In later time this district, united with that of Cyrrhestica, received the name of Euphratensis (Amm. Marc. xiv. 8. § 7, xxiii. 6. § 21; Procop. Aed. ii. 8, B. P. i. 17, ii. 20), or Augusto-phratensis (Aurel. Vict. Epit. ix. 13), and was placed under a "praeses." Constantine made HIERAPOLIS the capital instead of Samosata (Malal. Chron. xiii. p. 317). In A. D. 543 the Persians under Chosroes made an inroad upon Euphratensis, intending to advance by that route upon Jerusalem, but were compelled to retreat by Belisarius. (Le Beau, Bas Empire, vol. ix. p. 68; Norisius, de Epoch. Syro-Mac. Diss ii. c. 4; Clinton, F. H. vol. iii. p. 343; St. Martin, Mém. sur l'Armenie, vol. i. p. 193; Ritter, Erdkunde, vol. x. p. 929.) [E. B. J.] COMMENASES (Koμμeváσns, Arrian, Indic. ii. 4), a large river which flowed into the Ganges. There has been some doubt with what modern river it can be identified, and Rennell, Mannert, and Forbiger, have held different opinions on the subject. On the whole, we are inclined to think that Forbiger is right in supposing it to be the Gumty, which enters the Ganges on its left bank, between Benares and Ghazipur. Rennell thought it was the Caramassa, and Mannert the Gogra. (Rennell, Hindostan; Mannert, vol. v. pt. 1, p. 70.) [V.]

CO'MMONI (Kouuovo), the name of a Gallic, or perhaps Ligurian tribe, mentioned by Ptolemy (ii. 10). D'Anville supposes that they may have been a division or tribe of the Salyes. Nothing more is known of them. [G. L.]

however, retaken by the Romans under Fabius Maximus two years afterwards, B. c. 214. (Liv. xxiii. 1, xxiv. 20.) According to Velleius Paterculus (ii. 68), it was in an attack on Compsa that Milo, the rival of Clodius, was killed; but this seems to be certainly a mistake, as that event is said by Caesar to have occurred at Cosa in Lucania. (Caes. B. C. iii. 22.) No further mention of Compsa occurs in history; but we learn from Cicero that it enjoyed in his time the rights of a municipium (Verr. v. 61, 63), and its continued municipal existence under the Roman empire is proved by inscriptions, in one of which it is called "Res Publica Cossana," so that the confusion between the two forms Cossa and Compsa seems to have been of very early date. In the passages also of Cicero just cited, the MSS. vary between Consanus and Cossanus, though, according to Zumpt and Orelli, the former reading is the best supported. The strength of its position rendered it a place of great importance in the middle ages, and in the 10th century it became the see of an archbishop, a rank which it still retains, though now but a poor decayed place with only 1100 inhabitants. The only ancient remains there are some inscriptions and sarcophagi of Roman date. (Romanelli, vol. ii. pp. 356-358; Orell. Inscr. 3108, 3854; Giustiniani, Diz. Geogr. vol. iv. p. 119.) in agro

Livy mentions incidentally a temple Compsano," dedicated to Jupiter Vicilinus, an epithet otherwise unknown (xxiv. 44). According to a local antiquary, some remains of it were still visible at a spot named Voghino in the neighbourhood of Conza. (Romanelli, l. c., p. 360.) [E. H. B.]

COMPŠATUS (Kóμlaтos), a river of Thrace, which flowing through Lake Bistonis emptied itself into the Aegean. (Herod. vii. 109.) [L. S.] COMPU'LTERIA or COMBU’LTERIA (Eth.

COMPLUTUM (Alcalá de Henares), a town of the Carpetani, in Hispania Tarraconensis, on the high road from Emerita to Caesaraugusta. (Itin. Ant. pp. 436, 438.) It was a civitas stipendiaria, and belonged to the conventus of Carthago Nova. (Plin. iii. 3. s. 4.) It is not certain whether it stood on the exact site of Alcalá, or on the hill of Zulema, on the opposite side of the river Henares. Its name has become famous in modern times for the Complutensian Polyglott, published at Alcalá under the auspices of Cardinal Ximenes. [P.S.]

