BAPTANA. [BAGISTANUS MONS.] BARATE (Bápaттα, Baρárn), on the road from Iconium (Koniyeh) to Tyana, and 50 M. P. from Iconium. Hamilton found on his route eastward from Koniyeh, near Kara Bounar, a remarkable trachytic crater, and there were in the neighbourhood several similar cones. The distance on the map from Koniyeh is more than 50 geographical miles. He thinks that these Barathra are the Barata of the Tables, for "the name, which signifies 'deep pits,' cannot well apply to anything else than these remarkable craters, which must have attracted the attention of the ancients." (Researches, &c., vol. ii. p. 217.) The conjecture seems probable. [G. L.] BARBANA (Bojana), a river of Illyria, rising in the Bebian Mountains, flows through the lake Labeatis, and forms, with the Clausula, which flows into it just below Scodra, the river called Oriundus. Livy seems to have supposed the Oriundus was a third stream rising in Mt. Scardus, into which the other two discharged themselves. (Liv. xliv. 31.) BARBARIA'NA. 1. A town in the extreme S. of Hispania Baetica, 10 M. P. from CALPE, on the road to Malaca (It. Ant. p. 406), identified by some with BARBESULA. (Wesseling, ad loc.) It is usually supposed to be near Ximena de la Frontera; but this seems very doubtful. (Ukert, vol. ii. pt. 1. p. 347.) 2. [AUTRIGONES.] [P. S.] BARBA'RIUM PR. (Варsарioν ǎкрov, Ptol. ii. 5. § 4; C. Espichel), a promontory of Lusitania, about 18 miles S. of the mouth of the Tagus, called by other writers MAGNUM PROMONTORIUM [P. S.] BARBE SULA (Bapsŋoóλa), a town on the coast of Hispania Baetica, a little E. of Calpe, on a river of the same name, now the Guadiaro, on the E. bank of which are still seen the ruins of the place, with inscriptions. (Mela, ii. 6; Plin. iii. 3; Marc. Herac. pp. 39, 40; Geogr. Rav. iv. 42; Tzetz. Chil. viii. 712; Ptol. ii. 4. §§ 6, 7; Florcz, Esp. S. ix. 51, xii. 307; Ukert, Geograph. vol. ii. pt. 1. pp. 295, 348.) [P.S.] BARBO'STHENES, a mountain in Laconia, said by Livy to have been 10 M.P. from Sparta, was situated NE. of the city. It is identified by Leake with the height immediately south of the Khan of Krevatá. (Liv. xxxv. 27, 30; Leake, Peloponne siaca, p. 344.) BARCA, or BARCE (Bάρên, ǹ πóλis Bapkéwv, Scyl., Eth. Baрkalos, Barcaeus; also in the form Вapkala, Eth. Bаркаιáтηs, Steph. B.), an inland city of Cyrenaica, founded by a body of seceders from Cyrene, under the Battiadae, Perseus, Zacynthus, Aristomedon, and Lycus, who were driven, by the treatment they received from their brother Arcesilaus II., king of Cyrene, to renounce their allegiance, and to establish this new city (about B. C. 554). At the same time they induced the Libyans of the interior (Toùs Aí6vas) to join in their revolt, and from this cause, as well as from being founded in the midst of the Libyans, the city had from the first a Greco-Libyan character, which it always retained. (Herod. iv. 160.) An indication of this Libyan element seems to be furnished by the name of the king Alazir (Herod. iv. 164); and it is an interesting fact that nearly the same name, Aladdeir, occurs in an ancient genealogical table found at Cyrene. (Böckh, Corp. Inscr. No. 5147, vol. iii. p. 523.) Arcesilaus II. attempted to chastise his revolted Libyan subjects. They fled for refuge to the kindred tribes in the deserts on the east, towards Egypt, and, as Arcesilaus pursued them, they turned upon him and utterly defeated him, killing 7000 of his soldiers: soon after which he was strangled by his own brother Learchus. The intestine troubles of Cyrene now gave the Barcaeans an opportunity of extending their power over the whole of the W. part of Cyrenaica, including the district on the coast (as far as Hesperides), where we find the important port of TEUCHIRA (aft. Arsinoë), belonging to them. If we are to trust traditions preserved by Servius (ad Virg. Aen. iv. 42), they carried their arms on land far W. over the region of the Syrtes towards Carthage, and acquired such a maritime power as to defeat the Phoenicians in a naval battle. The