tanebus. (Wilkinson, Mod. Egypt and Thebes, ii. Colon. p. 268, note.) In another passage he notices it among the Municipia on the Appian Way (Liv. xxvi. 8), and it seems to have been at this time still a considerable town, but from henceforth we hear little of it. According to Florus, it was ravaged by Spartacus (iii. 20. § 5, but this reading is probably corrupt); and there seems reason to suppose that it suffered severely during the Civil Wars. (Lucan. vii. 392.) But no subsequent mention of it occurs in history; and though the name is still found in Strabo and Pliny, and an inscription attests its municipal rank in the first century of the empire, it seems probable that it must have soon after fallen into complete decay. Nor is any trace of its existence found in the middle ages till the 13th century, when it reappears under its ancient name, which it still retains, and is now a considerable town. (Plin. iii. 5. s. 9; Strab.v. p. 237; Nibby, Dintorni, vol. i. p. 493.) Few cities of Latium possess more considerable remains of antiquity than Cora. Among these are numerous portions of the ancient walls, constructed of massive polygonal blocks, together with terraces and substructions of a similar character, resembling in style the massive fortifications of Norba and Signia, but inferior in extent and preservation. They appear when perfect to have formed three successive tiers or circuits, the uppermost of which enclosed the highest summit of the hill, and constituted the citadel of the ancient town. Within this enclosure, and on the highest point of the whole city, stands a small Doric temple (commonly known, but without any authority, as that of Hercules), the tetrastyle portico of which is in good preservation, and an inscription over the entrance records its construction by the Duumvirs of the town. From the ortho CORA (Kópa: Eth. Kopavós, Coranus: Cori), a city of Latium, situated on the left of the Appian Way, between Velitrae and Norba, and about 37 miles distant from Rome. It stands on a bold hill, on the outskirts of the Volscian mountains, and overlooking the plain of the Pomptine Marshes. All accounts agree in representing it as a very ancient city. Virgil notices it as one of the colonies of Alba Longa, and this is confirmed by Diodorus and the author of the Origo Urbis Romae, both of whom include it in their lists of the colonies founded by Latinus Silvius. (Virg. Aen. vi. 776; Diod. vii. Fr. ap. Euseb. Arm. p. 184; Orig. U. Rom. 17.) Pliny, on the contrary, ascribes its foundation to Dardanus (Plin. iii. 5. s. 9; Solin. 2. § 7), while another tradition seems to have represented it as deriving both its name and its origin from Coras, a brother of Tiburtus, the eponymous hero of Tibur. (Serv. ad Aen. vii. 672; Solin. 2. § 8.) Both these last traditions may be regarded as pointing to a Pelasgic origin. It is certain that it was at a very early period one of the most considerable cities of Latium. Thus Cato mentions it as one of those which took part in the consecration of the grove and sanctuary of Diana in the Nemus Aricinum; and we find it included by Dionysius in the list of the thirtygraphy of this inscription, as well as the style of Latin cities which composed the League in B. C. architecture, there seems reason to assign the erec493. (Cato ap. Priscian. iv. 4. § 21; Dionys. v. tion of it to the last century of the Roman Republic. 61; Niebuhr, vol. ii. p. 17, note.) At an earlier Lower down the town are the remains of another period also one of the two generals chosen to com- temple of far superior style and execution, but of mand the confederate armies was Ancus Publicius which only two columns now exist: they are of Coof Cora. (Dionys. iii. 34.) Its subsequent rela- rinthian order and of beautiful workmanship; from tions both with Latium and Rome are very obscure. a fragment of the inscription on the architrave, we In B.C. 503, Livy calls it a "colonia Latina," and learn that it was consecrated to Castor and Pollux; speaks of it as revolting, together with Pometia, to its date is uncertain, but it must certainly be rejoin the Aurunci, but shortly after both Cora and ferred to the best period of Roman architecture. Pometia appear as Volscian towns. (Liv. ii. 16, Many other fragments of buildings are to be found 22; Niebuhr, vol. ii. pp. 108, 261.) It appears in the town, and several inscriptions, but all belongcertain that it must have fallen into the hands of ing to the early ages of the Roman empire, or the the Volscians at the time that nation was at the end of the Republican period. Just outside the height of its power: and it was probably occupied town, on the road to Norba, is an ancient bridge of by a fresh body of colonists when it was recovered a single arch, thrown over a deep ravine, which is by the Romans and Latins. Propertius (iv. 10. 