is fully described by Shaw (p. 153) and Barth (pp. 100. foll.). The Reservoirs are among the most interesting remains of Carthage, especially on account of the peculiarly constructed vaulting which covers them. They are probably of Punic workmanship. Besides some smaller ones, there are two principal sets; those on the W. of the city, where the aqueduct terminated, and those on the S., near the Cothon. (Shaw; Barth.)

9. Besides the above, there are ruins which seem to be those of a Theatre, and also the remains of a great building, apparently the largest in the city, which Barth conjectures to be the temple of Coelestis. These ruins consist, like the rest, only of broken foundations. (Barth, 105, 106.)

10. The Suburb of Megara, Magar, or Magalia, afterwards considered as a quarter of the city, under the name of the New City (Nedroλis), was surrounded by a wall of its own, and adorned with beautiful gardens, watered by canals. (Diod. xx. 44; Appian. viii. 117; Serv. ad Virg. Aen. i. 372; Isidor. Etym. xv. 12.) It seems to have occupied the site on the NW. side of the peninsula, now called El-Mersa, and still the site of the beautiful gardens of the wealthy citizens of Tunis.

dence is insufficient to decide. (Tertullian. Scorp. 42; Barth, p. 107.)

It has been already intimated that the views now stated are those only of one party among the geographers and scholars who have studied the topgraphy of Carthage. Of their general correctness, we are more and more convinced; but it seems only fair to those who desire to pursue the subject further to exhibit the results of the opposite views, in the form of the above ground-plan, copied from the Atlas Antiquus of Spruner, who has taken it from the Erdkunde of Karl Ritter.

A very complete plan of the ruins in their present state, by Falbe, is given in the periodical entitled Ausland, for 1836, No. 122. [P.S.]

CARTHA'GO NOVA (Καρχηδὼν ἡ νέα, Ροτι, Strab., Ptol., Liv., Mel., Plin., Steph. B., 8. v., &.; Kaivn Tóλis, Polyb. ii. 13, iii. 13, &c., Steph. B. s. υυ. ̓Αλθαία, Καρχηδών; ἡ κατὰ τὴν Ἰβηρίαν Kapxndúv, Polyb. x. 15, Ath. iii. p. 92; Hispana Carthago, Flor. ii. 6; Kapxndav σжapтayers, Appian. Iber. 12, Steph. B.; Carthago Spartaria, Plin. xxxi. 8. s. 43, Itin. Ant. pp. 396, 401; Isidor. Orig. xv. 1; very often simply Carthago: Eth, and Adj. Kapxndóvios, Carthaginiensis: Cartagena), 11. Necropolis.-From the few graves found in a celebrated city of Hispania Tarraconensis, near the the rocky soil of the hill of C. Ghamart, it seems S. extremity of the E. coast, in the territory of the probable that here was the ancient necropolis, N. of Contestani (Ptol. ii. 6. § 14) on the frontiers of the the city, a position in which it is frequently, if not Sidetani. (Strab. iii. p. 163.) It was a colony of Cargenerally, found in other ancient cities. There is, thage, and was built B. C. 242 by Hasdrubal, the sonhowever, some doubt on the matter, which the evi-in-law of Hamilcar Barca, and his successor in Spain.

(Strab. iii. p. 158; Polyb. ii. 13; Mela, ii. 6. § 7; Solin. 23; Diod. Sic. xxv. 2; Polyaen. Stratag. viii. 16, πόλις Φοινίσσα.) There was a legend of an older settlement on its site by Teucer, in his wanderings after the Trojan War. (Justin. xliv. 3. § 3; Sil. Ital. iii. 368, xv. 192.) The epithet Nova was added to distinguish it from Carthage in Africa the double introduction of the word New (New New City) thus made has been mentioned under CAR

THAGO.