terror inspired by the Persian conquest of Egypt induced the princes of Barca, as well as those of Cyrene, to send presents to Cambyses, and to promise an annual tribute; and in the subsequent constitution of the empire, they were reckoned as belonging to the satrapy of Egypt. (Herod. iii. 13, 91.) But meanwhile the rising power of Barca had received a disastrous overthrow. In the conflicts of faction at Cyrene, Arcesilaus III. had fled to his father-in-law, Alazir, king of Barca; but certain exiles from Cyrene, uniting with a party of the Barcaeans, attacked both kings in the marketplace, and killed them. Upon this, Pheretina, the mother of Arcesilaus, one of those incarnations of female revenge whom history occasionally exhibits, applied for aid to Aryandes, who had been appointed satrap of Egypt by Cambyses, and retained the office under Dareius. Herodotus was doubtless right in supposing that Aryandes welcomed the opportunity which seemed to present itself, for effecting the conquest of Libya. He collected a powerful army and fleet; but, before commencing hostilities he sent a herald to Barca, demanding to know who had slain Arcesilaus. The Barcaeans collectively took the act upon themselves, for that they had suffered many evils at his hands. The desired pretext being thus gained, Aryandes despatched the expedition. (Herod. iv. 164.) After a fruitless siege of nine months, during which the Barcaeans displayed skill equal to their courage, they were outwitted by a perfidious stratagem; the Persians obtained possession of the city, and gave over the inhabitants to the brutal revenge of Pheretima. Those of the citizens who were supposed to have had most share in her son's death she impaled all round the circuit of the walls, on which she fixed as bosses the breasts of their wives. The members of the family of the Baltiadae, and those who were clearly guiltless of the murder, were suffered to remain in the city. The rest of the inhabitants were led into captivity by the Persians into Egypt, and were afterwards sent to Dareius, who settled them in a village of Bactria, which was still called Barca in the time of Herodotus (iv. 200— 204). These events occurred about B. c. 510. The tragic history of Barca would be incomplete without a mention of the fate of Pheretima. Returning with the Persian army to Egypt, she died there of a loathsome disease (woα yàp evλéwv ééÇeσe), "for thus," adds the good old chronicler, "do men provoke the jealousy of the gods by the excessive indulgence of revenge' (iv. 205): to which the modern historian adds another reflection, curiously illustrative of the different points of view from which the same event may be contemplated:-) was entirely built, and of which three still remain. "It will be recollected that in the veins of this savage woman the Libyan blood was intermixed with the Grecian. Political enmity in Greece Proper kills, but seldom, if ever, mutilates, or sheds the blood of women." (Grote, History of Greece, vol. iv. p. 66.) Eastward of the valley in which the city stands the route to Cyrene lies across the desert, and through a narrow defile, the difficulty of which may have been one cause of the ease with which the power of Barca appears to have been established. (Beechey, De la Cella, Pacho, Barth; comp. CYRENAICA.) The above coin represents, on the obverse, the head of Ammon, and on the reverse the plant silphium, for the growth of which Cyrenaica was famous, with the legend BAPKAI for Bapkalar. (Eckhel, vol. iv. p. 128.) [P.S.] BARCA BACTRIANAE. [BACTRIANA.] BARCAEA. [BARCA, BARCAEL.] BARCAEI (Bapraîo), the people of BARCA. This is made a separate article for the purpose of correcting the error of most compilers, who mention a Libyan tribe of the name on the authority of Herodotus. That the city was in the midst of Libyan tribes, and that its population was to a great extent Libyan, is unquestionable; but the name Barcaei, in Herodotus, always refers to the city and its neighbourhood; and it may easily be inferred from his statements that