26) one of the most remarkable monuments of its kind appears to place this reconquest before B.C. 428, in Italy. From the irregularity of its construction, but it is doubtful whether we can trust to his his- it is probable that this is the work of an early period, torical accuracy on this point. It is, however, pro-and belongs to the old Latin colony of Cora. Many bable that Cora resumed the position of a Latin of the other remains, and some parts at least of the colony about this period, as well as Norba and Setia, fortifications, may probably be referred to the time and on this account we find no mention of any of of Sulla. (Nibby, Dintorni di Roma, vol. i. pp. 497— the three in the great Latin War of B. C. 340, or the 512. The bridge and specimens of the walls are pacification that followed. But a few years later, figured by Dodwell, Pelasgic Remains, pl. 88B. C. 330, their territories were laid waste by the 91.) [E. H. B.] Privernates under Vitruvius Vaccus. (Liv. viii. 19.) It seems certain therefore that they were at this time dependencies of Rome. Livy includes Cora among the twelve Latin colonies, which, in B.C. 209, refused any further supplies (xxvii. 9): but where the same list is repeated (xxix. 15), the name is written Sora, and it seems most probable that this is the town really meant. (Madvig. de CORACE'SIUM (Kopańσιov), Strabo's boundary on the coast of Asia Minor between Pamphylia and Cilicia. [CILICIA, p. 617.] At Alaya, which is the site of Coracesium, begins the mountainous coast which extends eastward to Cape Cavalière. A mountain a little east of Alúya, and near the coast, is marked 4800 feet high in Beaufort's map. promontory of Alaya (Coracesium) rises abruptly "The from a low sandy isthmus, which is separated from the mountains by a broad plain; two of its sides are cliffs of great height, and absolutely perpendicular; and the eastern side, on which the town is placed, is so steep that the houses seem to rest on each other: in short, it forms a natural fortress that might be rendered impregnable; and the numerous walls and towers prove how anxiously its former possessors laboured to make it so." (Beaufort's Karamania, p. 172.) "The bay is open to southerly winds, the anchorage indifferent, and there is no harbour or pier." (Beaufort.) Beaufort supposes that there may, however, have been a mole constructed here, but circumstances prevented him from examining into that matter. The cliffs at Aláya are from 500 to 600 feet above the sea, and their perpendicular direction is continued for 60 or 70 feet below it. They are of compact white limestone, "tinged by a red dross on the outside." On the summit of the hill there are the remains of a Cyclopian wall, and a few broken columns; but no Greek inscriptions were discovered. Strabo's brief description of Coracesium (p. 668) agrees with the facts. The natural strength of this position, a lofty and almost insulated rock, resembling Gibraltar, will explain its historical importance. Antiochus, king of Syria, was occupied with the siege of Coracesium when the Rhodians sent him the message which is mentioned by Livy (xxxiii. 