(iii.) Drako or Porto Leone, the largest of the three harbours, was commonly called by the ancients simply PEIRAEEUS (Пeipaieús), or THE HARBOUR (ὁ λίμην). It derives its modern name from a colossal lion of white marble, which Spon and Wheler observed upon the beach, when they visited Athens; and which was carried to Venice, after the capture of Athens by the Venetians in 1687. Drako is the name used by the modern Greeks, since pákov, which originally meant only a serpent, now signifies a monster of any kind, and was hence applied to the marble lion.

It has been already stated that Leake and other writers, misled by a passage of the Scholiast on Aristophanes (Pac. 145), divided the harbour of Peiraeeus into three separate ports, named Cantharus, Aphrodisium, and Zea, but the words of the Scholiast warrant no such conclusion:-8 Пeipateús λιμένας ἔχει τρεῖς, πάντας κλειστούς· εἷς μὲν ὁ Κανθάρου λίμην · ἐν ᾧ τὰ νεώρια. εἶτα τὸ Αφροδίσιον· εἶτα κύκλῳ τοῦ λιμένος στοαὶ πέντε. It is evident that the Scholiast does not intend to give the names of the three harbours of Peiraeeus; but, after mentioning Cantharus, he proceeds to speak of the buildings in its immediate vicinity, of which the Aphrodisium, a temple of Aphrodite, was one; and then followed the five Stoae or Colonnades. Leake supposed Zea to be the name of the bay situated on the right hand after entering the harbour, Aphrodisium to be the name of the middle or great harbour, and Cantharus to be the name of the inner harbour, now filled up by alluvial deposits of the Cephissus. It is, however, certain that the last-mentioned spot never formed part of the harbour of Peiraceus, since between this marsh and the harbour traces of the ancient wall have been discovered; and it is very probable that this marsh is the one called Halae (Aλaí) by Xenophon. (Hell. ii. 4. § 34.)

The harbour of Peiraecus appears to have been divided into only two parts. Of these, the smaller one, occupying the bay to the right hand of the entrance to the harbour, was named Cantharus. It was the third of the Athenian harbours for ships of war, and contained 94 ship-houses. Probably upon the shores of the harbour of Cantharus the armoury (ôπλо0ýкη) of Philo stood, containing arms for 1000 ships. (Strab. ix. p. 395; Plin. vii. 37. s. 38; Cic. de Orat. i. 14; Vitruv. vii. Praef.; Appian, Mithr. 41.)

The remainder of the harbour, being about twothirds of the whole, was called Emporium, and was appropriated to merchant vessels. (Timaeus, Lex. Plat.; Harpocrat. s. v. Aeîyμa.) The surrounding shore, which was also called Emporium, contained the five Stoae or Colonnades mentioned above, all of which were probably appropriated to mercantile purposes. One of these was called the Macra Stoa (uaкрà σтоà), or the Long Colonnade (Paus. i. 1. § 3); a second was the Deigma (Aeiyua), or place where merchants exhibited samples of their goods for sale (Harpocrat. s. v. Aeiyua; Schol. ad Aristoph. Equit. 974; Dem. c. Lacrit. p. 932); a third was the Alphitopolis (AXPITOπWAIS), or Corn-Exchange, said to have been built by Pericles (Schol. ad Aristoph. Equit. 547): of the other two Stoae the names have not been preserved. Between the Stoae of the Emporium and Cantharus stood the Aphrodisium, or temple of Aphrodite, built by Conon after his victory at Cnidus. (Paus. I. c.; Schol. ad Aristoph. Pac. 1. c.) The limits of the Emporium towards Can

tharus were marked by a boundary stone discovered in situ in 1843, and bearing the inscription:

