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7. CORSULA (Kopooîλa), a city destroyed shortly before the time of Varro, is placed by him at 80 stadia from Reate, along the VIA CURIA, at the foot of Mr. CORETUM. This road is otherwise unknown*, but was probably that which led from Reate towards Terni (Interamna), and if so, Corsula must have been on the left bank of the Velinus, but its site is unknown.

much interest. Unfortunately most of the names contained in it are otherwise wholly unknown, and the geographical data are not sufficiently precise to enable us to fix their position with any certainty. The researches of recent travellers have, however, of late years given increased interest to the passage in question, by establishing the fact that the neighbourhood of Reate, and especially the valley of the Salto, a district commonly called the Cicolano, In the same direction were: 8. ISSA, a town situabound with vestiges of ancient cities, which, from ated on an island in a lake, probably the same now the polygonal, or so-called Cyclopean style of their called the Lago del Pie di Lugo: and 9. MARRUconstruction, have been referred to a very early period VIUM (Mapovïov), situated at the extremity of the of antiquity. Many attempts have been consequently same lake. Near this were the SEPTEM AQUAE, made to identify these sites with the cities mentioned the position of which in this fertile valley between by Varro; but hitherto with little success. The Reate and Interamna is confirmed by their mention most recent investigations of this subject are those in Cicero (ad Att. iv. 15). by Martelli (an Italian antiquarian whose local knowledge gives weight to his opinions) in his Storia dei Siculi (Aquila, 1830, 8vo.), and by Bunsen (Antichi Stabilimenti Italici, in the Annali dell' Instituto di Corrispondenza Archeologica, vol. vi. p. 100, seq.). But the complete diversity of their results proves how little certainty is to be attained. In the following enumeration of them, we can only attempt to give the description of the localities according to Varro, and to notice briefly their supposed identifications.

1. PALATIUM, from which the city on the Palatine hill at Rome was supposed to have derived its name (Varr. de L. L. v. § 53; Solin. 1. § 14), is placed by Varro at 25 stadia from Reate; and would appear to have been still inhabited in his time. (See Bunsen, p. 129, whose suggestion of πόλις οἰκουμένη for πόλεως οἰκουμένης is certainly very plausible.) Ruins of it are said to exist at a place still called Pallanti, near Torricella, to the right of the Via Salaria, at about the given distance from Reate. (Martelli, p. 195.) Gell, on the other hand, places it near the convent of La Foresta, to the N. of Rieti, where remains of a polygonal character are also found. Bunsen concurs in placing it in this direction, but without fixing the site.

2. TRIBULA (Tpísoλa), about 60 stadia from Reate; placed by Bunsen at Santa Felice, below the modern town of Cantalice, whose polygonal walls were discovered by Dodwell. Martelli appears to confound it with TRIBULA MUTUSCA, from which it is probably distinct.

3. SUESBULA, or VESBULA (the MSS. of Dionysius vary between Συεσβόλα and Οὐεσβόλα), at the same distance (60 stadia) from Tribula, near the Ceraunian Mountains. These are otherwise unknown, but supposed by Bunsen to be the Monti di Leonessa, and that Suesbula was near the site of the little city of Leonessa, from which they derive their name.

4. SUNA (Zoúvn), distant 40 stadia from Suesbola, with a very ancient temple of Mars: 5. MEPHYLA (Mŋpúλα), about 30 stadia from Suna, of which some ruins and traces of walls were still visible in the time of Varro: and 6. ORVINIUM ('Opoviviov), 40 stadia from Mephyla, the ruins of which, as well as its ancient sepulchres, attested its former magnitude; -are all wholly unknown, but are probably to be sought between the Monti di Leonessa and the valley of the Velino. Martelli, however, transfers this whole group of cities (including Tribula and Suesbula), which are placed by Bunsen to the N. of Rieti, to the vallies of the Turano and Salto S. of that city.