20). It was the only place on the Cilician coast that had not submitted to him. The rebel Tryphon afterwards maintained himself for some time at Coracesium. [CILICIA, p. 621.] The pirates of Cilicia, against whom the Romans sent Cn. Pompeius, kept their plunder in the strong places of the Taurus, but their naval station was Coracesium, where with their fleet they awaited the attack of the Roman admiral, who defeated them. (Plut. Pomp. c. 28.) "In the old maps Alaya is called Castel Ubaldo, which may possibly have been the name given to it by the Venetians and Genoese, when in possession of this and other strongholds upon the Caramanian coast, but there is no recollection of the name in this country at present." (Leake, Asia Minor, p. 126.) [G. L.] CORA'CIUS MONS (тd Kopáκiov ŏpos) is placed by Strabo (p. 643) between Colophon and Lebedus. As the word Kopákov is an adjective, the name of the mountain may be Corax. When Strabo speaks of a mountain between Colophon and Lebedus, he means that some high land is crossed in going from one place to the other; but this high land runs north, and occupies the tract that extends from Colophon and Lebedus north, towards the gulf of Smyrna. Chandler therefore may be right when he gives the name Corax to the mountains which were on his left hand as he passed from Smyrna to Vourla, near the site of Clazomenae. (Asia Minor, c. 23.) [G. L.] CORALIS. [CARALLIS.] CORA'LIUS. [BOEOTIA, p. 412, b.] CORALLA (Ta Kópaλλa), a cape on the coast of Pontus, now Cape Kereli. It is identified clearly enough by the name. (Hamilton's Researches, &c., vol. i. p. 252.) It is placed by Arrian, and the anonymous author of the Periplus, 100 stadia east of Philocalia, and Philocalia is 110 stadia east of Tripolis, Tireboli, a well-known position. [G. L.] CORANITAE, an inland people of Arabia, mentioned by Pliny (vi. 28. s. 32), without any further clue to their position (Forster, Arabia, vol. ii. p. 55.) [G. W.] CORA'SSIAE or CO'RSEAE (Kopaoσiai, Strab. x. p. 488; Plin. iv. 12. s. 23; Kopoía, or Kopo eaí, Strab. xiv. p. 636; Agathem. i. 4; Steph. B. s. v. Koporeaí), a group of islands between Icaria and Samos, distant, according to Agathemerus, 30 stadia from the promontory Ampelos in Samos. They are now called Phurni and Krusi. (Ross, Reisen auf den Griech. Inseln, vol. ii. pp. 134, 156.) Some modern writers suppose that Corassiae and Corseae are names of two different groups of islands, the former being SW. of Icaria, and the latter near Samos; but upon a comparison of the two passages of Strabo in which the names occur, it would appear that he speaks of the same groups under these two names. CORAX. [AETOLIA, p. 63.] CORAX (Kópak, Ptol. v. 9. §§ 7, 10, 31, v. 10. § 1), a small river placed by Ptolemy in Sarmatia Asiatica, and which, rising in the Coraxici Montes, -a western portion of the chain of the Caucasus, flowed SW. into the Euxine Sea. It was the northern limit of Colchis. It is probable that the Chariens of Arrian (Peripl. p. 10), the Charien of Pliny (vi. 3. 4), the Charis of Strabo (xi. p. 499), and the Charistos of Ptolemy (v. 10. § 2), are one and the same river with it. Its present name is Sukum. [V.] CORAXI. 1. (Kópaĝo, Aristot. Meteor. i. 13; Hecat. Fragm. 185; Steph. B. s. v.; Mela, i. 19, iii. 5; Scylax, p. 31; Plin. vi. 5. s. 5), a tribe of Pontus to the NW. of Colchis, and close to the outlying spurs of the Caucasus. They probably occupied the western bank of the Corax in the neighbourhood of Dioscurias. In the same district, according to Stephanus, was Coraxicus Murus and Coraxica Regio. 2. A Scythian tribe mentioned by Ptolemy (vi. 14. § 10), but not, that we are aware, noticed in any other author. [V.] CORA'XICI MONTES (Mela, i. 19. § 3; Plin. vi. 9. s. 10, vi. 12. s. 15; Mart. Cap. c. 6; 8 Kópa ŏpos, Ptol. v. 9. §§ 14, 15, 18), the western part of the chain of the Caucasus to the N. of Colchis. It was the source, according to Ptolemy, of the river Cambyses; according to Mela and Pliny, of the Cyrus and Cambyses. [V.] CO'RBASA (Kópaσa), a town of Pisidia (Ptol. v. 5. § 6), the same apparently as the Colbasa of Hierocles. Ptolemy's Corbasa seems to be somewhere about Termessus. [G. L.] CORBEUS (Kopseous), a city of the Tectosages, in Galatia, according to Ptolemy (v.4. §8). It is Gorbeius (Topsetous) in the text of Strabo (p. 568). Corbens was the residence of Castor the son of Saocondarius. Saocondarius married the daughter of Deiotarus, who murdered his son-in-law and his own daughter, destroyed the castle, and ruined the greater part of Corbeus. As to these Galatian princes see Orelli Onomasticon Tull. (s. v. Castor). The name Corbeus occurs in the Antonine Itin. and in the Table, but the Table is quite