ΕΜΠΟΡΙΟ KAIHOAO ΗΟΡΟΣ,

---

i. e., 'Eμπоplov кal dooû öрos. The forms of the letters, and the use of the H for the spiritus asper, prove that the inscription belongs to the period before the Peloponnesian war. The stone may have been erected upon the first foundation of Peiraeeus by Themistocles, or when the town was laid out regularly by Hippodamus in the time of Pericles. It probably stood in a street leading from the Emporium to the docks of the harbour of Cantharus. 3. Topography of Munychia and Peiraeeus. The site of Munychia, which was the Acropolis of Peiraceus, has been already explained. Remains of its fortifications may still be seen on the top of the hill, now called Castella, above the harbour of Phanari. From its position it commanded the whole of the Peiraic peninsula, and its three harbours (¿ñoninтovσi d' avтą Aμéves тpeîs, Strab. ix. p. 395); and whoever obtained possession of this hill became master of the whole of Peiraceus. Epimenides is said to have foreseen the importance of this position. (Plut. Sol. 12; Diog. Laërt. i. 114.) Soon after the close of the Peloponnesian war, the seizure of Munychia by Thrasybulus and his party enabled them to carry on operations with success against the Thirty at Athens. (Xen. Hell. ii. 4.) The successors of Alexander the Great kept a Macedonian garrison in Munychia for a long period, and by this means secured the obedience of Athens. The first Macedonian garrison was placed in this fortress by Antipater after the defeat of the Greeks at Crannon, B. C. 322. (Paus. i. 25. § 4; Plut. Dem. 28.) When Athens surrendered to Cassander, in B. c. 318, Munychia was also garrisoned by the latter; and it was by the support of these troops that Demetrius Phalereus governed Athens for the next ten years. In B.C. 307 the Macedonians were expelled from Munychia by Demetrius Poliorcetes; but the latter, on his return from Asia in B. c. 299, again placed a garrison in Munychia, and in the Museium also. These garrisons were expelled from both fortresses by the Athenians, under Olympiodorus, when Demetrius was deprived of the Macedonian kingdom in B. C. 287. (Paus. i. 25. § 4, seq., 26. § 1, seq.; Diod. xviii. 48, 74, xx. 45; Plut. Demetr. 8, seq., 46, Phoc. 31, seq.) During the greater part of the reign of Antigonus and of his son Demetrius II., the Macedonians had possession of Munychia; but soon after the death of Demetrius, Aratus purchased the departure of the Macedonian garrison by the payment of a large sum of money. (Plut. Arat. 34; Paus. ii. 8. § 5.) Strabo (l. c.) speaks of the hill of Munychia as full of hollows and excavations, and well adapted for dwelling-houses. In the time of Strabo the whole of the Peiraeeus was in ruins, and the hollows to which he alludes were probably the remains of cisterns. The sides of the hill sloping down to the great harbour appear to have been covered with houses rising one above another in the form of an amphitheatre, as in the city of Rhodes, which was laid out by the same architect, and was also celebrated for its beauty.

Within the fortress of Munychia was a temple of Artemis Munychia, who was the guardian deity of this citadel. The temple was a celebrated place of asylum for state criminals. (Xen. Hell. ii. 4. § 11:

Paus. i. 1. § 4; Dem. de Coron. p. 222, Reiske; Lys. c. Agorat. pp. 460, 462, Reiske.) Near the preceding, and probably also within the fortress, was the Bendideium (Bevdidetov), or temple of the Thracian Artemis Bendis, whose festival, the Bendideia, was celebrated on the day before the lesser Panathenaea. (Xen. Hell. ii. 4. § 11; Plat. de Rep. i. pp. 327, 354.) On the western slope of the hill was the Dionysiac theatre, facing the great harbour: it must have been of considerable size, as the assemblies of the Athenian people were sometimes held in it. (Thuc. viii. 93; Xen. Hell. ii. 4. § 32; Lys. c. Agorat. pp. 464, 479; comp. Dem. de Fals. Leg. p. 379.) It was in this theatre that Socrates saw a performance of one of the plays of Euripides. (Aelian, V. H. ii. 13.) Some modern writers distinguish between the theatre at Munychia and another in Peiraeeus; but the ancient writers mention only one theatre in the peninsula, called indifferently the Peiraic or the Munychian theatre, the latter name being given to it from its situation upon the hill of Munychia. The ruins near the harbour of Zea, which were formerly regarded as those of the Peiraic theatre, belonged probably to another building.