COMPSA (Kuya, Ptol.: Eth. Compsanus and Consanus: Conza), a considerable city of the Hirpini, situated near the sources of the Aufidus, and not far from the confines of Lucania, on which account Ptolemy reckons it as a Lucanian town. Livy, on the contrary, expressly assigns it to the Hirpini, and this confirmed by Pliny; while the Liber Coloniarum erroneously includes it among the cities of Apulia. (Liv. xxiii. 1; Plin. iii. 11. s. 16; Ptol. iii. 1. § 70; Lib. Colon. p. 261.) From its position on a lofty eminence immediately above the valley of the Aufidus, it seems to have been a place of great strength, on which account Hannibal, to whom it opened its gates after the battle of Cannae (B.C. 216), deposited there his baggage and booty, while he himself advanced into Campania. It was,

to Hannibal, but were recovered by Fabius Maximus. (Liv. xxiii. 39, xxiv. 20.) We learn from coins that its Oscan name was Cupelteria; the coins themselves have KVPELTERNVM, which is the genitive plural of the Ethnic name. (Friedländer, Oskisch. Münz. p. 5.) Hence even in Latin inscriptions we find the various forms" Cubulteria, Cubulterini, Cupulterini," and are thus enabled to recognise the "Cubulterini" of Pliny (whom he enumerates in the first region of Italy, probably because they were on the right bank of the Vulturnus) as the people of Compulteria, though Livy expressly assigns that city to Samnium, and not to Campania. The exact site of the ancient city was first pointed out by Pellegrini, on a small hill in the territory of Alvignano, to the left of the high road from Caiazzo to Alife, now occupied by the church of S. Ferrante. The numerous inscriptions which have been discovered on this spot leave no doubt of the correctness of its determination. One of these mentions a temple of Juno, on the ruins or which it is probable that the church of S. Ferrante has been erected. (Orell. Inscr. 681, 2418; Muratori, Inscr. p. 1040, nos. 1, 2; Romanelli, vol. ii. pp. 435-437; Pellegrini, Discorsi della Campania, vol. i. p. 429; Iorio, Dissertazione sul Sito di Combulteria, Napoli, 1834.) From others we learn that Compulteria must have been a flourishing municipal town at least as late as the reign of Hadrian; but we have no account of its subsequent history. [E.H.B.]

COMUM (Kuov: Eth. Kwμirns, Comensis :

repeatedly mentioned during the later ages of the Roman Empire, as one of the most considerable cities in this part of Italy. (Eutrop. viii. 10; Zosim. v. 37; Victor. Epit. 16.) In A. D. 452, it was taken and destroyed by Attila (Hist. Miscell. xv. p. 549), but seems to have been again partially inhabited at a later period (Cassiodor. Var. xii. 26), and retained its episcopal see throughout the middle ages, though most of the inhabitants migrated to Caorle, in the adjoining lagunes, as those of Altinum did to Torcello. It is now a mere village, with about 400 inhabitants, though still the nominal see of a bishop, who resides at the neighbouring town of Porto Gruaro, while Concordia retains the ancient site, as well as name, but has no remains of antiquity beyond a few inscriptions. It is situated on a small river, now called the Lemene, which appears to have been navigable in ancient times. (Strab. I. c.) This must be the same with the "flumen Romatinum" of Pliny, which he places between the Liquentia (Livenza) and Tilavemptus (Tagliamento): it had a port of the same name at its mouth. [E. H. B.]

CONCORDIA JU'LIA. [NERTOBRIGA.] CONDATE, is the name of several Gallic towns, situated at the angle formed by the junction of two rivers; from which it may be concluded that the Gallic term had a meaning which expressed this fact. The French names Condat, Condé, or Cône, appear to be various forms of Condate.