unintelligible. In the Antonine Itin. Corbeus is placed between Ancyra (Angora), and a place called Rosologiacum, XX. M. P. from Ancyra and XII. M. P. from Rosologiacum. Cramer (Asia Minor, vol. ii. p. 97) says that "Corbeus answers doubtless to the site of Corbega, a few miles from the modern road leading from Angora to Kaisarieh." [G. L.] CORBIANA (Kop6tavý, Strab. xvi. p. 745), one of the three praefectures into which Elymais was anciently divided. They were Massabatica, Gabiana, and Corbiana. [V.] CO'RBILO (Kopíλwv), a trading town in Gallia, on the Loire. It was a flourishing place in the time of Pytheas. (Strab. p. 190.) No extant writer except Strabo mentions the place. De Valois and D'Anville would fix it at Coeron, about two leagues below Nantes, and on the same side of the river. Walckenaer supposes that it may be Corsep, because Corsep is nearer the mouth of the Loire; but Strabo simply says that Corbilo was on the river. [G.L.] CO'RBIO (Kopбáv: Rocca Priore), an ancient city of Latium, situated on the NE. side of the Alban Hills, which plays a considerable part in the wars between the Romans and the Aequians in the early ages of the Republic. It appears probable that it was at one period one of the cities of the Latin League, as the name of the Koptívтes, which is found in the best MSS. of Dionysius in the catalogue of the thirty cities, must certainly mean the citizens of Corbio. (Dionys. v. 61; Niebuhr, vol. ii. p 17., note 21.) Yet Dionysius represents it as a fortress in the hands of the Romans, and wrested from them by the Latins at the outbreak of the war (vi. 3). There can at least be no doubt that it was originally a Latin city, but fell into the power of the Aequians, as they gradually extended their conquests over the neighbouring towns of Latium; and in accordance with this view we find it included among the conquests attributed to Coriolanus. (Liv. ii. 39; Dionys. viii. 19.) At a somewhat later period it appears as an Aequian city, which, according to the received history, fell into the hands of the dictator Cincinnatus in consequence of his great victory on Mount Algidus, B. c. 458. It was again taken by the Aequians the following year, but recovered by the Roman consul Horatius Pulvillus, who is said to have utterly destroyed it. (Liv. iii. 28, 30; Dionys. x. 24, 26, 30.) The name, indeed, appears again some years later B. C. 446, when a fresh victory was obtained over the Volscians and Aequians by Quintius Capitolinus "ad Corbionem" (Liv. iii. 66, 69); but this does not prove that the city itself was re-established; and from this time it altogether disappears; nor is the name found in any of the geographers. All the accounts of the military operations in which Corbio appears point to it as being in close proximity to Mount Algidus, and a place of great natural strength. Hence there is little doubt that Holstenius was correct in fixing it on the site of Rocca Priore, a mediaeval fortress, occupying the summit of a lofty hill, about 3 miles from Tusculum, and one of the range which sweeps round from thence to join the heights of Mt. Algidus, and constitutes the NE. side of the great encircling barrier of the Alban Mountains. Some slight remains of antiquity are still visible at Rocca Priore, and the position was one well adapted for an ancient fortress, and must always have been of importance in connection with military operations on Mt. Algidus. The site appears to have been occupied in imperial times by a Roman villa. (Holsten. Not. ad Cluv. p. 162; Nibby, Dintorni di Roma, vol. iii. pp. 21-24; Abeken, Mittel-Italien, p. 68.) [E. H. B.] CORBULO'NIS MUNIMENTUM, a fort built by Corbulo in the country of the Frisians, which probably was the foundation of the modern town of Groningen. In the year 1818 a bridge was dis covered in the neighbourhood, leading through a marsh, about 3 miles long, and 12 feet broad: this bridge was probably connected with the fort of Corbulo. (Tac. Ann. xi. 19; comp. Wilhelm, German. p. 154.) [L. S.] CORCY'RA (Képкʊpa, Herod., Thuс.; Kóρkuрa, Strab. and later writers, and always on coins: Eth. Képkuр, -upos, Aleman. ap. Etym. M.; usually Kepкuрaîos, Kоркupaîos, Corcyraeus: Corfu), an island in the Ionian sea, opposite the