The proper agora of Peiraeeus was called the Hippodameian Agora ('Innodáμeios ayopá), to distinguish it from the Macra Stoa, which was also used as an agora. The Hippodameian Agora was situated near the spot where the two Long Walls joined the wall of Peiraeeus; and a broad street led from it up to the citadel of Munychia. (Xen. Hell. ii. 4. § 11; Andoc. de Myst. p. 23, Reiske; Dem. c. Timoth. p. 1190.)

village, situated around the ports and the temple of Zeus Soter." (Strab. ix. p. 395.)

The most important work on the Topography of Athens is Col. Leake's Topography of Athens, London, 1841, 2nd edition. In common with all other writers on the subject, the writer of the present article is under the greatest obligations to Col. Leake, although he has had occasion to differ from him on some points. The other modern works from which most assistance have been derived are Forchhammer, Topographie von Athen, in Kieler Philologische Studien, Kiel, 1841; Kruse, Hellas, vol. ii. pt. i., Leipzig, 1826; K. O. Müller, art. Attika in Ersch and Gruber's Encyclopädie, vol. vi., translated by Lockhart, London, 1842; Wordsworth, Athens and Attica, London, 1836; Stuart and Revett, Antiquities of Athens, London, 1762-1816, 4 vols., fo. (2nd ed. 1825-1827); Dodwell, Tour through Greece, vol. i. London, 1819; Prokesch, Denkwürdigkeiten, &c., vol. ii., Stuttgart, 1836; Mure, Journal of a Tour in Greece, vol. ii. Edinburgh, 1842.

At the entrance to the great harbour there was on the right hand the promontory Alcimus (AXKIμOS), on the left hand the promontory Eetionia (Ηετιωνία, οι Ηετιώνεια). On Alcimus stood the tomb of Themistocles, whose bones are said to have been brought from Magnesia in Asia Minor, and buried at this place. (Plut. Them. 32; Paus. i. 1. § 2). Eetionia was a tongue of land commanding the entrance to the harbour; and it was here that the Four Hundred in B. c. 411 erected a fort, in order to prevent more effectually the entrance of the Athenian fleet, which was opposed to them. (Thuc. viii. 90; Dem. c. Theocr. p. 1343; Harpocrat., Suid., Steph. B. s. v. 'HeTiúveia.) The small bay on the outer side of the promontory was probably the kwpòs Aiuny mentioned by Xenophon. (Hell. ii, 4. § 31.)

The buildings around the shore of the great harbour have been already mentioned. Probably behind the Macra Stoa was the temenus of Zeus and Athena, which Pausanias (i. 1. § 3) mentions as one of the most remarkable objects in Peiraeeus, and which is described by other writers as the temple of Zeus Soter. (Strab. ix. p. 396; Liv. xxxi. 30; Plin. xxxiv, 8, s. 19. § 14.) Phreattys, which was one of the courts of justice for the trial of homicides, was situated in Peiraeeus; and as this court is described indifferently év Zéa or év peaTTO, it must be placed either in or near the harbour of Zea. The accused pleaded their cause on board ship, while the judges sat upon the shore. (Paus. i. 28. § 11; Dem. c. Aristocr. p. 645; Pollux, viii. 120; Becker, Anecd, Graec. i. p. 311.)

Peiraceus never recovered from the blow inflicted

upon it by its capture by Sulla, who destroyed its fortifications and arsenals. So rapid was its decline that in the time of Strabo it had become "a small

also called "a harbour of the Scythotauri," was a ATHENAEON ('Aonvailov: Sudak or Sugdaja?) port on the south coast of the Tauric Chersonesus. (Anon. Peripl. p. 6.)