the Libyan people, among whom the city was founded, were the AUSCHISAE. Herodotus expressly distinguishes the Barcaci, to We hear little more of Barca, till its political extinction was completed, under the Ptolemies, by the removal of the great body of its inhabitants to the new city of PTOLEMAIS, erected on the site of the former port of Barca. Indeed, the new city would seem to have received the name of the old one; for after this period the geographers speak of Barca and Ptolemais as identical. (Strab. xvii. p. 837; Plin. v. 5; Steph. B.) Ptolemy, however, distinguishes them properly, placing Barca among the inland cities (iv. 4. §11); a proof that, however decayed, the city still existed in the 2nd century of our era. In fact, it long survived its more powerful rival, Cyrene. Under the later empire it was an episcopal see, and under the Arabs it seems (though some dispute this) to have risen to renewed importance, on account of its position on the route from Egypt to the western provinces of North Africa. (Edrisi, iii. 3; Barth, Wanderungen, &c. p. 405.) Meanwhile its name has survived to the present day in that of the dis-gether with the Cyrenaeans, from the neighbouring trict of which it was the capital, the province of Barca, in the regency of Tripoli; and it was transferred, under the Romans, to the turbulent Libyan people, who lived as nomads in that district. (BARCAEI: comp. Polyaen. vii. 28; Aen. Poliorc. 37.) The Barcaeans were celebrated for their race of horses; and a Greek writer repeats a traditionary boast that they had learnt the breeding of horses from Poseidon, and the use of the chariot from Athena. (Steph. B. s. v.) These were the horses which gained the last Arcesilaus of Cyrene his place in the poetry of Pindar. The position of Barca is accurately described by Scylax (pp. 45, 46, Hudson), who places its harbour (unν & Kaтà Báркny) 500 stadia from Cyrene, and 620 from Hesperides, and the city itself 100 stadia from the sea, that is, by the most direct route, up a ravine, for the road is much longer. It stood on the summit of the terraces which overlook the W. coast of the Greater Syrtis, in a plain which, though surrounded by the sands of the desert table-land (Desert of Barca), is well watered, and beautifully fertile. The plain is called El-Merjeh, and the same name is often given to the ruins which mark the site of Barca, but the Arabs call them El-Medinah. These ruins are very inconsiderable, which is at once accounted for by the recorded fact that the city was built of brick (Steph. B.), and, in all probability, unburnt brick. (Barth, p. 405.) The few ruins which remain are supposed by Barth to belong to the Arab city, with the exception of those of the cisterns, on which this, like the other great cities of Africa, COIN OF BARCA Libyan tribes. (iii. 13, 91.) It is true that Ptolemy calls the native tribes above the Libyan Pentapolis BARCITAE (Вapkeitai, iv. 4. § 9), and that Virgil (Aen. iv. 42), by a poetical anticipation, mentions the Barcaei among the native peoples of N. Africa: "Hinc deserta siti regio lateque furentes Barcaei." But such expressions belong to a period when the name had been long since extended from the city to the district of which it was the capital, and which Herodotus calls BARCAEA (Bapkain, iv. 171), from which district in turn, as usual, the Libyan inhabitants of later time received their name. (See also Steph. B. s. v. Báрn: Kal Baрkalov Tov Aibur, par! Bapkatov evos, but the reading is doubtful, and recent editors give πos.) It is not meant to be denied that the name may possibly have been of Libyan origin; but it is somewhat important to observe that Herodotus does not make the statement usually ascribed to him. For the arguments in favour of the existence of Barca as a Libyan settlement before its Grecian colonization, see Pacho (Voyage dans la Marmarique, p. 175, foll.). [P.S.] BA'RCINO (Baρkáv, Ptol. ii. 6. § 8), BARCENO (Itin. Ant. pp. 390, 398), in the later writers BA'RCELO (Avien. Or. Mar. 520) and BARCELONA (Geogr. Rav. iv. 42, v. 3; Aeth. Cosmogr. p. 50, ed. Basil. 