Its situation was most admirable, lying as it did near the middle of the Mediterranean (or, as the ancients choose to call it, the S.) coast of Spain, at a most convenient position for the passage to Africa (i. e. the Carthaginian territory), and having the only good harbour on that coast. (Polyb. ii. 13, 1 8; Strab. iii. p. 158; Liv. xxvi. 42.) Polybius estimates its distance from the Columns of Hercules at 3000 stadia, and from the Iberus (Ebro) 2600 (iii. 39). Scipio's army took seven days to reach it from the Ebro, both by land and sea (Polyb. x. 9; Liv. xxvi. 42); but at another time ten days. (Liv. xxviii. 32.) Strabo makes its distance along the coast from Calpe 2600 stadia (iii. p. 156), and from Massilia (Marseille) above 6000; and, across the Mediterranean, to the opposite cape of Metagonium, on the coast of the Massaesyli, 3000 stadia (xviii. pp. 827, 828, from Timosthenes; Liv. xxviii. 17). Pliny (iii. 3. s. 4) gives 187 M. P. for the distance from the neighbouring headland Saturni Pr. (C. de Palos) to Caesareia in Mauretania. The Maritime Itinerary gives 3000 stadia to Caesareia, and 400 stadia to the island of Ebusus (Itin. Ant. pp. 496, 511).

New Carthage stood a little W. of the promontory just named (C. de Palos), at the bottom of a bay looking to the S., in the mouth of which lay an island (Herculis or Scombraria I.*), which sheltered

* Σκομβραρία, Strab. iii. p. 159; Σκομβρασία,

CARTHAGO NOVA.

it from every wind except the SW. (Africus), and |
left only a narrow passage on each side, so that it
formed an excellent harbour. (Sil. Ital. xv. 220:-
"Carthago impenso Naturae adjuta favore,
Excelsos tollit pelago circumflua muros.")
Polybius gives twenty stadia for the depth of this
bay, and ten for its breadth at the mouth. Livy,
who copies the description of Polybius, gives by some
mistake 500 paces (instead of 2500) for the depth,
and a little more for the breadth. The city was
built on an elevated tongue of land, projecting into |
the bay, surrounded by the sea on the E. and S.,
and on the W., and partly on the N. by a lake
having an artificial communication with the sea, the
remaining space, or isthmus, being only 250 paces
wide; and it was only accessible from the mainland
by a narrow path along the ridge. The city stood
comparatively low, in a hollow of the peninsula,
sloping down to the sea on the S.; but on the land
side it was entirely surrounded on all sides by
heights, the two at the extremities being mountain-
ous and rugged, and the three between them lower,
but steep and rocky. On the eastern height, which
jutted out into the sea, stood the temple of Aescula-
pius (Esmun), the chief deity here, as Carthage;
on the western, the palace built by Hasdrubal; of
the intervening hills, the one nearest to the E. was
sacred to Hephaestus, that on the W. to Saturn, and
the middle one to Aletes, who received divine
honours as the discoverer of the silver mines in the
neighbourhood. Livy mentions also a hill sacred to
Mercury, perhaps that of Aletes (xxvi. 44). We
see here an interesting example of the worship on
On the W.,
high places" practised by the race.
the city was connected with the mainland by a
bridge across the channel cut from the sea to the
lake. (Polyb. x. 10; Liv. xxvi. 42; Strab. iii. p.
158.) The city was most strongly fortified, and
was twenty stadia in circumference. (Polyb. x.
11.) Polybius distinctly contradicts those who
gave it double this circuit on his own evidence as an
eye-witness; and he adds that, in his time (under
the Romans), the circuit was still more contracted.
Besides all these advantages, New Carthage had in
its immediate vicinity the richest silver mines of Spain,
which are incidentally mentioned by Polybius in the
preceding account, and were more fully described by
him in another passage (xxxiv. 9), a part of which
is preserved by Strabo (iii. pp. 147, 148, 158).
The description is taken from their condition under
the Romans, who probably only continued the opera-
tions of their predecessors. The mines lay twenty
stadia (two geog.miles) N. of the city in the mountain
spur, which forms the junction of M. Idubeda and
M. Orospeda (Strab. iii. p. 161); and extended over
a space 400 stadia in circumference. They employed
40,000 men, and brought into the Roman treasury
25,000 drachmae daily. After condensing Poly-
bius's description of the mode of extracting the sil-
ver, Strabo adds that in his time the silver mines

