that the island of the Batavi was formed by the Waal, or the branch from the Rhine, the Mosa, and the main stream of the Rhine, so that the Ocean would bound the island on the west; but this is not what he says, according to some texts (see Schneider's Caesar, iv. p. 326). Tacitus (Ann. ii. 6) describes the Rhine as dividing into two streams at the point where the Batavian territory begins (apud principium agri Batavi), and continuing its rapid course, under the same name, to the Ocean. The stream on the Gallic side, which is wider and less rapid, receives from the natives the name Vahalis, which name is soon changed to that of Mosa, by the outlet of which river it enters the same Ocean as the Rhine-We may infer from this passage that Tacitus conceived the island as formed by the main branch of the Rhine, by the other branch called the Vahalis, which flows into the Mosa, by the course of the Mosa to the sea, after it had received the Vahalis, and by the Ocean on the west. And the interpretation, which is the true meaning of his words, is confirmed by another passage (Hist. iv. 12), in which he says that the Ocean was the western boundary of the island (a fronte). Pliny (iv. 15) makes the Insula Batavorum nearly 100 M. P. in length, which is about the distance from the fort of Schenkenschanz, where the first separation of the Rhine takes place, to the mouth of the Maas. This fort was built on the site of a fort named Herispick, which place, as we learn from a writer of the ninth century, was at that time the point of separation of the Rhine and Waal, which are described as surrounding the "Provincia Batua." (Walckenaer, Géog. &c., vol. i. p. 493.) | The result of all these authorities appears to be that the island was formed by the bifurcation of the Rhine, the northern branch of which enters the sea at Katwyck, a few miles north of Leyden, by the Waal, and the course of the Maas after it has received the Waal, and by the sea. The Waal seems to have undergone considerable changes, and the place of its junction with the Maas may have varied. Walckenaer, following Oudendorp's text, endeavours to explain the passage in Caesar, who, according to that text, says that the "Mosa having received a portion of the Rhine, which is called Valialis, and makes the Insula Batavorum, flows into the Ocean, and it is not further from the Ocean than lxxx. M. P., that it passes into the Rhenus." But Walckenaer's attempt is a failure, and he helps it out by slightly altering Oudendorp's text, which he pro. fessed to follow. Though Caesar's text is uncertain, it is hardly uncertain what he means to say.

....

The first writer who calls this island Batavia is Zosimus (iii. 6), and he says that in the time of Constantius (A. D. 358), this island, which was once Roman, was in the possession of the Salii, who were Franks. Batavia was no doubt the genuine name, which is preserved in Betuwe, the name of a district at the bifurcation of the Rhine and the Waal.

The Canninefates, or Canninefates (Plin. iv. 15; Tac. Hist. iv. 15), a people of the same race as the Batavi, also occupied the island, and as the Batavi seem to have been in the eastern part, it is supposed that the Canninefates occupied the western part. The Canninefates were subdued by Tiberius in the reign of Augustus. (Vell. Pat. ii. 105.) The chief place was Lugdunum (Leyden). This name, Lugdunum, is Celtic as well as Batavodurum, the other chief town of the island, which confirms the supposition that the Celtic nation

originally extended as far north as the mouth and lower course of the Rhine; and Tacitus (Hist. iv. 12) states this distinctly. In the time of Nero (Tac. Ann. x. 20) the Roman commander Corbulo, who was in the island, employed his soldiers who had nothing to do, in digging a canal to unite the Rhine and the Maas. It was 23 M. P. in length, or 170 stadia according to Dion Cassius (lx. 30). It ran from Lugdunum past Delft to the Maas below Rotterdam, and entered the Maas at or near Vlaandingen. A Roman road ran from Leyden through Trajectum (Utrecht) to Burginatio, apparently a word that contains the Teutonic element, burg; and the site of Burginatio seems to be that of Schenken-schanz. [G. L.]