1575), which name it still preserves, was a city of the Laletani, on the E coast of Hispania Tarraconensis, a little N. of the river Rubricatus (Llobregat), and about half way between the Iberus (Ebro) and the Pyrenees. The only information respecting its early history consists in some native traditions referred to by the later Roman writers, to the effect that it was founded by Hercules 400 years before the building of Rome, and that it was rebuilt by Hamilcar Barcas, who gave it the name of his family. (Oros. vii. 143; Miñano, Dic cion. vol. i. p. 391; Auson. Epist. xxiv. 68, 69, Punica Barcino.) Under the Romans it was a colony, with the surname of Faventia (Plin. iii. 3. s. 4), or, in full, Colonia Faventia Julia Augusta Pia Barcino. (Inser. ap. Gruter, p. 426, nos. 5, 6.) conjectures that it may be on the bay between Pasha Limáne and Asýn Kálesi. There was at Bargylia a statue of Artemis Cin Mela (ii. 6) mentions it among the small towns of the district, probably as it was eclipsed by its neigh- | bour Tarraco; but it may be gathered from later writers that it gradually grew in wealth and conse-dyas under the bare sky, probably in a temple, about quence, favoured as it was with a beautiful situation and an excellent harbour. (Avien. Or. Mar. l. c.; "Et Barcilonum amoena sedes ditium.") It enjoyed immunity from imperial burthens. (Paul. Dig. 1. tit. 15, de Cens.) In modern times it has entirely supplanted TARRACO in importance, owing to its submitting to the Moors when they destroyed the latter city. As the land has gained upon the sea along this coast, the modern city stands for the most part E. of the ancient one, only a portion of the site being common to the two. The ruins of the ancient city are inconsiderable; they are described by Laborde (Itin. de l'Espagne, vol. ii. p. 41, 3rd ed.), Miñano (Diccion. l. c.), and Ford (Handbook of Spain, p. 229). There is a coin of Galba, with the epigraph, COL. BARCINO. FAVENTIA. (Rasche, Lex. Rei Num. 8. v.) [P.S.] BARDERATE, a town of Liguria, included by Pliny (iii. 5. s. 7) among the "nobilia oppida" of the interior of that province, between the Apennines and the Padus; but notwithstanding this epithet, we find no other mention of the name; and its situation is wholly unknown. The modern town of Brà, supposed by some writers to occupy its site, is certainly too near Pollentia. [E. H. B.] BARDINES. [CHRYSORRHOAS.] BARDO, a city of Hispania Ulterior, mentioned by Livy (xxiii. 21). Its site is not known. [P. S.] BARE'A (Bapela, Ptol. ii. 4. § 8; Baria, Geogr. Rav. iv. 42: Vera), a town of the Bastuli, on the coast of Spain, in the extreme SE., reckoned as belonging to the province of Baetica, though within the boundaries of Tarraconensis. (Plin. iii. 3. s. 4, adscriptum Baeticae Barea; Florez, Esp. S. x. 4, ix. 4; coins, Sestini, p. 35.) [P. S.] BA'RGASA (Bápyaoa: Eth. Bapyaonvos), a city of Caria. The Ethnic name is given by Stephanus on the authority of Apollonius in his Carica. There are also coins of Bargasa with the epigraph Bapyaonv@v. It is mentioned by Strabo (p. 656), who, after speaking of Cnidus, says, " then Ceramus and Bargasa, small places above the sea." The next place that he mentions is Halicarnassus. Bargasa is therefore between Cnidus and Halicarnassus. Leake places Bargasa in his map, by conjecture, at the head of the gulf of Cos, at a place which he marks Djovata; this seems to be the Giva of Cramer. Neither of them states the authority for this position. [G. L.] BARGULUM, a town in Epeirus of uncertain site. (Liv. xxix. 12.) BARGU'SII (Bapyourtoi), one of the lesser peoples E. of the llergetes, in Hispania Tarraconensis, probably along the river Sagarra. (Polyb. iii. 35; Liv. xxi. 19, 23; Steph. B. s. v.; Ükert, Geographie, vol. ii. pt. 1, p. 427.) [P.S.] BARGY'LIA (Tà Bapyvλía: Eth. Bapyvλiáτns: and Bargyletes, Cic. ad Fam. xiii. 56), a city of Caria (Steph. s. v.), "which the Carians name Andanus, calling it a foundation of Achilles; and it is near lasus and Myndus." Mela (i. 16), who calls it Bargylos, also places it on the bay of Iasus; and the bay of Iasus was also called Bargylieticus. (Liv. xxxvii. 