10. Returning again to Reate, and proceeding along the valley of the Salto towards the Lake Fucinus (Dionysius has Thy ènì Aatívny dddv eioiovow, for which Bunsen would read Thy ènì Xíμvny: but in any case it seems probable that this is the direction meant), Varro mentions first BATIA or VATIA (Baría), of which no trace is to be found: then comes

11. TIORA, surnamed MATIENE (Tiúpa, † kaλovμévn Marchvn), where there was a very ancient oracle of Mars, the responses of which were delivered by a woodpecker. This is placed, according to Varro, at 300 stadia from Reate, a distance which so much exceeds all the others, that it has been supposed to be corrupt; but it coincides well with the actual distance (36 miles) from Rieti to a spot named Castore, near Sta. Anatolia, in the upper valley of the Salto, which was undoubtedly the site of an ancient city, and presents extensive remains of walls of polygonal construction. (Bunsen, p. 115; Abeken, Mittelitalien, p. 87.) We learn also from early Martyrologies, that Sta. Anatolia, who has given name to the modern village, was put to death "in civitate Thora, apud lacum Velinum." (Cluver. Ital. p. 684.) Hence it seems probable that the name of Castore is a corruption of Cas-Tora (Castellum Torae), and that the ruins visible there are really those of Tiora.†

12. LISTA (Alora), called by Varro the metropolis of the Aborigines, is placed by him, according to our present text of Dionysius, at 24 stadia from Tiora; but there seem strong reasons for supposing that this is a mistake, and that Lista was really situated in the immediate neighbourhood of Reate. [LISTA.]

13. The last city assigned by Varro to the Aborigines is COTYLIA, or CUTILIA (KOTÚλia), celebrated for its lake, concerning the site of which (between Civita Ducale and Antrodoco) there exists no doubt. [CUTILIA.]

Among the cities of Latium itself, Dionysius (i. 44, ii. 35) expressly assigns to the Aborigines the foundation of Antemnae, Caenina, Ficulnea, Tellenae, and Tibur: some of which were wrested

* The MSS. of Dionysius have διὰ τῆς Ἰουρίας doû, a name which is certainly corrupt. Some editors would read 'Iovvías, but the emendation of Koupías suggested by Bunsen is far more probable. For the further investigation of this point, see REATE.

† Holstenius, however (Not. ad Cluver. p. 114), places Tiora in the valley of the Turano, at a place called Colle Piccolo, where there is also a celebrated church of Sta. Anatolia.

by them from the Siculians, others apparently new settlements. Little historical dependence can of course be placed on these statements, but they were probably meant to distinguish the cities in question from those which were designated by tradition as of Pelasgian origin, or colonies of Alba.

Sallust (Cat. 6) speaks of the Aborigines as a rude people, without fixed laws or dwellings, but this is probably a mere rhetorical exaggeration: it is clear that Varro at least regarded them as possessed of fortified towns, temples, oracles, &c.; and the native traditions of the Latins concerning Janus and Saturn indicate that they had acquired all the primitive arts of civilisation before the period of the supposed Trojan colony. [E. H. B.]

ABORRHAS. [CHABORAS.] ABRAUANNUS ('A6paovávvos, Ptol. ii. 3. § 2), a river of Britannia Barbara, which discharged itself a little northward of the Promontorium Novantum, or Mull of Galloway into Luce-Bay. Abravannus is probably the stream which flows through Loch Ryan into the sea-Ab-Ryan, or the offspring of Ryan, being easily convertible into the Roman form of the word Ab-Ryan-us-Abravannus. [W. B. D.] ABRETTE'NE. [MYSIA.]

ABRINCATUI, a Gallic tribe (Plin. iv. 18), not mentioned by Caesar, whose frontier was near the Curiosolites. Their town Ingena, called Abrincatae in the Notitia Imperii, has given its name to the modern Avranches; and their territory would probably correspond to the division of Avranchin. [G. L.]