BATAVODU'RUM, a place on the Rhine (Tac. Hist. v. 20), where the Romans had a legion, the Secunda, during the war with Civilis. The name Batavo-dur, um means a Batavian place on a stream. The site is generally supposed to be what was called Dorestade in the middle ages, and now Wyck-te-Durstede, which is in the angle formed by the Leck and the Kromme Rhyn, a position which is consistent with the attempt of the German auxiliaries of Civilis to destroy a bridge at Batavodurum, if we suppose that they came from the German or north side of the Rhine to attack the place. Some geographers fix Batavodurum at Noviomagus, generally supposed to be Nymegen, in favour of which something may be said. [G. L.] BATAVOʻRUM INSULA. [BATAVI.] BATAVO'RUM O'PPIDUM, is mentioned in Tacitus (Hist. v. 19), as it stands in most texts. Civilis, after being defeated by the Romans at Vetera, and not being able to defend the "Batavorum Oppidum" retreated into the Batavorum Insula. If Nymegen were Batavodurum, the Batavorum Oppidum and Batavodurum might be the same place. If we read in Tacitus (Hist. v. 19) “Oppida Batavorum," as one MS. at least has, there must have been Batavian towns out of the Insula as well as in it; and this may be so, as Lipsius contends, and cites in support of his opinion Tacitus (Hist. iv. 12). Batenburg, on the right bank of the Maas, and nearly due west of Nymegen, will suit very well the position of the Oppidum Batavorum, so far as the events mentioned in Tacitus show; and in this case also we have a Batavian town which is not within the Insula. [G. L.]

BATHINUS, a river of Dalmatia in Illyricum, the situation of which is unknown. (Vell. Pat.ii. 114.) BATHOS (Báðos), a place of Arcadia in the district Parrhasia, between Trapezus and Basilis. Near to a neighbouring fountain called Olympias fire was seen to issue from the ground. In the ravine, which Pausanias indicates by the name bathos, the earth burnt for several years about 30 or 40 years ago, but without any flames. (Paus. viii. 29. § 1; Ross, Reisen im Peloponnes, vol. i. p. 90.)

BATHY'NIAS (Babúvias), a river in Thrace, emptying itself into the Propontis not far from Byzantium. (Plin. iv. 18; Ptol. iii. 11. § 6.) This river is probably the same as the one called Bathyrsus by Theophanes (vol. v. p. 340, ed. Bonn), and Bithyas by Appian (Mithrid. 1). [L. S.]

PATHYS (Babus), a small river on the coast of Pontus, 75 stadia north of the Acampsis (Arr. p. 7), and of course between that river and the Phasis. It is also mentioned by Pliny (vi. 4), who places only one stream between it and the Phasis.

[G. L.]

appears that she proceeded from thence to Baiae, and there embarked with the view of returning to Bauli; and when the attempt to drown her on the passage failed, took refuge in her own villa near the Lucrine Lake, where she was soon after assassinated. (Tac. Ann. xiv. 4-8; Suet. Ner. 34; Dion Cass. lxi. 13; Mart. iv. 63.) We learn from a letter of Symmachus that Bauli had lost nothing of its pleasantness, and was still occupied by numerous villas, as late as the reign of Theodosius; but we have no subsequent account of it. The modern village of Bacolo stands on a ridge of hill at some height above the sea, but it is evident, both from the expression of Silius Italicus, " ipso in litore" (l. c.), and from the narrative of Tacitus, that the ancient Bauli was close to the sea-shore; the range of villas probably joining those of Baiae, so that the two names are not unfrequently interchanged. There still exist on the shore extensive ruins and fragments of ancient buildings, which have every appearance of having belonged to the palace-like villas in question. Ad- | joining these are a number of artificial grottoes or galleries, commonly called Le Cento Camerelle, opening out to the sea; the precise object of which is unknown, but which were doubtless connected with some of the villas here. On the hill above is an immense subterranean and vaulted edifice, which appears to have been a reservoir for water; probably designed for the supply of the fleet at Misenum. It is one of the greatest works of the kind now extant, and is commonly called La Piscina Mirabile. (Eustace's Class. Tour, vol. ii. p. 417; Romanelli, vol. iii. p. 510.) [E. H. B.]