ATHENAEUM (AOnvalov). 1. A fortress in the S. of Arcadia, and in the territory of Megalopolis, is described by Plutarch as a position in advance of the Lacedaemonian frontier (dubon Ts AakwVIKS), and near Belemina. It was fortified by Cleomenes in B. C. 224, and was frequently taken and retaken in the wars between the Achaean League and the Spartans. Leake supposes that it occupied the summit of Mount Tzimbari, on which there are some remains of an Hellenic fortress. In that case it must have been a different place from the Athenaeum mentioned by Pausanias on the road from Megalopolis to Asen, and 20 stadia from the latter. (Plut. Cleom. 4; Pol. ii. 46, 54, iv. 37, 60, 81; Paus. viii. 44. §§ 2, 3; Leake, Peloponnesiaca, p. 248.)

2. A fortress in Athamania in Epeirus, described by Livy as "finibus Macedoniae subjectum," and apparently near Gomphi. Leake places it on a height, a little above the deserted village of Apáno Porta, or Porta Panaghia. (Liv. xxviii. 1, xxxix. 25; Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iv. pp. 212, 525.)

ATHENO'POLIS, a city on the coast of Gallia Narbonensis, dependent on Massilia. (Mela, ii. 5; Plin. iii. 4.) Stephanus (s. v. 'Añvai) mentions an Athenae of the Ligystii, which may be this place. There are no measures for determining the position of Athenopolis. D'Anville observes, that Pliny and Mela seem to place this Massaliot settlement south of Forum Julii (Fréjus); and yet in his map he fixes it north of Fréjus, at a place called Agay. Walckenaer, at a guess, places it at St. Tropez, which is on a bay nearly due south of Fréjus. The Athenaeopolitae of Varro (L. L. viii. 35) are assumed to be the inhabitants of this place. [G. L.] A'THESIS ('Arnσwós, Strab.; 'Ariσúv, Plut.), one of the principal rivers of Northern Italy, now called the Adige. It rises in the Rhaetian Alps, in a small lake near the modern village of Reschen, and after a course of about 50 miles in a SE. direction, receives the waters of the ATAGIS or Eisach, a stream almost as considerable as its own, which descends from the pass of the Brenner. Their united waters flow nearly due S. through a broad and deep valley, passing under the walls of Tridentum (Trento), until they at length emerge into the plains of Italy, close to Verona, which stands on a kind of peninsula almost encircled by the Athesis. (Verona Athesi circumflua, Sil. Ital. viii. 597.) From hence it pursues its course, first towards the SE., and afterwards due E. through the plains of Venetia to the Adriatic, which it enters only a few miles from the northernmost mouth of the Padus, but without having ever joined that river. From its source to the sea it has a course of not less than 200 miles; and in the volume of its waters it is inferior only to the Padus among the rivers of Italy. (Strab. iv. p. 207, where there is little doubt that the names Ατησινός and Ἰσάρας have been transposed, Plin. iii. 16. s. 20; Virg. Aen. ix. 680; Claudian, de VI. Cons. Hon. 196.) Servius (ad Aen. 1. c.) and Vibius Sequester (p. 3) erroneously describe the Athesis as falling into the Padus; a very natural mistake, as the two rivers run parallel to each other at a very short interval, and even communicate by various side branches and artificial channels, but their main streams continue perfectly distinct.

It was in the plains on the banks of the Athesis, probably not very far from Verona, that Q. Catulus was defeated by the Cimbri in B. c. 101. (Liv. Epit. lxviii.; Flor. iii. 3; Plut. Mar. 23.) [E.H.B.]