66

Ptol. ii. 6. § 14, from the shores abounding in the
fish called σkóμspos, a kind of tunny or mackerel,
from which was made the best sort of the sauce
called garon. (Strab. 1. c.; Plin. xxxi. 8. s. 41.)
It is still called Escombrera, as well as simply La
Islota, the Islet. Strabo mentions just above the
extensive manufacture of cured fish at New Car-
thage and its neighbourhood (woλλh Tapixela,
iii. p. 158).

were no longer the property of the state, but only
the gold mines; the former belonged to individuals.
Such was the city founded by the second head of
the great house of Barca, not perhaps without some
view to its becoming the capital of an independent
kingdom, if the opposite faction should prevail at
Carthage (Polyb. x. 10, says that the palace there
was built by Hasdrubal μovaρxins opeyóμevov
ovo las). During their government of Spain, it
formed the head-quarters of their civil administra-
tion and their military power. (Polyb. iii. 15. § 3:
ὡσανεί πρόσχημα καὶ βασίλειον ἦν Καρχηδονίων
év Toîs Kaтà Thy '16пpíav TómоIS; Liv. xxvii. 7,
caput Hispaniae.) There we find Hannibal regu-
larly establishing his winter quarters, and receiving
the ambassadors of Rome (Polyb. iii. 13. § 7, 15.
§ 4, 5, 33. § 5; Liv. xxi. 5, 6); and thence he
started on the expedition which opened the Second
Punic War, B. C. 218. (Polyb. iii. 39. § 11.) It
remained the Punic head-quarters during the ab-
sence of Hannibal (Polyb. iii. 76. § 11), who had
taken care, before setting out, to make every pro-
vision for its safety (iii. 33). Here were deposited
the treasures, the baggage of the Punic army, and
the hostages of the Spanish peoples. (Polyb. x. 8.
§ 3; Liv. xxvi. 42.) The military genius of P.
Scipio (afterwards the elder Africanus) at once, on
his arrival in Spain, B.C. 211, pointed out the cap-
ture of New Carthage as a stroke decisive of the war
in Spain; and, as soon as spring opened*, seizing an
opportunity when, by some fatal oversight, the garri-
son was reduced to 1000 men fit for service, he made
a rapid march from the Ebro with nearly all his
forces, 25,000 infantry and 2500 cavalry, at the
same time sending round his fleet under Laelius, who
alone was in the secret, and took the city by storm,
with frightful slaughter, and the gain of an immense
booty, B. C. 210. (Polyb. x. 8—19; Liv. xxvi.
42-51.) It was on this occasion that Scipio gave
that example of continence, which is so often cele-
brated by ancient writers. (Polyb.; Liv.; Val. Max.
iv. 3; Gell. vi. 8.)

The important city thus gained by the Romans in
Hispania Ulterior naturally became the rival of
Tarraco, their previous head-quarters in Hispania
Citerior.

We find Scipio making it his headquarters (in addition to Tarraco), and celebrating there the games in honour of his father and uncle, B. C. 206. (Liv. xxviii. 18, 21, et alib.) Under the early emperors it was a colony (Plin. iii. 3. s. 4), with the full name of COLONIA VICTRIX JULIA NOVA CARTHAGO (coins), and the seat of a con ventus juridicus, including 65 peoples, besides those of the islands. (Plin. l. c.; BALEARES.) It shared with Tarraco the honour of the winter residence of the Legatus Caesaris, who governed the province of Tarraconensis. (Strab. iii. p. 167.) Its territory is called by Strabo Carchedonia (Kapxndovla, p. 161; ager Carthaginiensis, Varr. R. R. i. 57. § 2). It was the point of meeting of two great roads, the one from Tarraco, the other from Castulo on the Baetis; it was 234 M. P. from the former place, and 203 from the latter. (Itin. Ant. pp. 396, 401.) was, in the time of As has been seen, its size was already diminished in the time of Polybius; but still Strabo, a great emporium, both for the export and the import trade of Spain, and the most flourishing