ABRO'TONUM (A6pórovov), a Phoenician city on the coast of N. Africa, in the district of Tripolitana, between the Syrtes, usually identified with SABRATA, though Pliny makes them different places. (Scylax, p. 47; Strab. p. 835; Steph. B. s. v.; Plin. v. 4.) [P. S.] ABSY'RTIDES or APSY'RTIDES ('Ayuprides: Eth. 'Ayupreus, "Ayupros: Cherso and Osero), the name of two islands off the coast of Illyricum, so called because, according to one tradition, Absyrtus was slain here by his sister Medea and by Jason. Ptolemy mentions only one island APSORRUS ("Ayoppos), on which he places two towns Crepsa (Kpéya) and Apsorrus. (Strab. p. 315; Steph. Byz. s. v.; Mel. ii. 7; Plin. iii. 26; Ptol. ii. 16. § 13.)

ABUS (8A6us) or ABA (Plin. v. 24. s. 20), a mountain in Armenia, forming a part of the E. prolongation of the Anti-Taurus chain, and separating the basins of the Araxes and of the Arsanias or S. branch of the Euphrates (Murad). The latter of these great rivers rises on its S. side, and, according to Strabo, the former also rises on its N. side. According to this statement, the range must be considered to begin as far W. as the neighbourhood of Erzeroom, while it extends E. to the Araxes S. of Artaxata. Here it terminates in the great isolated peak, 17,210 feet high, and covered with perpetual snow, which an almost uniform tradition has pointed out as the Ararat of Scripture (Gen. viii. 4), and which is still called Ararat or AgriDagh, and, by the Persians, Kuh-i-Nuh (mountain of Noah): it is situated in 39° 42′ N. lat., and 44° 35' E. long. This summit forms the culminating point of W. Asia. The chain itself is called Ala-dagh. (Strab. pp. 527, 531; Ptol. v. 13.) [P. S.]

ABUS (AGos, Ptol. ii. 3. § 6: Humber), one of the principal rivers, or rather estuaries in the Roman province of Maxima Caesariensis in Britain. It receives many tributaries, and discharges itself into the

German Ocean south of Ocelum Promontorium (Spurn Head). Its left bank was inhabited by the Celtic tribe, whom the Romans entitled Parisi, but according to a medieval poet cited by Camden, no great town or city anciently stood on its banks. [W. B. D.]

ABUSI'NA, ABUSENA, a town of Vindelicia, situated on the river Abens, and corresponding nearly to the modern Abensberg. Abusina stood near to the eastern termination of the high road which ran from the Roman military station Vindenissa on the Aar to the Danube. Roman walls are still extant, and Roman remains still discovered at Abensberg. [W. B. D.]

ABY'DUS. 1. (A6udos, Abydum, Plin. v. 32: Eth. 'Abudnuós, Abydenus), a city of Mysia on the Hellespontus, nearly opposite Sestus on the European shore. It is mentioned as one of the towns in alliance with the Trojans. (Il. ii. 836.) Aidos or Avido, a modern village on the Hellespont, may be the site of Abydos, though the conclusion from a name is not certain. Abydus stood at the narrowest point of the Hellespontus, where the channel is only 7 stadia wide, and it had a small port. It was probably a Thracian town originally, but it became a Milesian colony. (Thuc. viii. 61.) At a point a little north of this town Xerxes placed his bridge of boats, by which his troops were conveyed across the channel to the opposite town of Sestus, B. c. 480. (Herod. vii. 33.) The bridge of boats extended, according to Herodotus, from Abydus to a promontory on the European shore, between Sestus and Madytus. The town possessed a small territory which contained some gold mines, but Strabo speaks of them as exhausted. It was burnt by Darius, the son of Hystaspes, after his Scythian expedition, for fear that the Scythians, who were said to be in pursuit of him, should take possession of it (Strab. p. 591); but it must soon have recovered from this calamity, for it was afterwards a town of some note; and Herodotus (v. 117) states that it was captured by the Persian general, Daurises, with other cities on the Hellespont (B. c. 498), shortly after the commencement of the Ionian revolt. In B. c. 411, Abydus revolted from Athens and joined Dercyllidas, the Spartan commander in those parts. (Thuc. viii. 62.) Subsequently, Abydus made a vigorous defence against Philip II., king of Macedonia, before it surrendered. On the conclusion of the war with Philip (B. C. 196), the Romans declared Abydus, with other Asiatic cities, to be free. (Liv. xxxiii. 30.) The names of Abydus and Sestus are coupled together in the old story of Hero and Leander, who is said to have swam across the channel to visit his mistress at Sestus. The distance between Abydus and Sestus, from port to port, was about 30 stadia, according to Strabo. [G. L.]