1. Condate (Kovdáre: Rennes), is mentioned in the Antonine Itin. and in Ptolemy (ii. 8). It was the capital of the Redones, and in the Notitia it is named Civitas Redonum, whence has come the modern name. Rennes stands at the point where the Vilaine receives a small stream.

2. Another Condate is fixed by the Itin. on the road between Melodunum (Melun) and Agedincum (Sens). The place was at the junction of the Yonne and the Seine; but it is now named Montereau, a corruption of Monasteriolum.

3. A third is fixed by the Itin. between Noviomagus, the chief town of the Lexovii, and Durocasses (Dreux). This is Condé, on the Iton, at the junction of two branches of that river.

4. A fourth is fixed by the Itin. on the road from Augustodunum (Autun) to Paris. It is placed betweeen Nevirnum (Nevers) and Brivodurum [BRIVODURUM]; and it corresponds to Cosne, at the confluence of the little river Nouain with the Loire.

5. The Table places another Condate on the road between Mediolanum Santonum or Santones (Saintes), and Vesunna or Petrocorii (Perigueux). Cognac, on the Charente, probably represents the ancient place. 6. Ausonius (Ep. v. 31) speaks of a Condatis portus:

"Unus Domnotoni te litore perferet aestus

Condatem ad portum, si modo deproperes." D'Anville supposes this place to be represented by Condat, an old castle near Libourne, which town is at the junction of the L'Isle and the Dordogne ; nearly due east of Bordeaux.

7. The Table places another Condate in the country of the Gabali, west of the Cevenna, and on the road from Anderitum [ANDERITUM] to Revessium. The site is uncertain; but we may certainly assume that it was on the Elaver (Allier), which is crossed on the road between Anderitum and Revessium.

8. The Table places a Condate between Etanna

(Yenne), on the Rhone, and Geneva. The site is supposed to be Seissel, at the junction of the Sier and the Rhone, in the territory of the Allobroges, and the Provincia or Gallia Narbonensis. [G. L.] CONDATE, in Britain, mentioned twice in the Itinerary; firstly, as being 18 miles from Mancunium (Manchester), and 20 from Deva (Chester); secondly, as 18 miles from Mancunium, and 18 from Mediolanum. A good measure of the circuitous character of the lines of the Itinerary is to be found in the comparison of these two notices. The Mediolanum, which in the tenth Itinerary is simply eighteen miles from Condate, in the second stands thus: ConDate-DEVA M. P. xx.; Bovio M. P. x.; MEDIOLANO M. P. xx. With these numbers, assuming their absolute correctness, it would not be difficult to fix the locality of Condate, if that of Mediolanum were certain. This, however, is scarcely the case. Congleton, in Cheshire, on the strength of the partial similarity of name, has been claimed as the representative of Condate; and-with the assumption that Mediolanum = Drayton in Shropshire - Northwich, on the strength of the locality. This latter view is Horsley's. The present writer favours a notion of Dr. Tilsted's that Condate, name for name, is Kinderton, near Middlewich. [R.G.L.]

CONDATOMAGUS, another example of a name Condate, with the addition of mag, a common Gallic ending. The Table places Condatomagus between Segodunum or Ruteni (Rodez) and Luteva (Lodève), which was within the limits of the Provincia or Gallia Narbonensis. The site cannot be ascertained, but we may assume that it is on some of the rivers that are crossed on the road from Rodez to Lodève. [G. L.]

CONDERATES, are only known from a Roman inscription, which records that the boatmen (nautae) of the Saône and the Loire, and also the boatmen of the Arconée and the Conderates, dedicated a funeral monument to the memory of their patron Tauricius Florens. The inscription is as follows: D. M. Tauricio. Florenti Taurici. Tauriciani filio Veneto. allectori. Galliae patrono nautarum Araricorum et Legyricor. Item Areccarorum et Conderatium. Provinciae Galliae. Their position is represented by Condrieu on the west side of the Rhone, about ten miles below Vienne. Condrieu is still a small port on the Rhone, partly inhabited by people well skilled in the navigation of the river, and by carpenters who build boats. "Allector" is explained by Muratori to be "tributorum susceptor," a tax-collector. Forcellini has an article on the word.