17; Polyb. xvi. 12.) Chandler, who was in these parts, could not find Bargylia. Leake which statue the incredible story was told, that neither rain nor snow ever fell on it. (Polyb. xvi. 12; comp. the corrupt passage in Strabo, p. 658, and Groskurd's note, vol. iii. p. 54.) Philip III. of Macedonia had a garrison in Bargylia which the Romans required him to withdraw as one of the terms of peace (Liv. xxxiii. 30; Polyb. xvii. 2, xviii. 31); and the Bargyliatae were declared free. [G. L.] BARIS (Bápis), a mountain of Armenia, situated, according to Nicholas of Damascus (Joseph. Antiq. i. 3. § 26), near the district of Minyas, the Minni of Scripture. According to this historian it was this place where the ark rested before the deluge. St. Martin (Mém. sur l'Armenie, vol. i. p. 265) identifies it with Mt. Varaz, situated in the centre of Armenia. (Comp. Chesney, Exped. Euphrat. vol. ii. p. 7; Ritter, Erdkunde, vol. x. p. 83.) [E. B. J. BARIS, a river of LIMYRICA, in India. [P.S.] BARIS. [VERETUM.] BA'RIUM (Bápiov, Bapîvos: Eth. Barinus), a maritime city of Apulia, situated on the coast of the Adriatic, about 75 miles from Brundusium, and 36 from the mouth of the Aufidus. (Strabo, vi. p. 283, gives 700 stadia for the former, and 400 for the latter distance; but both are greatly overstated. Comp. Itin. Ant. p. 117; Tab. Peut.; and Romanelli, vol. ii. p. 160.) It is still called Bari, and is now one of the most considerable cities in this part of Italy, but does not appear to have enjoyed equal consideration in ancient times. No mention of it is found in history previous to the conquest of Apulia by the Romans, and we have no account of its origin, but its coins attest that it had early received a great amount of Greek influence, probably from the neighbouring city of Tarentum; and prove that it must have been a place of some consideration in the 3rd century B. C. (Millingen, Numismatique de l'Italie, p. 149; Mommsen, Das Römische Münzwesen, p. 335.) It is incidentally mentioned by Livy (xl. 18), and noticed by Horace as a fishing-town. (Bari moenia piscosi, Sat. i. 5, 97.) Tacitus also mentions it as a Municipium of Apulia, and the name is found in Strabo, Pliny, and the other geographers among the towns belonging to that province. (Tac. Ann. xvi. 9; Strab. vi. p. 283; Plin. iii. 11. s. 16; Ptol. iii. 1. § 15; Mela, ii. 4; Lib. Colon. p. 211.) Its position on the Via Appia or Trajana, as well as its port, contributed to preserve it from decay, but it does not seem to have risen above the condition of an ordinary municipal town until after the fall of the Western Empire. But in the 10th century, after its possession had been long disputed by the Lombards, Saracens, and Greeks, it fell into the hands of the Greek emperors, who made it the capital of Apulia, and the residence of the Catapan or governor of the province. It stiil contains near 20,000 inhabitants, and is the see of an archbishop and the chief town of the province now called the Terra di Bari. No vestiges of antiquity remain there, except several inscriptions of Roman date; but excavations in the neighbourhood have brought to light numerous painted vases, which, as well as its coins, attest the influence of Greek art and civilization at Barium. (Romanelli, vol. ii. p. 158; Swinburne's Travels, vol. i. p. 191-200; Giustiniani, Diz. Geogr. vol. ii. p. 178-197.) A cross road leading direct from Barium to Tarentum is mentioned in the Itin, Ant. BARNA (Bápva, Arrian. Ind. 27), a small village at which the fleet of Nearchus halted for a short time. It was the next place to Balomum, and is probably the same as the Badara (Badapa redpwoías) of Ptolemy. (vi. 21. § 5.) (Vincent, Narig. of Indian Ocean, vol. i. p. 250.) [V.] BARNUS (Bapvous), a town on the Via Egnatia, and apparen ly upon the confines of Illyria and Macedonia, between Lychnidus and Heracleia. (Polyb. ap. Strab. vii. p. 