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COIN OF ABYDUS.

2. In ancient times termed THIS, in Coptic | as the NW. end of the Lesser Atlas. The rock is Ebôt, now Arábat el Matfoon, was the chief connected with the main range by a low and narrow town of the NOMOS THINITES, and was situated tongue of land, about 3 miles long, occupied, in on the Bahr Yusuf, at a short distance from the ancient times, by a Roman fortress (Castellum ad point where that water-course strikes off from the Septem Fratres), and now by the Spanish town of Nile, being about 7 miles to the west of the river, Ceuta or Sebta, the citadel of which is on the hill in lat. 26° 10' N., long. 32° 3′ E. It was one of itself. The rock of Abyla, with the opposite rock the most important cities in Egypt under the native of Calpe (Gibraltar) on the coast of Spain, formed kings, and in the Thebaid ranked next to Thebes the renowned "Columns of Hercules " ("Hpakλeíaι itself. Here, according to the belief generally pre- σThaι, or simply orhλa), so called from the valent, was the burying-place of Osiris: here Menes, fable that they were originally one mountain, which the first mortal monarch, was born, and the two first was torn asunder by Hercules. (Strab. pp. 170, dynasties in Manetho are composed of Thinite mo- 829; Plin. iii. prooem., v. 1; Mela, ii. 6; Exnarchs. In the time of Strabo it had sunk to a ploration Scientifique de l'Algérie, tom. viii. p. mere village, but it was still in existence when 301.) [P.S.] Ammianus Marcellinus wrote, and the seat of an oracle of the god Besa.

Abydus has acquired great celebrity of late years in consequence of the important ruins, nearly buried in sand, discovered on the ancient site, and from the numerous tombs, some of them belonging to a very remote epoch, which are found in the neighbouring hills. Indeed Plutarch expressly states that men of distinction among the Egyptians frequently selected Abydus as their place of sepulture, in order that their remains might repose near those of Osiris. The two great edifices, of which remains still exist, are: 1. An extensive pile, called the Palace of Memnon (Meuróviov Baoiλelov, Memnonis regia) by Strabo and Pliny; and described by the former as resembling the Labyrinth in general plan, although neither so extensive nor so complicated. It has been proved by recent investigations that this building was the work of a king belonging to the 18th dynasty, Ramses II., father of Ramses the Great. 2. A temple of Osiris, built, or at least completed by Ramses the Great himself. In one of the lateral apartments, Mr. Bankes discovered in 1818 the famous list of Egyptian kings, now in the British Museum, known as the Tablet of Abydos, which is one of the most precious of all the Egyptian monuments hitherto brought to light. It contains a double series of 26 shields of the predecessors of Ramses the Great.

It must be observed that the identity of Abydus with This cannot be demonstrated. We find frequent mention of the Thinite Nome, and of Abydus as its chief town, but no ancient geographer names This except Stephanus Byzantinus, who tells us that it was a town of Egypt in the vicinity of Abydus. It is perfectly clear, however, that if they were distinct they must have been intimately connected, and that Abydus must have obscured and eventually taken the place of This. (Strab. p. 813, seq.; Plut. Is. et Os. 18; Plin. v. 9; Ptol. iv. 5; Antonin. Itiner. p. 158, ed. Wessel.; Steph. B. s. v. Oís; Amm. Marc. xix. 12. § 3; Wilkinson, Topography of Thebes, p. 397; Kenrick, Ancient Egypt, vol. i p. 45.) [W.R.]