coast of Chaonia in Epeirus. The channel, by which it is separated from the mainland, is narrowest at its northern entrance, being only about 2 miles in width; it then expands into an open gulf between the two coasts, being in some places 14 miles across; but S. of the promontory Leucimme it again contracts into a breadth of 4 or 5 miles. The length of the island from N. to S. is about 38 miles. Its breadth is very irregular; in the northern part of the island it is 20 miles; it then becomes only 6 miles; widens again near the city of Corcyra to about 11 miles; south of which it contracts again to about 3 or 4 miles, terminating in a high narrow cape. The island contains 227 square miles. Four promontories are mentioned by the ancient writers: - - 1. CASSIOPE (Kaσσión, Ptol. iii. 14. § 11; C. St. Catherine), the NE. point of the island. 2. PHALACRUM (Þаλакрóν, Strab. vii. p. 324; Ptol. l. c.; Plin. iv. 12. s. 19; C. Drasti), the NW. point. 3. LEUCIMME or LEUCIMNA (Aevкíμμŋ, Thuc. i. 30, 47; Aeúkipua, Strab. vii. p. 324; Ptol., Plin. ll. cc.: C. Léfkimo), a low sandy point on the E. coast, about 6 or 7 miles from the southern extremity of the island. 4. AMPHIPAGUS ('Aμpínayos, Ptol. l.c.: C. Bianco), the southern extremity of the island. Corcyra is generally mountainous. The loftiest mountains are in the northern part of the island, extending across the island from E. to W.: the highest summit, which is now called Pandokrátora by the Greeks, and San Salvatore by the Italians, is between 3000 and 4000 feet above the sea, and is covered with luxuriant groves of olive, cypress, and ilex. From these mountains there runs a lower ridge from N. to S., extending as far as the southern extremity of the island. The position of Mt. ISTONE (IoT), where the nobles entrenched themselves during the civil dissensions of Corcyra, is uncertain. (Thuc. iii. 85, iv. 46; Polyaen. Strat. vi. 20; Steph. B. s. v.) It was evidently at no great distance from the city; but it could hardly have been the summit of San Salvatore as some writers suppose, since the nobles, after their fortress on Mt. Istone had been captured, took refuge on higher ground. (Thuc. iv. 46.) Istone has been identified by Cramer and others with the hill mentioned by Xenophon (Hell. vi. 2. § 7) as distant only 5 stadia from the city; but this is purely conjectural. The only other ancient name of any of the mountains of Corcyra, which has been preserved, is MELITEIUM (Meλ¡Teîov, Apoll. Rhod. iv. 1150, with Schol.); but as to its position we have no clue whatsoever. Corcyra was celebrated for its fertility in antiquity, and was diligently cultivated by its inhabitants. Xenophon (Hell. vi. 2. § 6) describes it as èeipyao| μévŋv μèv naykáλws kai reputevμévŋv; and one of the later Roman poets celebrates it as "Corcyra compta solum, locupleti Corcyra sulco." (Avien. Descr. Orb. 663.) These praises are not undeserved; for modern writers celebrate the luxuriance and fertility of its numerous vallies. The chief production of the island now is oil, of which large quantities are exported. It also produces wine, which, though not so celebrated as in antiquity (Athen. i. p. 33, b.; Xen. l. c.), is still used in the town of Corfu and in the adjacent islands. The most ancient name of the island is said to have been Drepane (Apeñán), apparently from its resemblance in shape to a scythe. (Apoll. Rhod. iv. 983, with Schol.; Callimach. ap. Plin. iv. 12. s. 19.) It is further said that its next name was Scheria (Exepin), which Homer describes as a fertile and lovely island, inhabited by the Phaeacians, an enterprizing seafaring people, the subjects of king Alcinous. (Od. v. 34, seq.) Although the Corcyraeans identified their island with the Homeric Scheria, and prided themselves upon the nautical fame of their Phaeacian ancestors (Thuc. i. 25), yet it is very doubtful whether the Homeric Scheria ought to be regarded as an island, which ever had any real existence. It is not unlikely that the Phaeacians are only a creation of the poet, to whom he assigns a place in the far distant West, the scene of so many marvels in the Odyssey. (Comp. Welcker, Ueber die Homerischen Phaeaken, in Rheinisches Museum, vol. i. pp. 219-283.) The first historical