other means, neglected too long before it is performed, lofes much of its power; for when mifchief has taken place, the difcafe will have its regular courfe, and twenty repetitions will not have fo falutary an effect, or be able to reduce the inflammatory ftate of the blood, as one timely one would in the beginning. A few ounces of blood in coughs may generally with fafety be loft; but a repetition requires able advice to direct properly. After a proper regimen has been obferved, the body been opened, and a few ounces of blood taken away, if the cold fhould not have been attended to in time, or not get any better with the above-mentioned treatment, antimonials, given in mild dofes, very much contribute to relax the fkin, open the pores, and remove fever and inflammation; and indeed it requires all thofe very often to remove bad colds. In twelve hours, fever and cold will often be carried off by a prudent ufe of antimonials; but bleeding and purging fhould precede its ufe. If Dr. James's powder be preferred, from three to five grains may be given every three, four, or fix hours. The patient does not reap benefit from being ruffled by it; and perfons full of blood, and thofe that are weakly, receive much injury from this caufe, and we fear that the indifcriminate and officious ufe that is made of it does much harm; the more mildly and regularly it operates the better and fafer; that is, by gentle fickness, fweating, urine, or ftool, or all together moderately. If the body and skin fhould be very hot and feverifh, five or fix grains of nitre, in barley-water, or the almond emulfion, will leffen the heat, and not interfere with the antimonials, when taken between the hours of taking the antimony. The following mixture is one of the beft general medicines to cure fevers in moft conftitutions that perhaps can be preferibed, and poffeffes no quality likely to do harm, a circumftance which the author would with a prefcriber to have always in view. Take of the freth juice of lemons three ounces, falt of wormwood two drachms, emetic tartar one grain, fin fpear-mint-water five ounces, fuga much as may be palatable. The w of this mixture will make four d for an adult perfon, and may be ta at the distance of four, five, or fix h between each dofe; younger per may take two fpoonfuls at the f diftances of time, as may be found ceffary; but we would advife pe not to truft to this, or to general medicine too long, for fome fymptom, attending parti cafes and conftitutions, fhould ind fome other mode of treatment, which none but the experienced diftinguish or difcover. Dr. Buchan has very strongly re mended a plafter of Burgundy pitc be applied to the back for an obfti cough; we have known it of fer but a blifter is often as little trot fome, and more fpeedily benefi Where a blifter is objected to, uf other, but depend not on externals of any kind. Opiates are often given in trou fome coughs; we are of opinion they ought not to precede bleeding purging, efpecially if there be leaft fever or inflammation: Dr. thergill held this opinion, where breaft and lungs are much agitated coughing reft ought to be procur but as opiates increase the heat of body, and leffen its powers, they fhe be given with caution. A tea fpo ful of parcgoric elixir, or fyrap white poppies, in any of the emulfi or mucilaginous drinks, as was bef obferved, and taken at going to b will certainly do no harm, and w tend to quiet the cough, and proc fleep. We think it our duty, after havi given fome directions to remove cok and prevent them becoming dangerot to offer a few remarks, whereby col may be prevented, and conftitution fubject to catch them rendered le liable to do fo, and make the weak to become ftrong, and the ftrong me. vigorous. In a variable climate like our's mus will depend upon regularity in living and the mode of dretting agreeably the feafon of the year, and feverity of he weather. In England, we are very getful in this particular, but we t admit that a great deal depends cuftom begun early in life, and egularly continued. Very weakly confirations may be very much imrosed, and ftrengthened, by training the gradually to bear the viciffitudes the changeable atmosphere, and ke them become what is called ; but we have seen this very often amed too far; the vigour of the body, el as the mind, in fome conftitumay be very largely increafed, in others, if you prefs it beyond ertain pitch you injure both. Pats, who have these objects in view, d do well to confider the natural gth both of body and mind, and bd the bough very gradually; sherife, they will often break it in tempt. So it is in perfons that il, or recovering from fick nefs; the body is in good health, it made, by degrees, to bear alevery change without inconvece, but whilft difeafe, or its effects, upon them, the moft trifling ation in diet, clothing, &c. is thout hazard of danger. Mthing, perhaps, contributes more gthen the constitution, and renthe body lefs liable to catch cold, bathing in the cold bath, or in Yet this fhould never be used the patient has a cough or cold him, but if it is begun in redor weakly constitutions, or fuch e cailed nervous, colds and their pences will be prevented. It beufed twice or thrice a week. Nat to cold bathing, warm clothdemands our attention, which we ommend to be fufficiently worn to pret the keen blafts of the north orth-eaft winds from blowing off perfpiration from our bodies, and by cloting