A'BYLA, or A'BILA MONS or COLUMNA ('Abúλn or 'Abían othλn, "AbuλUE, Eratosth.: Ximiera, Jebel-el-Mina, or Monte del Hacho), a high precipitous rock, forming the E. extremity of the S., or African, coast of the narrow entrance from the Atlantic to the Mediterranean (Fretum Gaditanum or Herculeum, Straits of Gibraltar). It forms an outlying spur of the range of mountains which runs parallel to the coast under the name of Septem Fratres (Jebel Zatout, i. e. Ape's Hill), and which appear to have been originally included under the name of Abyla. They may be regarded

ACACE'SIUM ('Ακακήσιον: Eth. ̓Ακακήσιος), a town of Arcadia in the district of Parrhasia, at the foot of a hill of the same name, and 36 stadia on the road from Megalopolis to Phigalea. It is said to have been founded by Acacus, son of Lycaon; and according to some traditions Hermes was brought up at this place by Acacus, and hence derived the surname of Acacesius. Upon the hill there was a statue in stone, in the time of Pausanias, of Hermes Acacesius; and four stadia from the town was a celebrated temple of Despoena. This temple probably stood on the hill, on which are now the remains of the church of St. Elias. (Paus. viii. 3. § 2, viii. 27. § 4, viii. 36. § 10; Steph. Byz. s. v.; Ross, Reisen im Peloponnes, vol. i. p. 87.) ACADEMIA. [ATHENAE.]

ACADE'RA or ACADI'RA, a region in the NW of India, traversed by Alexander. (Curt. viii. 10. § 19.) [P.S.]

ACALANDRUS ('Aкáλavdρos), a river of Lucania, flowing into the gulf of Tarentum. It is mentioned both by Pliny and Strabo, the former of whom appears to place it to the north of Heraclea: but his authority is not very distinct, and Strabo, on the contrary, clearly states that it was in the territory of Thurii, on which account Alexander of Epirus sought to transfer to its banks the general assembly of the Italian Greeks that had been previously held at Hemaclea. [HERACLEA.] Cluverius and other topographers, following the authority of Pliny, have identified it with the Salandrella, a small river between the Basiento and Agri; but there can be little doubt that Barrio and Romanelli are correct in supposing it to be a small stream, still called the Calandro, flowing into the sea a little N. of Roseto, and about 10 miles S. of the mouth of the Siris or Sinno. It was probably the boundary between the territories of Heraclea and Thurii. (Plin. iii. 11. § 15; Strab. p. 280; Cluver. Ital. p. 1277; Barrius de Ant. Calabr. v. 20; Romanelli, vol. i. p. 244.) [E. H. B.]

ACAMAS, ACAMANTIS. [CYPRUS.]

ACANTHUS (Ακανθος : Eth. Ακάνθιος: Erisso), a town on the E. side of the isthmus, which connects the peninsula of Acte with Chalcidice, and about 1 mile above the canal of Xerxes. [ATHOS.] It was founded by a colony from Andros, and became a place of considerable importance. Xerxes stopped here on his march into Greece (B. C. 480) and praised the inhabitants for the zeal which they displayed in his service. Acanthus surrendered to Brasidas B C.424, and its independence was shortly afterwards guaranteed in the treaty of peace made between Athens and Sparta. The Acanthians main. tained their independence against the Olynthians, but eventually became subject to the kings of Macedonia. In the war between the Romans and Philip

(B. C. 200) Acanthus was taken and plundered by the fleet of the republic. Strabo and Ptolemy erroneously place Acanthus on the Singitic gulf, but there can be no doubt that the town was on the Strymonic gulf, as is stated by Herodotus and other authorities: the error may have perhaps arisen from the territory of Acanthus having stretched as far as the Singitic gulf. At Erisso, the site of Acanthus, there are the ruins of a large ancient mole, advancing in a curve into the sea, and also, on the N. side of the hill upon which the village stands, some remains of an ancient wall, constructed of square blocks of grey granite. On the coin of Acanthus figured below is a lion killing a bull, which confirms the account of Herodotus (vii. 125), that on the march of Xerxes from Acanthus to Therme, lions seized the camels which carried the provisions, (Herod. vii. 115, seq. 121, seq.; Thuc. iv. 84, seq. v. 18; Xen. Hell. v. 2; Liv. xxxi. 45; Plut. Quaest. Graec. 30; Strab. p. 330; Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iii. p. 147.)