322.) Leake, however, conjectures that it may be the same place as Arnissa, B being a common Macedonian prefix. (Leake, Northern Greece. vol. iii. p. 316.) [ARNISSA.] BAROMACI [CAESAROMAGUS.] BARSAMPSE (Bapo dun), a place mentioned by Ptolemy (v. 18. § 5) as being on the E. bank of the Euphrates. Lat. 36° 15', long. 72° 20'. Ritter (Erdkunde, vol. x. p. 1000) fixes its position S. E. of Betham-maria at the spot where the Euphrates makes a bend to the W. opposite to the caves and ruins of El Akatin. The name is Syrian, and has been identified as Beth-Shemesh, or Temple of the BARSITA. [BORSIPPA.] BASA or BASAG, a place on the south coast of Arabia, mentioned only by Pliny (vi. 28. s. 32), perhaps identical with Ptolemy's Abisa or Abissagi, a city situated on the Gulf of Salachitae, near the Straits of the Persian Gulf. This ancient site Forster identifies with Abissa, a town at the eastern ex tremity of the Gulf of Bassas, between Harmin and Ras-al-Had, under the Palheiros Mountains, which he conceives to be the Didymi montes of Ptolemy. (Arabia, vol. ii. pp. 182, 235.) [G. W.] BASANITES MONS (Baravirov Xitou opos, Ptol. iv. 5. § 27), formed a portion of the rocky boundary of the Nile Valley to the east. It lay about lat. 23° N., between Syene and Berenice on the Red Sea. In its immediate neighbourhood were probably the Castra Lapidariorum of the Notitia Imperii. The stone (Báσavos), from which the mountain de rived its name, was the Lapis Lydius of Pliny (xxxvi. 20. § 22), and was used in architecture for cornices of buildings, for whetstones, and also in the assay of metals. Geologists doubt whether the Basanus were basalt or hornblende. [W. B. D.] Pella, and even north of that-(for he reckons Gadara as the capital of Peraea, B. J. iv. 7. § 3), and Peraea is distinguished from Batanaea (Ant. xvii. 13. § 4, B. J. iii. 3. § 5), they are certainly distinct. It was inhabited by the Amorites at the period of the coming in of the children of Israel, and on the conquest of Og, was settled by the halftribe of Manasseh. (Numb. xxi. 33—35, xxxÏÏ; Deut. iii. 1-17.) It extended from the brook Jabbok (Zurka) to Mount Hermon (Gebel-eshSheikh), and was divided into several districts, of which we have particular mention of "the country of Argob," afterwards named from its conqueror "Bashan-havoth-Jair" (Ib. v. 13, 14),—and Edrei, in which was situated the royal city Astaroth. (Deut. i. 4, Josh. xiii. 12, 29-31.) It was cele brated for the excellency of its pastures; and the sheep and oxen of Bashan were proverbial. (Deat xxxii. 14; Psal. xxii. 12; Ezek. xxxix. 18; Amos, iv. 1.) For its civil history see PERAEA. [G.W.] BASI'LIA. 1. (Basel, or Bále), in the Swiss canton of Bâle, is first mentioned by Ammianus Marcellinus (xxx. 3), who speaks of a fortress, Robur, being built near Basilia by the emperor Valentinian A.D. 374. After the ruin of Augusta Rauracorum (Augst), Basilia became a place importance, and in the Notitia it is named Civitas Basiliensium. It is not mentioned in the Itineraries or the Table. 2. This name occurs in the Antonine Itin. between Durocortorum (Rheims), and Axuenna [AXUENNA], and the distance is marked x. from Durocortorum and xii. from Axuenna. D'Anville (Notice) makes a guess at its position. [G.L BASÍLIA. The island which Pytheas called Abalus, Timaeus called Basilia. (Plin. xxxvii. 7. s. 11.) It produced amber. On the other hand, the Baltia of Pytheas was the Basilia of Timaeus. Zeuss (p. 270) reasonably suggests that, although there is a confusion in the geography which cannot be satisfactorily unravelled, the word Basilia is the name of the present island Oesel. [BALTIA and MENTONOMON.] [R. G. L.] BASILIS (Βάσιλις, Βασιλίς : Εth. Βασιλίτης), a town of Arcadia in the district Parrhasia, on the Alpheius, said to have been founded by the Arcadian king Cypselus, and containing a temple of the Elensinian Demeter. It is identified by Kiepert in his map with the Cypsela mentioned by Thucydides (v. 33). There are a few remains of Basilis near Kgparissia. (Paus. viii. 30. § 5; Athen. p. 