BAUTAE is placed in the Antonine Itin., on a road from Darantasia (Moutiers en Tarentaise) to Geneva. D'Anville fixes Bautae at Vieux Annecy, a little distance north of the town of Annecy in Savoy. [G. L.]

BAUTES, BAUTIS, or BAUTISUS (Baúrns, Baúrioos: Hoang-ho or Yellow River), one of the two chief rivers of SERICA, rising, according to Ptolemy, from three sources, one in the Casii M., another in the Ottocorras M., and a third in the Emodi M.; and flowing into the country of the Sinae. (Ptol. vi. 16. § 3; Amm. Marc. xxiii. 6.) The three sources of Ptolemy have not been identified with any certainty. [P.S.]

BAUZANUM (Botzen), a town in Rhaetia. (Paul. Diac. v. 36.)

BAVO (Plin. iii. 26. s. 30), or BOA (Cod. Theod. 16. tit. 5. s. 53; also Boae, Amm. Marc. xxii. 3; Boia, Ant. Itin. p. 523, Wess.: Bua), an island off the coast of Dalmatia in Illyricum, used as a place of banishment under the emperors.

BAZI'RA (Tà BáÇipa) or BEZI'RA, a fort of the Assaceni, at the S. foot of M. Paropamisus, taken by Alexander on his march into India. (Arrian, Anab. iv. 27, 28; Curt. viii. 10. § 2.) It is usually identified with Bajore or Bishore, NW. of Peshawer; but it is by no means certain that this is the true site. [P.S.]

BAZIUM (Báciov čкрov, Рtol. iv. 5. § 8), a promontory which formed the southern extremity of Foul Bay (Sinus Immundus), and appears to be the modern Ras el Naschef. It was in lat. 24° 5' N., in the Regio Troglodytica, and was the northernmost projection of Aethiopia Proper on the coast of the Red Sea. [W. B. D.]

BEA'TIA (Inscr.), BIA'TIA (Biaría, Ptol. ii. 6. § 9), or VIA'TIA (Plin. iii. 3. s. 4), a city of the Oretani in Hispania Tarraconensis, on the frontier of Bae

tica: now Baeza, on the upper Guadalquivir. (Florez, vii. p. 97; Ukert, vol. ii. pt. 1. p. 408.) [P.S.] BE BII MONTES. [ILLYRICUM.] BEBRY'CES (Bé6pukes, their country BeBρukla). 1. A nation on the Pontus in Asia. Stephanus (s. v. Buovaîoi) also mentions the Bysnaei as a tribe of Bebryces. Strabo (p. 295) supposes the Bebryces to have been of Thracian stock, and that their first place of settlement in Asia was Mysia. Dionysius Periegetes (805; and see the commentary of Eustathius) places the Bebryces where the river Cius enters the Propontis, that is, about the Gulf of Cius. Eratosthenes (Plin. v. 30) enumerates the Bebryces among the Asiatic nations that had perished. In fact, the Bebryces belong to mythology rather than to history. [G. L.]

2. An Iberian people, regarded as aboriginal, dwelling on both sides of the Pyrenees. They were wild and uncivilized, and subsisted on the produce of their flocks and herds. (Avien. Or. Marit. 485; Sil. Ital. iii. 420—443, xv. 494; Tzetz. ad Lycophr. 516, 1305; Zonar. viii. 21; Humboldt, die Urbewohner Hispaniens, p. 94.) [P. S]

BECHEIRES (Béxeipes, Béxeipoi), a barbarous tribe on the coast of the Pontus (Apoll. Rhod. ii. 396, 1246; Dionys. Perieg. 765), mentioned with the Macrones, and as east of the Macrones. Seylax, following the coast from east to west, names the Becheires, and then the Macrocephali, supposed by Cramer to be the Macrones; but Pliny (vi. 3) distinguishes the Macrones and Macrocephali. Pliny's enumeration of names often rather confuses than helps us; and it is difficult to say where he places the Becheires. But we might infer from Pliny and Mela (i. 19) that they were west of Trapezus, and east of the Thermodon. [G. L.]