COIN OF ACANTHUS.

2. (Dashour), a city of Egypt, on the western bank of the Nile, 120 stadia S. of Memphis. It was in the Memphite Nome, and, therefore, in the Heptanomis. It was celebrated for a temple of Osiris, and received its name from a sacred enclosure composed of the Acanthus. (Strab. p. 809; Diod. i. 97; Steph. B. s. v.; Ptol. iv. 5. § 55, who calls the town 'Ακανθῶν Πόλις.)

that of Crithote (KpiewTh), on the W. coast, forming one side of the small bay, on which the town of Astacus stood. Of the inland lakes, the only one mentioned by name is that of Melite (Meλírn: Trikardho), 30 stadia long and 20 broad, N. of the mouth of the Achelous, in the territory of the Oeniadae. There was a lagoon, or salt lake, between Leucas and the Ambracian gulf, to which Strabo (p. 459) gives the name of Myrtuntium (MupTOÚVTIOV). Although the soil of Acarnania was fertile, it was not much cultivated by the inhabitants. The products of the country are rarely mentioned by the ancient writers. Pliny speaks of iron mines (xxxvi. 19. s. 30), and also of a pearlfishery off Actium (ix. 56). A modern traveller states that the rocks in Acarnania indicate, in many places, the presence of copper, and he was also informed, on good authority, that the mountains produce coal and sulphur in abundance. (Journal of the Geographical Society, vol. iii. p. 79.) The chief wealth of the inhabitants consisted in their herds and flocks, which pastured in the rich meadows in the lower part of the Achelous. There were numerous islands off the western coast of Acarnania. Of these the most important were the ECHINADES, extending from the mouth of the Achelous along the shore to the N.; the TAPHIAE INSULAE, lying between Leucas and Acarnania, and LEUCAS itself, which originally formed part of the mainland of Acarnania, but was afterwards separated from the latter by a canal. (Respecting Acarnania in general see Strab. p. 459, seq.; Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iii. p. 488, seq.; Fiedler, Reise durch Griechenland, vol. i. p. 158, seq.)

Amphilochia, which is sometimes reckoned a part of Acarnania, is spoken of in a separate article. [AMPHILOCHIA.]

The name of Acarnania appears to have been unknown in the earliest times. Homer only calls the country opposite Ithaca and Cephallenia, under the general name of Epeirus (repos), or the mainland (Strab. p. 451, sub fin.), although he frequently mentions the Aetolians.*