ATHMO'NIA, A'THMONUM. [ATTICA.] ATHOS ("Αθως, "Αθων, Ep. ̓Αθόως, gen. Αθόω: Eth. 'A0wirns), the lofty mountain at the extremity of the long peninsula, running out into the sea from Chalcidice in Macedonia, between the Singitic gulf and the Aegaean. This peninsula was properly called Acte ('AKтý, Thuc. iv. 109), but the name of Athos was also given to it, as well as to the mountain. (Herod. vii. 22.) The peninsula, as well as the mountain, is now called the Holy Mountain ("Aylov Opus, Monte Santo), from the great number of monasteries and chapels with which it is covered. There are 20 of these monasteries, most of which were founded during the Byzantine empire, and some of them trace their origin to the time of Constantine the Great. Each of the different nations belonging to the Greek Church, has one or more monasteries of its own; and the spot is visited periodically by pilgrims from Russia, Servia, Bulgaria, as well as from Greece and Asia Minor. No female, even of the animal kind, is permitted to enter the peninsula.

According to Pliny (iv. 10. s. 17. § 37, Sillig), the length of the peninsula is 75 (Roman) miles, and the circumference 150 (Roman) miles. Its real length is 40 English miles, and its average breadth about four miles. The general aspect of the peninsula is described in the following terms by a modern traveller:-"The peninsula is rugged, being intersected by innumerable ravines. The ground rises almost immediately and rather abruptly from the isthmus at the northern end to about 300 feet, and for the first twelve miles maintains a table-land elevation of about 600 feet, for the most part beautifully wooded. At this spot the peninsula is narrowed into rather less than two miles in breadth. It immediately afterwards expands to its average breadth of about four miles, which it retains to its southern extremity. From this point, also, the land becomes mountainous rather than hilly, two of the heights reaching respectively 1700 and 1200 feet above the sea. Four miles farther south, on the eastern slope of the mountain ridge, and at a nearly equal distance from the east and west shores, is situated the town of Karyés, picturesquely placed amidst vineyards and gardens.

Immediately to the southward of Karyés the ground rises to 2200 feet, whence a rugged broken country, covered with a forest of dark-leaved foliage, extends to the foot of the mountain, which rears itself in solitary magnificence, an insulated cone of white limestone, rising abruptly to the height of 6350 feet above the sea. Close to the cliffs at the southern extremity, we learn from Captain Copeland's late survey, no bottom was found with 60 fathoms of line." (Lieut. Webber Smith, in Journal of Royal Geogr. Soc. vol. vii. p. 65.) The lower bed of the mountain is composed of gneiss and argillaceous slate, and the upper part of grey limestone, more or less inclined to white. (Sibthorp, in Wal pole's Travels, &c. p. 40.)

Athos is first mentioned by Homer, who represents Hera as resting on its summit on her flight from Olympus to Lemnos. (Il. xiv. 229.) The name, however, is chiefly memorable in history on account of the canal which Xerxes cut through the isthmus, connecting the peninsula with Chalcidice. (Herod. vii. 23, seq.) This canal was cut by Xerxes for the passage of his fleet, in order to escape the gales and high seas, which sweep around the promontory, and which had wrecked the fleet of Mardonius in B. C. 492. The cutting of this canal has been rejected as a falsehood by many writers, both ancient and modern; and Juvenal (x. 174) speaks of it as a specimen of Greek mendacity:

"creditur olim

Velificatus Athos, et quidquid Graecia mendax Audet in historia."

Its existence, however, is not only attested by Herodotus (1. c.), Thucydides (I. c.), and other ancient writers, but distinct traces of it have been discovered by modern travellers. The modern namne of the isthmus is Próvlaka, evidently the Romaic form of Пpoaúλağ, the canal in front of the peninsula of Athos. The best description of the present condition of the canal is given by Lieut. Wolfe: "The canal of Xerxes is still most distinctly to be traced all the way across the isthmus from the Gulf of Monte Santo (the ancient Singitic Gulf) to the Bay of Erso in the Gulf of Contessa, with the exception of about 200 yards in the middle, where the ground bears no appearance of having ever been touched. But as there is no doubt of the whole