* There was, among the contemporary historians, some doubt respecting the true date, which Polybius removes by authority (x. 9; Liv. xxvii. 7).

city of those parts. (Strab. iii. p. 158.) It continued to rival TARRACO in importance, till it was almost entirely destroyed by the Goths. S. Isidore, who was a native of the place, speaks of it as desolate in A.D. 595. (Orig. xv. 1.)

Among the natural productions of the land around New Carthage, Strabo mentions a tree, the spines off which furnished a bark, from which beautiful fabrics were woven (iii. p. 175). This was the spartum (onápros: a sort of broom), which was so abundant as to give to the city the name of CARTHAGO SPARTARIA (see names above), and that of Campus Spartarius (Td napráρiov πédiov, Strab. p. 161) to the surrounding district, for a length of 100 M. P., and a breadth of 30 M. P. from the coast: it also grew on the neighbouring mountains. It was used for making ropes and matted fabrics, first by the Carthaginians, and afterwards by the Greeks and Romans; its manufacture being similar to that of flax. (Plin. xix. 2. s. 7, 8; comp. Plat. Polit. p. 280, c.; Xen. Cyn. ix. 13; Theophr. H. P. i. s. 5. § 2.)

New Carthage was one of Ptolemy's points of recorded astronomical observation, having its longest day 14 hrs. 20 min., and being distant 10 hrs. 3 min. W. of Alexandria. (Ptol. viii. 4. § 5.)

Strabo there was a noted school of medicine here, under the presidency of Zeuxis. This school was of the sect of Herophilus. (Strab. p. 580.) Chander discovered some remains on the road to Laodicría, which, he supposes, may be the traces of this temple; but he states nothing that confirms the conjecture.

Herodotus (vii. 30) mentions a place called Cy drara, to which Xerxes came on his road from Colossae to Sardes. It was the limit of Lydia and Phrygia, and King Croesus fixed a stele there with an inscription on it, which declared the boundary. Leake (Asia Minor, &c. p. 251) thinks that the Cydrara of Herodotus may be Carura. It could not be far off; but the boundary between Lydia and Phrygia would perhaps not be placed south of the Maeander in these parts. [G. L]

CARUS VICUS, a place in Bithynia, on a route of the Antonine Itin., which runs from Claudiopolis in Bithynia through Cratia or Flaviopolis, and Carus Vicus to Ancyra in Galatia. Carus Vicus was 30 M. P. from Flaviopolis.

[G. L.] CARU'SA (Καροῦσα οι Κάρουσσα), a Greek trading place on the coast of Paphlagonia, south of Sinope, and 150 stadia from it. (Arrian, p 15; Marcian. p. 73.) It is also mentioned by Scylax as a Greek city; and by Pliny (vi. 2). The place is Gherséh on the coast, which is identified by the name, and the distance from Sinope, Sinab. (Hamilton, Asia Minor, &c. vol. i. p. 304.) He observes that it is a good harbour when the wind blows from the west, and he thinks that this must be the meaning of the somewhat ambiguous words of the anony mous Periplus, though they are rendered differently in the Latin version. [G. L.]