fact recorded respecting Corcyra is its colonization by the Corinthians; for we may pass over the earlier Eretrian colony, which rests upon the authority of Plutarch alone. (Quaest. Graec. c. 11.) Archias, the founder of Syracuse, is said to have touched at Corcyra on his way to Sicily, and to have left behind him Chersicrates, one of the Heraclidae, who expelled the Liburnians, then inhabiting the island, and built the city of Corcyra, which he peopled with Corinthian settlers. (Strab. vi. p. 269; Timaeus, ap. Schol. ad Apoll. Rhod. iv. 1216.) This event we may place in B. C. 734, the date usually assigned to the foundation of Syracuse. [SYRACUSAE.] Corcyra rapidly rose to be one of the first maritime powers in Greece. We are told that it was at variance with the mother country almost from the very time of its foundation (Herod. iii. 49), which was no doubt owing to its being the commercial rival of Corinth in the western seas of Greece. The dissensions between the two states broke out into open hostilities as early as B. C. 665, when a naval engagement took place between them, which is mentioned by Thucydides as the first sea fight on record. (Thuc. i. 13.) In B. c. 617 the Corcyraeans founded Epidamnus on the Illyrian coast; but notwithstanding their hostility to the mother country, they so far complied with Grecian usages as to choose a Corinthian as the Oekist or founder of the new colony. (Thuc. i. 24.) Periander, who ruled at Corinth from B. c. 625 to 585, reduced Corcyra to subjection in the course of his reign; but of the details of its subjugation we have no account. Herodotus tells an interesting story of the murder of Lycophron, the son of Periander, by the Corcyraeans, and of the cruel way in which Periander attempted to take revenge. (Herod. iii. 49, seq.) It was during the time that Corcyra was subject to Periander, that Apollonia and Anactorium were founded by the two states conjointly. After the death of Periander the Corcyraeans seem to have recovered their independence; but in the Persian wars they made use of it in a manner little creditable to their Hellenic patriotism. Having promised their aid to the confederate Greeks, they sent a fleet of 60 ships, but with orders to advance no further than the promontory of Taenarus, there to await the issue of the struggle between the Persians and the Greeks, and to join the victorious party. (Herod. vii. 168.) Of their subsequent history till the time of the Peloponnesian war, we know nothing. Having quarrelled with the Corinthians respecting Epidamnus, a war ensued between the states, which was one of the immediate causes of the Peloponnesian war. As the history of this quarrel and of the war which followed is related at length in all histories of Greece, it is only necessary in this place to mention the leading events, and such as chiefly serve to illustrate the geography of Corcyra. The first fleet, which the Corinthians sent against the Corcyraeans, was completely defeated by the latter off Cape Actium, B. c. 435. (Thuc. i. 29.) Deeply humbled by this defeat, the Corinthians spent two whole years in preparations for retrieving it; and by active exertions among their allies, they were in a condition in the third year to put to sea with a fleet of 150 sail. The Corcyraeans, unable to cope single-handed with so formidable an armament, applied for aid to the Athenians, who concluded a defensive alliance with them, fearing lest their powerful navy should fall into the hands of the Peloponnesians. Soon afterwards the war was renewed. The Corinthian fleet of 150 ships took up its station at Cape Cheimerium on the coast of Epeirus, a little south of Corcyra. The Corcyraean fleet of 110 sail, together with 10 Athenian ships, were posted at one of the islands called Sybota (Zúbora), now Syvota, which lie off the coast of Epeirus to the north of Cape Cheimerium, and opposite the coast of Corcyra, between Capes Leucimme and Amphipagos. Their land force was stationed at Leucimme. The engagement took place in the open sea between Cape Cheimerium and the Sybota; the Corcyraeans were defeated; and the Corinthians were preparing to renew the attack in the afternoon, but were deterred by the arrival of a fresh Athenian