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ACARNA'NIA ('Aкapvavía: 'Akaрváv, -avos, Acarnan, anis), the most westerly province of Greece, was bounded on the N. by the Ambracian The country is said to have been originally ingulf, on the NE. by Amphilochia, on the W. and SW. habited by the Taphii, or Teleboae, the Leleges. by the Ionian sea, and on the E. by Aetolia. It and the Curetes. The Taphii, or Teleboae were contained about 1571 square miles. Under the Ro- chiefly found in the islands off the western coast mans, or probably a little earlier, the river Achelous of Acarnania, where they maintained themselves formed the boundary between Acarnania and Aetolia; by piracy. [TELEBOAE.] The Leleges were more but in the time of the Peloponnesian war, the terri-wi lely disseminated, and were also in possession at tory of Oeniadae, which was one of the Acarnanian one period of Aetolia, Locris, and other parts of towns, extended E. of this river. The interior of Greece. [LELEGES.] The Curetes are said to have Acarnania is covered with forests and mountains of come from Aetolia, and to have settled in Acarnania, no great elevation, to which some modern writers after they had been expelled from the former country erroneously give the name of Crania. [CRANIA.] by Aetolus and his followers (Strab. p. 465). The Between these mountains there are several lakes, name of Acarnania is derived from Acarnan, the son and many fertile vallies. The chief river of the of Alcmaeon, who is said to have settled at the mouth country is the Achelous, which in the lower part of of the Achelous. (Thuc. ii. 102.) If this traits course flows through a vast plain of great na-dition is of any value, it would intimate that an tural fertility, called after itself the Paracheloitis. Argive colony settled on the coast of Acarnania at This plain is at present covered with marshes, and an early period. In the middle of the 7th century the greater part of it appears to have been formed by the alluvial depositions of the Achelous. Owing to this circumstance, and to the river having frequently altered its channel, the southern part of the coast of Acarnania has undergone numerous changes. The chief affluent of the Achelous in Acarnania is the Anapus ("Avanos), which flowed into the main stream 80 stadia S. of Stratus. There are several promontories on the coast, but of these only two are especially named, the promontory of ACTIUM, and

* In the year B. c. 239, the Acarnanians, in the embassy which they sent to Rome to solicit assistance, pleaded that they had taken no part in the expedition against Troy, the ancestor of Rome, being the first time probably, as Thirlwall remarks, that they had ever boasted of the omission of their name from the Homeric catalogue. (Justin, xxviii. 1; Strab. p. 462; Thirlwall, Hist. of Greece, vol. viii. pp. 119, 120.)

ing the supremacy of Athens in the western part of Greece, and they distinguished themselves particularly in B. c. 426, when they gained a signal victory under the command of Demosthenes over the Peloponnesians and Ambraciots at Olpae. (Thuc. iii. 105, seq.) At the conclusion of this campaign they concluded a peace with the Ambraciots, although they still continued allies of Athens (Thuc. iii. 114.) In B. C. 391 we find the Acarnanians engaged in war with the Achaeans, who had taken possession of Calydon in Aetolia; and as the latter were hard pressed by the Acarnanians, they applied for aid to the Lacedaemonians, who sent an army into Acarnania, commanded by Agesilaus. The latter ravaged the country, but his expedition was not attended with any lasting consequences (Xen. Hell. iv. 6). After the time of Alexander the Great the Aetolians conquered most of the towns in the west of Acar

B. C., the Corinthians founded Leucas, Anactorium, | The Acarnanians were of great service in maintainSollium, and other towns on the coast. (Strab. p. 452.) The original inhabitants of the country were driven more into the interior; they never made much progress in the arts of civilised life; and even at the time of the Peloponnesian war, they were a rude and barbarous people, engaged in continual wars with their neighbours, and living by robbery and piracy. (Thuc. i. 5.) The Acarnanians, however, were Greeks, and as such were allowed to contend in the great Pan-Hellenic games, although they were closely connected with their neighbours, the Agraeans and Amphilochians on the gulf of Ambracia, who were barbarian or nonHellenic nations. Like other rude mountaineers, the Acarnanians are praised for their fidelity and courage. They formed good light-armed troops, and were excellent slingers. They lived, for the most part dispersed in villages, retiring, when attacked, to the mountains. They were united, how-nania; and the Acarnanians in consequence united ever, in a political League, of which Aristotle wrote an account in a work now lost. ('Axapνávwv ПoλíTela, Strab. p. 321.) Thucydides mentions a hill, named Olpae, near the Amphilochian Argos, which the Acarnanians had fortified as a place of judicial meeting for the settlement of disputes. (Thuc. iii. 105.) The meetings of the League were usually held at Stratus, which was the chief town in Acarnania (Xen. Hell. iv. 6. § 4; comp. Thuc. ii. 80); but, in the time of the Romans, the meetings took place either at Thyrium, or at Leucas, the latter of which places became, at that time, the chief city in Acarnania (Liv. xxxiii. 16, 17; Polyb. xxviii. 5.) At an early period, when part of Amphilochia belonged to the Acarnanians, they used to hold a public judicial congress at Olpae, a fortified hill about 3 miles from Argos Amphilochicum. Of the constitution of their League we have scarcely any particulars. We learn from an inscription found at Funta, the site of ancient Actium, that there was a Council and a general assembly of the people, by which decrees were passed. (Edoče тą Вovλą kal τῷ κοινῷ τῶν ̓Ακαρνάνων). At the head of the League there was a Strategus (Erpaτnyós) or General; and the Council had a Secretary (pauuaTEús), who appears to have been a person of importance, as in the Achaean and Aetolian Leagues. The chief priest (iepanóλos) of the temple of Apollo at Actium seems to have been a person of high rank; and either his name or that of the Strategus was employed for official dates, like that of the first Archon at Athens. (Böckh, Corpus Inscript. No. 1793.)