609, e.; Steph. B. s. v.; Leake, Morea, vol. ii. p. 293; Ross, Reisen im Peloponnes, vol. i. p. 89.) [CYPSELA.] BASSAE. [PHIGALIA.] Its name is still re BASTA, a town of Calabria, described by Pliny (iii. 11. s. 16) as situated between Hydruntum and the Iapygian Promontory. tained by the little village of Vaste near Poggiardo, about 10 miles SW. of Otranto, and 19 from the Capo della Leuca (the Iapygian Promontory). BASANTE, a town in Lower Pannonia, called ad Galateo, a local topographer of the 16th century, Basante in Peutinger. Table, whereas in several speaks of the remains of the ancient city as visible Itineraries (Ant. p. 131, Hier. p. 563) and by Ptolemy in his time; while without the walls were numerons (ii. 16. § 8) it is called Bassiana (Baoolava.) | sepulchres, in which were discovered vases, arms, of Dobrincze. [L. S.] BASHAN (Bardy, Baravitis), sometimes repre- de Situ laper, curious as being one of the most considerable relics sented as identical with Batanes, but as Bashian giae, pp. 96, 97; Romanelli, vol. i. p. 30, 31; Gruter, was comprehended in the country called Peraea by Inscr. pp. 145-5; Mommsen, Unter Italischen Dia Josephus, which he extends from Machaerus to lekte, p. 52-56.) The BASTERBINI of Pliny, mentioned by him | shortly afterwards among the "Calabrorum Mediterranei," must certainly be the inhabitants of Basta, though the ethnic form is curious. [E. H. B.] BÄSTARNAE (Baσráρvai) or BASTERNAE (Barréprai), one of the most powerful tribes of Sarmatia Europaea, first became known to the Romans in the wars with Philip and Perseus, kings of Macedonia, to the latter of whom they furnished 20,000 mercenaries. Various accounts were given of their origin; but they were generally supposed to be of the German race. Their first settlements in Sarmatia seem to have been in the highlands between the Theiss and March, whence they pressed forward to the lower Danube, as far as its mouth, where a portion of the people, settling in the island of PEUCE, obtained the name of PEUCINI. They also extended to the S. side of the Danube, where they made predatory incursions into Thrace, and engaged in war with the governors of the Roman province of Macedonia. They were driven back across the Danube by M. Crassus, in B. C. 30. In the later geographers we find them settled between the Tyras (Dniester) and Borysthenes (Dnieper), the Peucini remaining at the mouth of the Danube. Other tribes of them are mentioned under the names of Atmoni and Sidones. They were a wild people, remarkable for their stature and their courage. They lived entirely by war; and carried their women and children with them on waggons. Their main force was their cavalry, supported by a light infantry, trained to keep up, even at full speed, with the horsemen, each of whom was accompanied by one of these foot-soldiers (maрabáτns). Their government was regal. (Polyb. xxvi. 9; Strab. ii. pp. 93, 118, vi. pp. 291, 294, vii. p. 305, et seq.; Scymn. Fr. 50; Memnon, 29; Appian, Mithr. 69, 71, de Reb. Maced. 16; Dion Cass. xxxiv. 17, li. 23, et seq.; Plut. Aem. Paul. 12; Liv. xl. 5, 57, et seq., xliv. 26, et seq.; Tac. Ann. ii. 65, Germ. 46; Justin, xxxii. 3; Plin. iv. 12. s. 25; Ptol. iii. 5. § 19; and many other passages of ancient writers; Ukert, Georg. d. Griech. u. Röm. vol. iii. pt. 2, pp. 427, 428.) [P.S.] BASTETA'NI, BASTITA'NI, BASTU'LI (Baoτητανοί, Βαστιτανοί, Βαστοῦλοι), according to Strabo, were a people of Hispania Baetica, occupying the whole of the S. coast, from Calpe on the W. to Barea on the E., which was called from them BASTETANIA (BαστηTavía). They also extended inland, on the E., along M. Orospeda. But Ptolemy distinguishes the Bastuli from the Bastetani, placing the latter E. of the former, as far as the borders of the ORETANI, and extending the Bastuli W. as far as the mouth of the Baetis. They were a mixed race, partly Iberian and partly Phoenician, and hence Ptolemy speaks of them as BaσTouλoi oi kaλovμevol Пowo, and Appian calls them BλaσTopolvikes (Hisp. 56). (Strab. iii. pp. 139, 