canal having been excavated by Xerxes, it is probable that the central part was afterwards filled up, in order to allow a more ready passage into and out of the peninsula. In many places the canal is still deep, swampy at the bottom, and filled with rushes and other aquatic plants: the rain and small springs draining down into it from the adjacent heights afford, at the Monte Santo end, a good wateringplace for shipping; the water (except in very dry weather) runs out in a good stream. The distance across is 2500 yards, which agrees very well with the breadth of twelve stadia assigned by Herodotus. The width of the canal appears to have been about 18 or 20 feet; the level of the earth nowhere exceeds 15 feet above the sea; the soil is a light clay. It is on the whole a very remarkable isthmus, for the land on each side (but more especially to the westward) rises abruptly to an elevation of 800 to 1000 feet." (Penny Cyclopaedia, vol. iii. p. 23.)

About 1 mile north of the canal was Acanthus [ACANTHUS], and on the isthmus, immediately south of the canal, was Sane, probably the same as the later Uranopolis. [SANE.] In the peninsula itself there were five cities, DIUM, OLOPHYXUS, ACROTHOUм, THYSSUS, CLEONAE, which are described under their respective names. To these five cities, which are mentioned by Herodotus (7. c.), Thucydides (1. c.) and Strabo (vii. p. 331), Scylax (s. v. Makedovía) adds Charadriae, and Pliny (I. c.) Palaeorium and Apollonia, the inhabitants of the latter being named Macrobii. The extremity of the peninsula, above which Mt. Athos rises abruptly, was called Nymphaeum (Nuupaiov), now Cape St. George (Strab. vii. p. 330; Ptol. iii. 13. § 11.) The peninsula was originally inhabited by TyrrhenoPelasgians, who continued to form a large part of the population in the Greek cities of the peninsula even in the time of the Peloponnesian war (Thuc. 1. c.). (Respecting the peninsula in general see Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iii. p. 114; Bowen, Mount Athos, Thessaly, and Epirus, London, 1852, p. 51, seq.; Lieuts. Smith and Wolfe, Sibthorp, il. cc.)

A'THRIBIS, A'THLIBIS (Herod. ii. 166; Ptol. iv. 5. §§ 41, 51; Plin. v. 9. s. 11; Steph. Byz. s. v. *Αθλιβις, Αθάρραβις: Eth. Αθριβίτης. or Αθλιβίτης), the chief town of the Athribite nome, in Lower Egypt. It stood upon the eastern bank of the Tanitic branch of the Nile, and near the angle where that branch diverges from the main stream. Ammianus Marcellinus reckons Athribis among the most considerable cities of the Delta, in the 4th century of our era (xxii. 16. § 6). seems to have been of sufficient importance to give the name Athribiticus Fluvius to the upper portion of the Tanitic arm of the Nile. It was one of the military | nomes assigned to the Calasirian militia under the Pharaohs. Under the Christian Emperors, Athribis belonged to the province of Augustamnica Secunda. The Athribite nome and its capital derived their name from the goddess Thriphis, whom inscriptions both at Athribis and Panopolis denominate "the most great goddess." Thriphis is associated in worship with Amun Khem, one of the first quaternion of deities in Egyptian mythology; but no representation of her has been at present identified. Wilkinson (Manners and Customs, &c., vol. iv. p. 265) supposes Athribis to have been one of the lion-headed goddesses, whose special names have not been ascertained.

The ruins of Atrieb or Trieb, at the point where

ATHRYS. [TANTRUS.]

ATHYRAS (A@upas), a river of Thrace between Selymbria and Byzantium. (Ptol. iii. 11. § 6; Plin. iv. 11. s. 18. § 47, Sillig; Pliny calls it also Pydaras.)

ATILIA'NA. [AUTRIGONES.]