The name Conderates implies a place Conderate, or something like it; and this is another example of the element Cond in Gallic names. [CONDATE.] (Walckenaer, Géog., &c., vol. i. p. 337.) [G. L.]

CONDERCUM, in Britain. The station of the first wing of the Asti, according to the Notitia. Generally identified as the Benwell Hill in Northumberland. [R. G. L]

CONDIVICNUM, or (KovdioviуKOV) CONDIVINCUM, according to Ptolemy (ii. 8), was the name of the capital of the Nannetes or Namnetes, a Celtic people on the lower Loire, and on the north side. The name appears to be compounded of the Celtic word Cond and another name. The town of Nantes represents Condivicnum. The old town of Nantes was nearly comprised in the angle formed by the junction of the Erdre with the Loire. Condivicnum was known to the Romans at an early period

Among several Roman inscriptions found there, one, if it is rightly copied, contains the name of the emperor Tib. Claudius Caesar; and another contains the name of Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus. Caesar (B. G. iii. 9) built ships on the Loire for his war with the Veneti; and if there was a town on the site of Nantes in his time, his ships passed it in their way down the Loire. There was a Roman road from Limonum (Poitiers) to Nantes, which in the Table is named Portu Namnetu. There was also a road along the north bank of the Loire from Juliomagus (Angers) to Nantes. A Roman road ran from Nantes NW. through Dariorigum (Vannes) to Gesocribate (Brest). All these routes determine the position of the Portus Namnetum, and show that it was of importance. Parts of the Roman road between Nantes and Vannes are said to be well preserved. [G. L.] CONDOCHATES (Kovdoxáτns, Arrian, Indic. 4; Plin. vi. 18. s. 22), a river which flowed into the Ganges, and was, according to Pliny, navigable. Modern geographers are agreed that it is now represented by the Gunduk.

[V.]

The

CONDRU'SI. The Condrusi are mentioned by Caesar (B. G. ii. 4) with other tribes, as called by the general name of Germani. They were within the limits of the Belgae of Caesar, and joined the great Belgic confederation to oppose the Roman proconsul (B. C. 57). The Condrusi and Eburones were dependent on the Treviri (B. G. iv. 6.) chief part of the territory of the Eburones was between the Mosa (Maas) and the Rhine, and their neighbours on the north were the Menapii. The Segni and Condrusi were between the Eburones and Treviri. Their position is therefore fixed. A document of the middle ages places the Comitatus Condrustus, or Condorustus, between the Arduennenses and the Ripuarii; and the Ripuarii were on the Rhine. There is a district in the Pays de Liège still called Condroz or Condrost, east of the Maas. D'Anville states that the archdeaconry of Condroz, in the bishopric of Liège, is "along the Maas, on both sides of the Ourthe," which is not quite clear. Walckenaer makes the Condrusi extend on the east side of the Maas from Liège to Dinant. Huy, on the east side of the Maas, about half way between Liège and Namur, is the chief place in Condroz.

CONDYLON, in Thessaly, is mentioned by Livy as one of the four fortresses which defended Tempe. (Liv. xliv. 6.) It was also called Gonno-Condylon, and was one of the towns of the Perrhaebi. (Liv. xxxix. 25.) Leake places it on the left bank of the Peneus between Balamut and the ascent to Rápsani. (Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iii. p. 397.)

CONEMBRICA (Leynas, S. of Coimbra), a city of Lusitania, on the high road from Olisipo to Bracara. (Itin. Ant. p. 421; Plin. iv. 35; Phleg. Trall. de Longaer. 1.) [P.S.]