squadron, and sailed away home. (Thuc. i. 44, seq.) Each party claimed the victory. The Corinthians erected their trophy at "the continental Sybota" (èv Toîs èv tỷ Eiρw Zvbóтois), and the Corcyraeans set up theirs at the " insular Sybota” (ἐν τοῖς ἐν τῇ νήσῳ Συβό Tois, Thuc. i. 54). We learn from Col. Leake that there is a sheltered bay between the two principal islands, called Syvota, and another between the inner island and the main. The continental Sybota" was probably the name of a village on the inner strait. (Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iii. pp. 2, 3.) Shortly afterwards the island was distracted by civil dissensions between the aristocratical and democratical parties, in which the latter finally gained the upper hand, and massacred all their opponents with the most frightful atrocities, B. C. 425. (Thuc. iv. 46-48.) Corcyra remained in the Athenian alliance till the close of the Peloponnesian war. It was the place of rendezvous for the fleet of the Athenians and their allies, which was destined to invade Sicily, B. C. 415. (Thuc. vi. 42.) Whether Corcyra was enrolled a member of the Spartan confederacy after the downfall of Athens, we are not informed; but in B. C. 375 Timotheus brought the island again under the dominion of Athens. (Xen. Hell. v. 4. § 64; comp. Corn. Nep. Tim. 2; Diod. xv. 36.) Two years afterwards, B. C. 373, a large Peloponnesian force, under the command of the Lacedaemonian Mnasippus, was sent to wrest the island from the Athenians. The Athenian fleet had already quitted Corcyra; and the inhabitants, having been defeated in battle by the invaders, were obliged to take refuge within the walls of their city. Xenophon, in a passage already referred to, describes the country at that time as in the highest state of cultivation, abounding in beautiful houses, the cellars of which were stored with excellent wine. After ravaging the country, Mnasippus laid siege to the city, which soon began to suffer from want of provisions; but the Corcyraeans availing themselves of the negligence of the besiegers, who had become careless, through certainty of success, made a vigorous sally from the city, in which they slew Mnasippus, and many of his troops. Shortly afterwards news arrived of the approach of an Athenian fleet, whereupon the Peloponnesians quitted the island in haste. (Xen. Hell. vi. 2. §§ 3-26; Diod. xv. 47.) the history of the island. In the reign of Justinian it was still called Képкνра (Procop. B. G. iv. 22). It is now one of the seven Ionian islands under the protection of Great Britain, and the seat of government. Corcyra, the capital of the island, was situated upon the eastern coast, upon a peninsula a little S. of the modern town of Corfu. This peninsula is formed on the one side by a small gulf or lagoon, called the Peschiera, or Lake of Calichiopulo; and on the other side by a bay, which separates the pe. ninsula from the promontory occupied by the modern citadel. The peninsula is called Palaeopoli, but the only ancient remains which it contains are the ruins of a small Doric temple on the eastern shore, facing Epeirus. Of the two ports mentioned by Thucydides (ii. 72), the Peschiera seems to be the one which he calls Hyllaicus ("Tλλaïkós); and the bay between the peninsula and the modern citadel to be the one which he describes as lying towards Epeirus. Scylax speaks of three harbours, one of which was most beautiful: hence it would appear that the present harbour, although at some distance from the ancient city, was also used in ancient times. The small island of Vido, in front of the present harbour, is probably the island of PTYCHIA (ПIтUxíα), where the leaders of the aristocratical party were After the death of Alexander the Great the Corcyraeans appear to have taken an active part in opposition to Cassander. In B. c. 312, they expelled the Macedonian garrisons from Apollonia and Epidamnus. (Diod. xix. 78.) In B. c. 303 Cleonymus, the Spartan king, who had collected a body of mercenaries in Italy, invaded the island and became master of the city. (Diod. xx. 104, 105.) Cleonymus appears to have quitted the island soon afterwards; for it was again independent in B. C. 300, when Cassander laid siege to the city. From this danger it was delivered by Agathocles, the tyrant of Syracuse, who burnt the Macedonian fleet. (Diod. xxi. Eclog. 