BEDA, a position placed on the road between Augusta Trevirorum (Trier) and Cologne, 12 Gallic leagues from Trier. It appears to be a place called Bidburg. The name Pagus Bedensis occurs in the notice of the division made A.D. 870 of the possessions of Lothaire between his brothers Louis the German and Charles the Bald. [G. L.]

BEDAIUM or BIDAIUM (Вáðaкov), a town in Noricum. (Ptol. ii. 14. § 3; Itin. Ant. pp. 236, 257, 258; Tab. Peuting.) Modern geographers identify it with Bamburg or with Burghausen near the point where the Salzach flows into the Danube. (Comp. Orelli, Inscript. No. 1694, where a god Bedaius is mentioned, who was probably worshipped at Bedaium.) [L. S.]

BEDRIACUM or BEBRIACUM (the orthography of the name is very uncertain, but the best MSS. of Tacitus give the first form: Вndpiaкóv, Joseph. ; Вптрiaкóν, Plut.: Eth. Bedriacensis), a village or small town (vicus) of Cisalpine Gaul, situated between Verona and Cremona. Though in itself an inconsiderable place, and not mentioned by any of the ancient geographers, it was celebrated as the scene of two important and decisive battles, the first in A. D. 69, between the generals of Vitellius, Caecina and Fabius Valens, and those of Otho; which ended in the complete victory of the former: the second, only a few months later, in which the Vitellian generals were defeated in their turn by Antonius Primus, the lieutenant of Vespasian. But the former battle, from its being immediately fol lowed by the death of Otho, obtained the greatest note, and is generally meant when the 66 pugna Bedriacensis" is mentioned. Neither of the two actions was, however, in fact, fought at, or close to,

BELENDI, a people of Aquitania, mentioned by Pliny (iv. 19), whose name appears to be preserved in that of Bélin, a small place in the Landes, between Bordeaux and Bayonne. The place is called Belinum in some old documents, and the passage of the river Pons Belini. Bélin is on the small river Leyre, in the department of Les Landes, which runs through the dreary Landes into the Bassin d'Arcachon.

mous.

[G. L.] BELE'RIUM, the Land's End, in Britain. Belerium is the form in Diodorus Siculus (v. 21). Ptolemy (ii. 3. § 3) has Bolerium; specially stating that Bolerium and Antivestacum were synony[R. G. L.] BELGAE. Caesar (B. G. i. 1) makes the Belgae, by which he means the country of the Belgae, one of the great divisions of Gallia. The Belgae were separated from their southern neighbours the Celtae by the Seine and the Marne (Matrona), a branch of the Seine. Their boundary on the west was the Ocean; on the east and north the lower course of the Rhine. Caesar's Gallia extends as far as the outlets of the Rhine (B. G. iv. 10), and includes the Insula Batavorum [BATAVORUM INSULA]; but there is a debated point or two about the outlets of the Rhine, which is better discussed elsewhere [RHENUS]. Caesar does not fix the boundary of the Belgae between the source of the Marne and the Rhine; but as the Lingones and the Sequani seem to be the most northern of the Celtae in these parts, the boundary may have run from the source of the Marne along the Côte d'Or and the Faucilles to the Vosges (Vosegus Mons): and the Vosegus was the boundary from the north bank of the Doubs (Dubis) to its termination in the angle formed by the juncture of the Nahe and the Rhine, near Bingen, with this exception that the Mediomatrici extended to the Rhine (B. G. iv. 10). The people on the east of the Vosges were Germans, Vangiones, Nemetes, Tribocci, who occupied the plain of Alsace, and perhaps somewhat more. (Tacit. German. 28.) These three tribes, or a part of each, were in the army of Ariovistus. (Caes. B. G. i. 51.) As to the Tribocci at least, their position on the left bank of the Rhine in Caesar's time, is certain (B. G. iv. 10). Strabo (p. 194) speaks of them as having crossed the Rhine into Gallia, without mentioning the time of this passage. The Nemetes and Vangiones may have settled west of the Rhine after Caesar's time, and this supposition agrees with Caesar's text, who does not mention them in B. G. iv. 12, which he should have done, if they had then been on the Gallic side of the Rhine. Caesar's military operations in Gallia did not extend to any part of the country between the Mosel and the Rhine. The battle in which he defeated Ariovistus was probably fought in the plain of Alsace, north of Bâle; but Caesar certainly advanced no further north in that direction, for it was unnecessary: he finished this German war by driving the Germans into the Rhine. Caesar gives to a part of the whole country, which he calls the country of the Belgae, the name of Belgium (B. G. v. 12, 24, 25); a term which he might form after the fashion of the Roman names, Latium and Samnium. But the reading "Belgio" is somewhat uncertain, for the final o and the s may easily have been confounded in the MSS.; and though the MSS. are in favour of "Belgio" in v. 12, 25, they are in favour of "Belgis" in v. 24. The form "Belgio" occurs also in Hirtius (B. G. viii. 46, 49, 54), in the common texts. The form "Belgium," |