ATI'NA CATíva: Eth. Atinas, atis). 1. An ancient and important city of the Volscians, which retains its ancient name and position, on a lofty hill near the sources of the little river Melpis (Melfa), and about 12 miles SE. of Sora. Virgil speaks of it as a great and powerful city (Atina potens, Aen. vii. 630) long before the foundation of Rome, and Martial also terms it "prisca Atina" (x. 92. 2.): the former poet seems to consider it a Latin city, but from its position it would appear certain that it was a Volscian one. It had, however, been wrested from that people by the Samnites when it first appears in history. In B. c. 313 it was (according to some annalists) taken by the Roman consul C. Junius Bubuleus (Liv. ix. 28); but in B. C. 293 we again find it in the hands of the Samnites, and its territory was ravaged by the consuls, but no attack made on the town. (Id. x. 39.) We have no account of its final reduction by the Romans, but it appears to have been treated with severity, and reduced to the condition of a praefectura, in which it still con-tinued even after its citizens had been admitted to the Roman franchise. But notwithstanding its inferior position, it was in the days of Cicero a flourishing and populous town, so that he draws a favourable contrast between its population and that of Tusculum, and says that it was not surpassed by any praefectura in Italy. (Cic. pro Planc. 8.) It was the birthplace of his friend and client Cn. Plancius, and was included in the Terentine tribe.

(Ibid. 16.) At a subsequent period it became a municipal town, with the ordinary privileges and magistrates; but though it received a military colony under Nero, it did not obtain colonial rank. We learn, from numerous inscriptions, that it continued to be a considerable place under the Roman empire. (Lib. Colon. p. 230; Plin. iii. 5. s. 9; Ptol. iii. 1. § 62; Murat. Inscr. pp. 352, 1102, 1262; Orell. Inser. 140, 1678, 2285, &c.)

Silius Italicus alludes to its cold and elevated situation (monte nivoso descendens Atina, viii. 398), and the modern city of Atina is noted as one of the coldest places in the whole kingdom of Naples, which results not only from its own position on a lofty eminence, but from its being surrounded by high and bleak mountains, especially towards the south. Its ancient walls, built in a massive style of polygonal blocks, but well hewn and neatly fitted, comprised the whole summit of the hill, only a portion of which is occupied by the modern city; their extent and magnitude confirm the accounts of its importance in very early times. Of Roman date there are the remains of an aqueduct on a grand scale, substructions of a temple, and fragments of other buildings, besides numerous sepulchral monuments and inscriptions. (Romanelli, vol. iii. p. 361; Craven, Abruzzi, vol. i. pp. 61-65.)

2. A town of Lucania, situated in the upper valley of the Tanager, now the Valle di Diano. It is mentioned only by Pliny, who enumerates the Atenates among the inland towns of Lucania, and by the Liber Coloniarum, where it is called the "praefectura Atenas." But the correct orthography of the name is established by inscriptions, in which we find it written ATINATES; and the site is clearly ascertained by the ruins still visible just below the village of Atena, about 5 miles N. of La Sala. These consist of extensive remains of the walls and towers, and of an amphitheatre; numerous inscriptions have also been discovered on the spot, which attest the municipal rank of the ancient city. It appears that its territory must have extended as far as La Polla, about 5 miles further N., where the Tanager buries itself under ground, a phenomenon which is noticed by Pliny as occurring "in campo Atinati." (Plin. ii. 103. s. 106, iii. 11. s. 15; Lib. Colon. p. 209; Romanelli, vol. i. p. 424; Bullett. dell' Inst. 1847, p. 157.) [E. H. B.]

ΑΤΙΝΤΑΝΙΑ (Ατιντανία: Eth. ̓Ατιντάν, -avos), a mountainous district in Illyria, north of Molossis and east of Parauaea, through which the Aous flows, in the upper part of its course. It is described by Livy (xlv. 30) as poor in soil and rude in climate. The Atintanes are first mentioned in B. C. 429, among the barbarians who assisted the Ambraciots in their invasion of Peloponnesus, upon which occasion the Atintanes and Molossi were commanded by the same leader. (Thuc. ii. 80.) On the conclusion of the first war between Philip and the Romans, Atintania was assigned to Macedonia, B. C. 204; and after the conquest of Perseus in B. C. 168, it was included in one of the four districts into which the Romans divided Macedonia., (Liv. xxvii. 30, xlv. 30.) It is not mentioned by Ptolemy, as it formed part of Chaonia. (Comp. Strab. vii. p. 326; Pol. ii. 5; Scylax, s. v. 'IXλúpioi; Lycophr. 1043; Steph. B. s. v.; Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iv. p. 118.)