2. p. 489, ed. Wesseling.) But Agathocles only expelled the Macedonians in order to appropriate the island to himself, which he is recorded to have laid waste, probably in consequence of the opposition of the inhabitants to his dominion. (Plut. de Ser. Num. Vind. p. 557.) Shortly after-placed after their surrender in B. C. 425. (Thuc. iv. wards Agathocles gave Corcyra as a dowry to his daughter Lanassa upon her marriage with Pyrrhus, king of Epeirus. It remained in his hands for some years; but Lanassa, indignant at being neglected by Pyrrhus for his barbarian wives, withdrew to Corcyra, and offered her hand and the island to Demetrius, king of Macedonia. Demetrius accepted her proposal, and, sailing to Corcyra, celebrated his nuptials with her, left a garrison in the island, and returned to Macedonia. This happened shortly before he was expelled from Macedonia by Pyrrhus, B. C. 287. (Plut. Pyrrh. 9, 10; Diod. xxi. p. 490.) Pausanias says (i. 11. § 6) that Pyrrhus conquered Corcyra soon after he had recovered his hereditary dominions; but as Pyrrhus began to reign some years before he deprived Demetrius of the Macedonian throne, it has been conjectured that he may have invaded Corcyra, while it was in the possession of Agathocles, and that the latter was contented to cede to him the island, together with his daughter Lanassa. At a later period, probably after his return from Italy, B. c. 274, Pyrrhus recovered Corcyra by the energy of his son Ptolemaeus. (Justin, xxv. 3.) After the death of Pyrrhus Corcyra again enjoyed a brief period of independence; but the Illyrian pirates, in the reign of their queen Teuta, conquered the island after defeating the Achaean and Aetolian fleets which had come to the assistance of the Corcyraeans. Almost immediately afterwards a Roman fleet, which had been sent to punish these pirates, appeared before Corcyra; whereupon Demetrius, the Pharian, who had been left in charge of the island with an Illyrian garrison, surrendered it to the enemy without striking a blow, B. C. 229. (Pol. ii. 9-11.) From this time Corcyra continued in the hands of the Romans, and was an important station for their fleet in their subsequent wars in Greece. The Romans made the capital a free state (Plin. iv. 12. s. 19); but its inhabitants were so little liked even at this period, as to give rise to the proverb ἐλευθέρα Κόρκυρα, χέζ' ὅπου θέλεις (Strab. vii. p. 329). It is unnecessary to follow further 46.) We learn from Thucydides (ii. 72) that the Acropolis was near the portus Hyllaicus, and the agora near the other harbour. The ancient Acropolis is the long undulating promontory south of the modern town, and did not occupy the site of the modern citadel, which is a nearly insulated rock, with its summit split into two lofty peaks. These two peaks must have been always a striking object from the ancient town, and are probably the "aerias Phaeacum arces" of Virgil (Aen. iii. 291), a passage from which Dodwell and others erroneously concluded that they were the Acropolis of Corcyra. In the middle ages these two rocks, which then became the citadel, were called Kopupà or Kopvpol, from whence has come, slightly corrupted, (Koppoí) the modern name of the town and of the island. We have no further information respecting the other localities of the ancient city. Among its public buildings mention is made of temples of Zeus, Hera, Dionysus, the Dioscuri, and Alcinous. (Thuc. iii. 70, 75, 81.) The only other city in the island was CASSIOPE (Kaoσión), situated upon the north-eastern extremity of the island, opposite a town upon the coast of Epeirus of the same name. Cassiope possessed a harbour, and was distant, according to Cicero (ad Fam. xvi. 9), 120 stadia from Corcyra. It was celebrated for its temple of Zeus Cassius, or Casius, at whose altar Nero sang: the head of the god, with the epigraph Zeus Kários, frequently occurs on coins. (Suet. Ner. 22; Plin. iv. 12. s. 19; Procop. B. G. iv. 22; Eckhel, vol. ii. p. 179, seq.) There are remains of the ancient town near the village, still called Cassopo. (Marmora, Historia COIN OF CORCYRA. |