which would decide the matter, does not occur in the Gallic war. But whether Belgium is a genuine form or not, Caesar uses either Belgium or Belgae, in a limited sense, as well as in the general sense of a third part of Gallia. For in v. 24, where he is describing the position of his troops during the winter of the year B. C. 54-53, he speaks of three legions being quartered in Belgium or among the Belgae, while he mentions others as quartered among the Morini, the Nervii, the Essui, the Remi, the Treviri, and the Eburones, all of whom are Belgae, in the wider sense of the term. The part designated by the term Belgium or Belgae in v. 24, is the country of the Bellovaci (v. 46). In Hirtius (viii. 46, 47) the town of Nemetocenna (Arras), the chief place of the Atrebates, is placed in Belgium. The position of the Ambiani, between the Bellovaci and the Atrebates, would lead to a probable conclusion that the Ambiani were Belgae; and this is confirmed by a comparison with v. 24, for Caesar placed three legions in Belgium, under three commanders; and though he only mentions the place of one of them as being among the Bellovaci, we may conclude what was the position of the other two from the names of the Ambiani and Atrebates being omitted in the enumeration in v. 24. There was, then, a people, or three peoples, specially named Belgae, whom Caesar places between the Oise and the upper basin of the Schelde, in the old French provinces of Picardie and Artois. We might be inclined to consider the Caleti as Belgae, from their position between the three Belgic peoples and the sea; and some geographers support this conclusion by a passage in Hirtius (viii. 6), but this passage would also make us conclude that the Aulerci were Belgae, and that would be false.

In B. G. ii. 4, Caesar enumerates the principal peoples in the country of the Belgae in its wider sense, which, besides those above enumerated, were: the Suessiones, who bordered on the Remi; the Menapii in the north, on the lower Maas, and bordering on the Morini on the south and the Batavi on the north; the Caleti, at the mouth of the Seine; the Velocasses on the Seine, in the Vexin; the Veromandui, north of the Suessiones, in Vermandois, and the Aduatuci on the Maas, and probably about the confluence of the Maas and Sambre. The Condrusi, Eburones, Caeraesi, and Paemani, who are also mentioned in B. G. ii. 4, were called by the general name of Gerinani. They were all in the basin of the Maas, extending from Tongern, southwards, but chiefly on the east side of the Maas; and the Eburones extended to the Rhine. The Aduatuci were said to be Teutones and Cimbri. (B. G. ii. 29.)

Besides these peoples, there are mentioned by Caesar (B. G. v. 5) the Meldi, who are not the Meldi on the Seine, but near Bruges, or thereabouts; and the Batavi, in the Insula Batavorum. [BATAVORUM INSULA.] The Segni, mentioned in B. G. vi. 32 with the Condrusi, were probably Germans, and situated in Namur. The Ambivareti (B. G. iv. 9, vii. 90) are of doubtful position. The Mediomatrici, south of the Treviri, were included in Caesar's Belgae; and also the Leuci, south of the Mediomatrici. The Parisii, on the Seine, were Celtae. These are the peoples included in Caesar's Belgae, except some few, such as those mentioned in B. G. v. 39, of whom we know nothing.

This division of Gallia comprehends part of the basin of the Seine, the basin of the Somme, of the Schelde, and of the Maas; and the basin of the Mosel, which belongs to the basin of the Rhine. It