Numerous coins are extant, with epigraphs which are interpreted as those of New Carthage; but many of them are extremely doubtful. Those that are certainly genuine all belong to the early imperial period, under Augustus, Tiberius, and Caligula. Their types are various. The usual epigraphs are V. I. N. K. or C. V. I. N. K. (explained above), and more rarely v. I. N. C. (Florez, Med. de Esp. vol. i. p. 316; Mionnet, vol. i. p. 36, Suppl. vol. i. p. 70; Sestini, p. 123; Num. Goth.; Eckhel, vol. i. pp. 41, foll.) [P. S.] CARTHA'GO VETUS (Kapyndŵv raλaiá, Ptol. ii. 6. § 64: prob. Carta la Vieja), an inland city of the Ilercaones, in the neighbourhood of Tarraco, in Hispania Tarraconensis. From its name we may safely conjecture that it was an old Punic settlement, and that the epithet old was added, after the build-reading is Kapovo aðíq.) ing of New Carthage, to distinguish it from that far more famous city. (Marca, Hisp. ii. 8; Ukert, vol. ii. pt. ii. p. 419.)

[P.S.] CARU'RA (Tà Kapovpá), a town which was on the north-eastern limit of Caria (Strab. p. 663); its position east of the range of Cadmus assigns it to Phrygia, under which country Strabo describes it. It was on the south side of the Maeander, 20 M. P. west of Laodiceia, according to the Table, and on the great road along the valley of the Macander from Laodiceia to Ephesus. The place is identified by the hot springs, about 12 miles NW. of Denizli, which have been described by Pococke and Chandler. Strabo (p. 578) observes that Carura contained many inns (Tardoxeta), which is explained by the fact of its being on a line of great traffic, by which the wool and other products of the interior were taken down to the coast. He adds that it has hot springs, some in the Maeander, and some on the banks of the river. All this tract is subject to earthquakes; and there was a story, reported by Strabo, that as a brothel keeper was lodging in the inns with a great number of his women, they were all swallowed up one night by the earth opening. Chandler (Asia Minor, c. 65) observed on the spot a jet of hot water, which sprung up several inches from the ground; and also the remains of an ancient bridge over the river. On the road between Carura and Laodiceia was the temple of Men Carus, a Carian deity; and in the time of

CARVANCAS (Kapováykas), a mountain forming the northern bonudary between Pannonia and Noricum. It extended from Mount Ocra in the W. to Mount Cetius in the E., in the neighbourhood of Aemona. It must accordingly be identified with the range between the Sömmering and Schöckl. (Ptol. ii. 14. § 1, iii. 1. § 1, where, however, the common

[L. S.]

CARVENTUM (Kapovevrov: Eth. Carventanus), an ancient city of Latium, mentioned in the list given by Dionysius of the thirty states of the Latin League (v. 61, where the reading Kapvertaroí fot KopvevTavol is clearly proved by Steph. B. &..). No subsequent mention occurs of the city, which was probably destroyed at an early period by the Aequians or Volscians, but the citadel, Arx Carventana, which appears to have been a fortress of great strength, is repeatedly mentioned during the wars of the Romans with the Aequians. It was twice surprised by the latter people; the first time it was retaken by the Romans, but on the second occa sion, B. C. 409, it defied all the efforts of the consul, and we are not told when it was subsequently recovered. (Liv. iv. 53, 55.)

From the circumstances in which the Arx Carventana here occurs, it seems probable that it was situated not far from Mount Algidus, or the northern declivities of the Alban Hills; but there is no clue to its precise position. Nibby and Gell incline to place it at Rocca Massima, a castle on a rocky eminence of the Volscian mountains, a few miles from Cora (Nibby, Dintorni, vol. iii. p. 17; Gell, Top. of Rome, p. 374.) [E. H. B.]

CARVETII, in Britain. An inscription now lost, but one which Cambden expressly states to have seen from the neighbourhood of Old Penrith, in Cumberland, ran thus:

[R. G. L.] CARVO, a place on the road from Lugdunum Batavorum (Leyden) to Vemania (Immenstadt). CARYANDA (Καρύανδα : Εth. Καρυανδεύς). The Antonine Itin. makes one station between Ley- Stephanus (s. v. Kapúarda) says that Hecataeus, den and Trajectum (Utrecht), and another between made the accusative singular Kapúavdav. He deUtrecht and Carvo. The Itin. places Harenatio or scribes it as a city and harbour (Alunv) near MynArenacum next after Carvo; but the Table makes dus and Cos. But Auhy, in the text of Stephanus, Castra Herculis the next station, and the distance is an emendation or alteration: the MSS. have from Carvo to Castra Herculis is xiii., which is as-Alun "lake." Strabo (p. 658) places Caryanda sumed to be M. P. D'Anville affirms that we cannot look for this place lower down than Wageningen, on the right bank of the Neder Rhyn. Walckenaer places it a little lower at Rhenen, which must be near the mark. Some other geographers have fixed Carvo where it cannot be. [G. L.]

Strabo mentions Scylax "the ancient writer" as The exact position of Caryae has given rise to a native of Caryanda, and Stephanus has changed dispute. It is evident from the account of Pausa-him into "the ancient logographus." Scylax is nias (iii. 10. § 7), and from the history of more than one campaign that it was situated on the road from Tegea to Sparta. (Thuc.v.55; Xen. Hell. vi. 5. §§ 25, 27; Liv. xxxiv. 26.) If it was on the direct road from Tegea to Sparta, it must be placed, with Leake, at the Khan of Krevatá: but we are more inclined to adopt the opinion of Boblaye and Ross, that it stood on one of the side roads from Tegea to Sparta. Ross places it NW. of the Khan of Krevatá, in a valley of a tributary of the Oenus, where there is an insulated hill with ancient ruins, about an hour to the right or west of the village of Arákhova. Although the road from Tegea to Sparta is longer by way of

have been founded by Dryopes. (Thuc. vii. 57; Diod. iv. 37; Scymn. 576.) Its name was derived from Carystus, the son of Cheiron. (Steph. B. s. v.; Eustath. ad Hom. I. c.) The Persian expedition under Datis and Artaphernes (B. c. 490) landed at Carystus, the inhabitants of which, after a slight resistance, were compelled to submit to the invaders. (Herod. vi. 99.) Carystus was one of the towns, from which Themistocles levied money after the battle of Salamis. (Herod. viii. 112.) A few years afterwards we find mention of a war between the Athenians and Carystians; but a peace was in the end concluded between them. (Thuc. i. 98; Herod. ix. 105.) The Carystians fought on the side of the Athenians in the Lamian war. (Diod. xviii. 11.) They espoused the side of the Romans in the war against Philip. (Liv. xxxii. 17; Pol. xviii. 30.)

CA'SII MONTES (rà Káσia õpη: Khara M.), a range of mountains in the E. of Central Asia, being a continuation of the ASCATANCAS range, and forming part of the S. boundary of Scythia extra Imaum and of Serica. The range intersects the great desert of Gobi in a line from W. to E. Ptolemy places the W. extremity of the chain in 1520 long, and 44° lat., and its E. extremity in 171° long. and 40° lat. It contained the N. source of the river BAUTIS. (Ptol. vi. 15. §2,16. §§3,5.) [P.S.]