CONFLUENTES (Coblenz), a town in Gallia, at the junction of the Rhine and Mosel, is first mentioned by Suetonius. [AMBIATINUS.] Ammianus (xvi. 3) describes it as a place " ubi amnis Mosella confunditur Rheno." This description and the identity of the name prove the position of Confluentes; but it is said that there is not a trace of Roman remains on the spot. The Antonine Itin., the Table, and the Notitia also mention the place, which must have been an important position on the Rhenish frontier.

Caesar does not mention Confluentes under any name; nor does he mention the Mosel, unless he

means this river by the words "ad confluentem Mosae et Rheni" (B. G. iv. 15); and that he does mean the junction of the Mosel and Rhine seems to be quite clear from the narrative of his attack on the Germans and their defeat. Confluentes was in the territory of the Treviri, as we may collect from Caesar; and a middle age authority, quoted by D'Anville, says "Cophelince urbs, Treviricae civitatis archiepiscopi."

The terin "confluentes was used by the Romans to express the junction of two rivers, as in Livy (iv. 17).

There is a Coblenz in Switzerland in the canton of Aargau, at the junction of the Aar and the Rhine. It is said that many Roman antiquities have been found here; and we may infer that the Roman name of the place was Confluentes. [G. L.]

CONGAVATA, in Britain, mentioned in the Notitia as the station of the Second Cohort of the Lergi. Generally identified with Stanwix in Cumberland. [R. G. L.]

CO'NGEDUS (Codes), a tributary of the Iberus, near Bilbilis, mentioned by Martial (Epig. i. 50). [P.S.] CONGUSTUS (KoyyovσTos), a place in Galatia, mentioned by Ptolemy (v. 4), and apparently the Congusso of the Table, which it places on a road from Amorium to Salaberina. [G. L.]

CONIACI. [COLCHI INDIAE.] CONI'ACI, CONISCI. [CANTABRIA.] CO'NII or CUNEI (Koúveol, Appian, Hisp. 57; Kóvioi, Polyb. x. 7. § 5), a people in the S. of Lusitania, W. of the Pillars of Hercules and of Baetica, with a capital city called Conistorgis or Conistorsis. (Strab. iii. p. 141.) They may perhaps be identified with the Kuvhoto, whom Herodotus makes the westernmost people of the whole earth (ii. 33, iv. 49). They dwelt in that part of Lusitania which the Romans called CUNEUS, a name appropriate to the shape of the land, and thus furnishing one of the many examples in which the etymological significance of a name coincides accidentally with its historical usage. [P.S.]

CONISTORGIS, CONISTORSIS. [CONII.] CONNI, in Phrygia Magna, is placed by the Table between Eucarpia and Nacolea, 32 miles from Eucarpia and 40 from Nacolea. Pliny (v. 32) means this place when he speaks of Conium, and Ptolemy (v. 2) has it Conna. Harduin observes on the passage of Pliny (v. 32) that the old reading was Iconium. Under the Byzantine empire Conna was called Cone, and was a bishopric of Phrygia Salutaris, of which Synnada was the metropolis. It is very difficult to fix the position of this place from the Table and from Ptolemy. Leake supposes that Conni may be "not far to the southward of Altun Tash, near where the roads to Altun Tash, both from Karahissár and from Sandukli, cross the ancient road." (Leake, Asia Minor, p. 166.) Altun Tash is a little north of 39° N. lat., and due south of Kutahiyah. [G. L.]

CONOPE, afterwards ARSINOE (Κωνώπη : Eth. Κωνωπεύς, Κωνωπίτης, Κωνωπαῖος: Αρσινόη: Eth. 'Apowotτns, 'Apoioeus: Anghelokastro), a town of Aetolia, near the eastern bank of the Achelous, and 20 stadia from the ford of this river. It was only a village, till it was enlarged by Arsinoë, the wife and sister of Ptolemy Philadelphus. Polybius, in his history of the Social War (B. c. 220-217), calls it Conope, though elsewhere he calls it Arsinoë or Arsinoia ('Apoiota). It is mentioned by Cicero under the name of Arsinoë. Near this town the