ATLANTES CATλaνTES), a people in the interior of Libya, inhabiting one of the chain of oases formed by salt hills, which are described by Herodotus as

extending along the N. of the Great Desert (Sahara), ten days' journey W. of the ATARANTES, and in the vicinity of M. ATLAS, whence they derived their name. They were reported to abstain from using any living thing for food, and to see no visions in their sleep. (Herod. iv. 184; Mela, i. 8. § 5; Plin. v. 8; respecting the common confusion in the names see ATARANTES.) Herodotus adds, that they were the furthest (i. e. to the W.) of the people known to him as inhabiting the ridge of salt hills; but that the ridge itself extended as far as the pillars of Hercules, or even beyond them (iv. 185). The attempts of Rennell, Heeren, and others to assign the exact position of the people, from the data supplied by Herodotus, cannot be considered satisfactory. (Rennell, Geogr. of Herod, vol. ii. pp. 301, 311; Heeren, Ideen, vol. ii. pt. 1. p. 243.) [P.S.]

ATLANTICUM MARE. The opinions of the ancients respecting the great body of water, which they knew to extend beyond the straits at the entrance of the Mediterranean, must be viewed historically; and such a view will best exhibit the meaning of the several names which they applied to it.

The word Ocean ('кeavós) had, with the early Greeks, a sense entirely different from that in which we use it. In the poets, Homer and Hesiod, the personified being, Ocean, is the son of Heaven and Earth (Uranus and Gaia), a Titanic deity of the highest dignity, who presumes even to absent himself from the Olympic councils of Jove; and he is the father of the whole race of water-nymphs and river-gods. (Hes. Theog. 133, 337, foll. 368; Hom. Il. xx. 7.) Physically, Ocean is a stream or river (expressly so called) encircling the earth with its ever-flowing current; the primeval water, which is the source of all the other waters of the world, nay, according to some views, of all created things divine and human, for Homer applies it to the phrases Θεῶν γένεσις and ὅσπερ γένεσις πάντεσσι TÉTUKTαL. (Il. xiv. 201, 246; comp. Virg. Georg. iv. 382, where Ocean is called patrem rerum, with reference, says Servius, to the opinions of those who, as Thales, supposed all things to be generated out of water.) The sun and stars rose out of its waters and returned to them in setting. (I. v. 5, 6, xviii. 487.) On its shores were the abodes of the dead, accessible to the heroic voyager under divine direction. (Od. x., xi., xii.) Among the epithets with which the word is coupled, there is one, άψορρος (flowing backwards), which has been thought to indicate an acquaintance with the tides of the Atlantic; but the meaning of the word is not certain enough to warrant the inference. (Hom. Il. xviii. 399, xx. 65; Hesiod, Theog. 776.)

Whether these views were purely imaginary or entirely mythical in their origin, or whether they were partly based on a vague knowledge of the waters outside of the Mediterranean, is a fruitful subject of debate. Nor can we fix, except within wide limits, the period at which they began to be corrected by positive information. Both scripture and secular history point to enterprizes of the Phoenicians beyond the Straits at a very early period; and, moreover, to a suspicion, which was attempted more than once to be put to the proof, that the Mediterrancan on the W. and the Arabian Gulf on the S. opened into one and the same great body of water. It was long, however, before this identity was at all generally accepted. The story that Africa had actually been circumnavigated, is related by Herodotus with the greatest distrust [LIBYA]; and the