CASILI'NUM (Kariλivov: Eth. Casilinas: Capoua), a town of Campania, situated on the river Vulturnus, about 3 miles W. of Capua. We have no account of it prior to the Roman conquest of Campania, and it was probably but a small town, and a dependency of Capua. But it derived importance as a military position, from its guarding the Carystus was chiefly celebrated for its marble, principal bridge over the Vulturnus, a deep and which was in much request at Rome. Strabo places rapid stream which is not fordable; and on this the quarries at Marmarium, a place upon the coast account plays a considerable part in the Second near Carystus, opposite Halae Araphenides in At- Punic War. It was occupied by Fabius with a strong tica; but Mr. Hawkins found the marks of the garrison, in the campaign of B. C. 217, to prevent quarries upon Mt. Ocha. On his ascent to the Hannibal from crossing the Vulturnus (Liv. xxii. summit of this mountain he saw seven entire co- 15); and the following year, after the battle of lumns, apparently on the spot where they had been Cannae, was occupied by a small body of Roman quarried, and at the distance of three miles from the troops (consisting principally of Latins from Praesea. This marble is the Cipolino of the Romans, - neste, and Etruscans from Perusia), who, though a green marble, with white zones. (Strab. x. p. 446; little more than a thousand in number, had the Plin. iv. 12. s. 21, xxxvi. 6. s. 7; Plin. Ep. v. 6; courage to defy the arms of Hannibal, and were able Tibull. iii. 3. 14; Senec. Troad. 835; Stat. Theb. to withstand a protracted siege, until finally comvii. 370; Capitol. Gordian. 32; Hawkins in Wal-pelled by famine to surrender. (Liv. xxiii. 17, 19; pole's Travels, p. 288.) At Carystus the mineral asbestus was also obtained, which was hence called the Carystian stone (Altos Kapúorios, Plut. de Def. Orac. p. 707; Strab. I. c.; Apoll. Dysc. Hist. Mi rab. 36.) There are very few remains of the ancient Carystus. (Fiedler, Reise durch Griechenland, vol. i. p. 428.)

COIN OF CARYSTUS IN EUBOEA.

2. A town in Laconia, in the district Aegytis, near the frontiers of Laconia. Its wine was celebrated by the poet Alcman. Leake supposes that Carystus stood at the Kalyvia of Ghiorghitzi. (Strab. x. p. 446; Athen. i. p. 31, d.; Steph. B. s. v. Kápuotos; Leake, Peloponnesiaca, pp. 350, 366.)

CASCANTUM. [VASCONES.]
CASCI. [LATINI.]

CASEIRO TAE (Kaσeipŵrai, Ptol. vi. 17. § 3), one of the ten tribes into which Ptolemy divides Aria. They lived in the south part, on the confines of Drangiana.

[V.]

CA'SIA REGIO ( Karía xúpa), a district of Scythia extra Imaum, SW. of the Issedones, touching on the W. the Imaus and the caravan station for merchants going from the Sacae to Serica [ASCATANCAS], and extending E. as far as the CASII M. (Ptol. vi. 15. § 3.)

[P.S.]

Strab. v. p. 249; Val. Max. vii. 6. §§ 2, 3; Sil. Ital. xii. 426.) Livy tells us on this occasion that Casilinum was divided into two parts by the Vulturnus, and that the garrison, having put all the inhabitants to the sword, occupied only the portion on the right bank of the river next to Rome: such at least is the natural construction of his words," partem urbis quae cis Vulturnum est;" yet all his subsequent accounts of the operations of the siege imply that it was the part next to Capua on the left bank which they held, and this is in fact the natural fortress, formed by a sharp elbow of the river.

Casilinum was recovered by the Romans in B. C. 214 (Liv. xxiv. 19), and from this time we hear no more of it until the period of the Civil Wars. It appears that Caesar had established a colony of veterans there, who, after his death, were, together with those settled at Calatia, the first to declare in favour of his adopted son Octavian. (Appian, B. C. iii. 40; Cic. Phil. ii. 40.) This colony appears to have been strengthened by M. Antonius (Cic. I. c.), but did not retain its colonial rights; and the town itself seems to have fallen into decay; so that, though Strabo notices it among the cities of Campania, Pliny speaks of it as in his time going fast to ruin. (Strab. 1. c.; Plin. iii. 5. s. 9.) It however continued to exist throughout the Roman empire, as we find its name both in Ptolemy and the Tabula. (Ptol. iii. 1. § 68; Tab. Peut.) The period of its final decline or destruction is uncertain; but in the 9th century there appears to have been no town on the spot, when the citizens of Capua, after the destruction of their own city, established themselves on the site of Casilinum, and transferred to the latter the name of Capua, which it continues to retain at the present day. [CAPUA.] The importance of its bridge, and the facilities which it afforded for defence, were probably the reasons of the change, and have led to the modern Capoua becoming a strong fortress, though a poor and unimportant city. [E. H. B.]