The history of the Acarnanians begins in the time of the Peloponnesian war. Their hatred against the Corinthian settlers, who had deprived them of all their best ports, naturally led them to side with the Athenians; but the immediate cause of their alliance with the latter arose from the expulsion of the Amphilochians from the town of Argos Amphilochicum by the Corinthian settlers from Ambracia, about B. C. 432. The Acarnanians espoused the cause of the expelled Amphilochians, and in order to obtain the restoration of the latter, they applied for assistance to Athens. The Athenians accordingly sent an expedition under Phormio, who took Argos, expelled the Ambraciots, and restored the town to the Amphilochians and Acarnanians. An alliance was now formally concluded between the Acarnanians and Athenians. The only towns of Acarnania which did not join it were Oeniadae and Astacus.

themselves closely to the Macedonian kings, to whom
they remained faithful in their various vicissitudes
of fortune. They refused to desert the cause of
Philip in his war with the Romans, and it was not
till after the capture of Leucas, their principal town,
and the defeat of Philip at Cynoscephalae that they
submitted to the Romans. (Liv. xxxiii. 16—17.)
When Antiochus III. king of Syria, invaded Greece,
B. C. 191, the Acarnanians were persuaded by their
countryman Mnasilochus to espouse his cause; but
on the expulsion of Antiochus from Greece, they
came again under the supremacy of Rome. (Liv.
xxxvi. 11-12.) In the settlement of the affairs of
Greece by Aemilius Paulus and the Roman commis-
sioners after the defeat of Perseus (B. c. 168),
Leucas was separated from Acarnania, but no other
change was made in the country. (Liv. xlv. 31.)
When Greece was reduced to the form of a Roman
province, it is doubtful whether Acarnania was an-
nexed to the province of Achaia or of Epeirus, but
it is mentioned at a later time as part of Epeirus.
[ACHAIA, No. 3.] The inhabitants of several of
its towns were removed by Augustus to Nicopolis,
which he founded after the battle of Actium [NI-
COPOLIS]; and in the time of this emperor the
country is described by Strabo as utterly worn out
and exhausted. (Strab. p. 460.)

The following is a list of the towns of Acarnania.
On the Ambracian gulf, from E. to W.: LIMNAEA,
Echinus ('Exivos, Steph. B. s. v.; Plin. iv. 2; Ai
Vasili), Heracleia (Plin. iv. 2; Vonitza), ANACTO-
RIUM, ACTIUM. On or near the west of the
Ionian sea, from N. to S.: THYRIUM, PALAERUS,
ALYZIA, SOLLIUM, ASTACUS, OENIADAE. In the
interior from S. to N.: Old Oenia [OENIA-
DAE], CORONTA, METROPOLIS, STRATUS, Rhyn-
chus ('Puyxos), near Stratus, of uncertain site
(Pol. ap. Ath. iii. p. 95, d.); PHYTIA or PHOE-
TELAE, MEDEON. The Roman Itineraries mention

10

COIN OF ACARNANIA.

AKAPNANGN

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