155, 156, 162; Mela, iii. 1; Plin. iii. 1. s. 3; Ptol. ii. 4. §§ 6, 9; Ukert, vol. ii. pt. 1, pp. 308, 309, 315, 406). [P.S.] BA'STIA. [MENTESA BASTIA.] BATA (Bára), a village and harbour in Sarmatia Asiatica, on the Euxine, 400 stadia S. of Sinda, and near the mouth of the river Psychrus. (Strab. xi. p. 496; Ptol. v. 9. § 8.) [P.S.] BATANA. [ECBATANA.] BATANAEA (Baravaía), a district to the NE. of Palestine, situated between Gaulonitis (which bounded Galilee on the east, and extended from the Sea of Tiberias to the sources of the Jordan) and Ituraea or Auranitis, having Trachonitis on the | north. (Reland, Palaest. p. 108.) It was added to the kingdom of Herod the Great by Augustus (Joseph. Ant. xv. 10. § 1), and afterwards compre hended with Ituraea (or Aulonitis) and Trachonitis, in the tetrarchy of Philip (xvii. 13. § 4; comp. St. Luke, iii. 1; Reland, pp. 108, 202.) It is reckoned to Syria by Ptolemy (v. 15. § 25). [G. W.] BATAVA CASTRA (Passau), also called Batavinum oppidum, a town or rather a fort in Vindelicia, at the point where the Aenus flows into the Danube, and opposite the town of Boiodurum. It derived its name from the fact that the ninth Bata vian cohort was stationed there. (Eugipp. Vit Sever. 22. and 27; Notit. Imper.) [L. S.] BATAVI, or BATAVI (Βατουοί, Βατάουοι), for the Romans seem to have pronounced the name both ways (Juven. viii. 51; Lucan, i. 431), a people who are first mentioned by Caesar (B. G. iv. 10). The name is also written Vatavi in some MSS. of Caesar; and there are other varieties of the name. The Batavi were a branch, or part of the Chatti, a German people, who left their home in consequence of domestic broils, and occupied an island in the Rhine, where they became included in the Roman Empire, though they paid the Romans no taxes, and knew not what it was to be ground by the Publicani: they were only used as soldiers. (Tac. Germ. i. 29, Hist. iv. 12.) They occupied this island in Caesar's time, B. c. 55, but we do not know how long they had been there. The Batavi were good horsemen, and were employed as cavalry by the Romans in their campaigns on the Lower Rhine, and in Britain (Tac. Hist. iv. 12), and also as infantry (Agric. 36). In the time of Vitellius (A. D. 69) Claudius Civilis, a Batavian chief, who, or one of his ancestors, as we may infer from his name, had obtained the title of a Roman citizen, rose in arms against the Romans. After a desperate struggle he was defeated, and the Batavi were reduced to submission. (Tac. Hist. iv. 12-37; 54-79, v. 14-26.) But as we learn from the passage of Tacitus already cited (Germ.29), they remained free from the visits of the Roman tax. gatherer; and they had the sounding title of brothers and friends of the Roman people. Batavian cavalry are mentioned as employed by the emperor Hadrian, and they swam the Danube in full armour (Dion Cass. Ixix. 9; and note in the edition of Reimarus, p. 1482). During the Roman occupation of Britain, Batavi were often stationed in the island. The Batavi were employed in the Roman armies as late as the middle of the fourth century of the Christian aera; and they are mentioned on one occasion as being in garrison at Sirmium in Pannonia. (Zosim. iii. 35.) The Batavi were men of large size (Tac. Hist. iv. 14, v. 18), with light or red hair (Martial, xiv. 176; Auricomus Batavus, Sil. iii. 608). The The Batavi were included within the limits of Gallia as Gallia is defined by Caesar (B. G. iv. 10), who makes the Rhine its eastern boundary from its source in the Alps to its outlet in the Ocean. names of the places within the limits of their settlement appear to show that this country was originally Gallic. The Batavi occupied an island (Insula Batavorum, Caesar, B. G. iv. 10). Caesar was informed, for he only knew it by hearsay, that the Mosa received a branch from the Rhine; this branch was called Vahalis, or Vacalus, according to some of the best MSS. of Caesar, now the Waal. The meaning of the passage of Caesar, in which he describes the "Insula Batavorum," appears to be |