by the priests, and held his office for one year. He had the power of life and death over his people, as Caesar says, by which expression he means probably that he was supreme judge. (B. G. i. 16, vii. 33.)

The clientes, or small communities dependent on the Aedui, were the Segusiani, already mentioned; the Ambivareti, who were apparently on the northern boundary of the Aedui trans Mosam, (B. G. iv. 9); and the Aulerci Brannovices [AULERCI]. The Ambarri, already mentioned as kinsmen of the Aedui, are not enumerated among the clientes (B. G. vii. 55). One of the pagi or divisions of the Aedui was called Insubres (Liv. v. 34). Caesar allowed a body of Boii, who had joined the Helvetii in their attempt to settle themselves in Gaul, to remain in the territory of the Aedui (B. G. i. 28). Their territory was between the Loire and the Allier, a branch of the Loire. They had a town, Gergovia (B. G. vii. 9), the site of which is uncertain; if the reading Gergovia is accepted in this passage of Caesar, the place must not be confounded with the GERGOVIA of the Arverni. [G. L.]

AEGAE in Europe (Alyaí: Eth. Alyaîos, Aiyeárns, Aiyaιeós). 1. Or AEGA (Aiya), a town of Achaia, and one of the 12 Achaean cities, was situated upon the river Crathis and upon the coast, between Aegeira and Bura. It is mentioned by Homer, and was celebrated in the earliest times for its worship of Poseidon. It was afterwards deserted by its inhabitants, who removed to the neighbouring town of Aegeira; and it had already ceased to be one of the 12 Achaean cities on the renewal of the League in B. C. 280, its place being occupied by Ceryneia. Its name does not occur in Polybius. All traces of Aegae have disappeared, but it probably occupied the site of the Khan of Akrata, which is situated upon a commanding height rising from the left bank of the river. Neither Strabo nor Pausanias mention on which bank of the Crathis it

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