the pores of the fkin, producing colds, rheumatifms, fe . sitare is alfo very injurious to Ce body, but moisture and cold aped together are more powerfully than either of them alone. There15%, what can cold and moisture be refifted fo well by, as warm clothing? that is, warm stockings and fhoes; and fuch as are accustomed to have winter coughs, afthinas, fore throats, &c. will find a thin flannel waistcoat, worn next to the fkin under the fhirt, to be one of the best preventatives known; and we are furprifed to find the judicious Buchan object to flannel. No body of men enjoy better health than coachmen and chairmen, who go through every viciffitude of weather, and we attribute it to their going fo warmly clothed as they do; and their health would be still more permanent, if they had not a bad cuftom of drinking warm purl, and other warm drinks, and immediately after going into the cold air; whereas a glafs of any fpirits, or a pint of cold strong beer, fortify the body against cold much more, becaufe the warm drinks open the and the cold ones do not. pores, We are forry to fee fo many abfurd fashions invented for our fair countrywomen, fraught with fo much danger to their health, and of courfe to their beauty. If they are to wear great hoops, fhort flays, and petticoats up to their knees, they require warm flannel drawers, and warm under coverings, to keep them from the influence of cold. It is a matter of fome furprife, that delicate as they really are, more mifchief does not accrue from fuch modes of dreffing. In a morning, they are wrapped up, with clofe warm gowns, and the face, neck, and cheft carefully guarded from cold by a warm cap and handkerchief; and in the evening are feen half naked in the ftreet, the play-houfe, or in a cold coach. Or, perhaps, after fitting in a warm room, heated with large fires, a number of candles, and full of people, for three hours together, then, all on a fudden they walk through a cold airy gallery, and winding ftairs, with currents of wind blowing up; and afterwards be driven a mile or two in a cold coach, through a pinching froft, or damp midnight air. Our young men are equally careless in conducting themfelves in the fame things, as well as in their clothing: one minute they are in a hot crowded Bb 2 play-houfe, play-houfe, and the next expofed to the cold piercing eddies, and great currents of air that are felt round the Garden, the larger ftreets, and St. Paul's; and fo indifcreet is pride, that you feldom fee them in a great coat when they are dreffed for the evening, although they have been wearing it almoft the whole day before. Our young citizens are particularly regardlefs of this circumstance; one part of the day they are in a clofe warm accompting-houfe, and in the evening with light thin clothes, with the brealt open, and perhaps under a courfe of mercury. Mercury is injurious to the body, when troubled with a cold, and it is dangerous to be expofed to wet and cold during the time it is taken, as it contributes to the catching cold by its debilitating powers. We could with the morals of the people were fuch as not to require its fo frequent exhibition; but as we cannot be expected to reform the age, we think it our duty to recommend warm clothing, whilst they are requiring its fpecinc virtues, that it may not do more injury than good. Too warm clothing relaxes and de bilitates the body, and promotes plentiful perfpiration; a medium therefore to be obferved, but a w of that which is proper is atten with more ferious mifchief than by warm a clothing, if it be not im dently thrown by fuddenly. Children that are fubject to gri convulfions, coughs, &c. fhould al wear warm stockings; thefe, and m of their complaints, arife from t tender limbs being chilled by the vere cold of our winters, and 1 legs and fect not being covered ata a pernicious cuítom! To conclude, if every perfon finds himfelf afflicted with a c would take the trouble to read t remarks with attention, fo as to deritand the whole well, and no curforily catch one part, without tending to the other; and afterw carefully to apply the means here commended, we flatter ourselves, w out prefumption, that the compl would foon be removed, and the tient, instead of languishing m months of a confumption, in co quence of having neglected this c would enjoy good health and vigour ANTIQUITIES, T and was written feveral years ago, while he was employed in compil his hiftory of Magna Charta. As it is little known, we fall give it a place our work, and only reinark, that it was produced by his declining to ut curious and feemingly contemporary rell, with which he was favoured by Littleton, then Dean of Exeter. This rell had formerly belonged to the Ab of Hales Owen, in Shropshire, but as it has not the feal appended, Dr. biat ftone did not confider it as an original. HE following paper is the production of the late Sir William Blackto The Dean, upon this rejection, wrote a defence of the originality of roll, which was read to the Society of Antiquaries, who were, or feemed be, fo firmly perfuaded of its authenticity, that Dr. Blackstone's anfwer, w was produced very foon after his opponent's paper, was fuppreffed. Sul the little history of this memorial, which we hall pubiith entire, as fo luable a literary curiofity well merits a place in our Mifcellany. THE DISCUSSION OF THE LITTLETON ROLL. ON N June 8, 1761, the Right Rev. and very learned the Bishop of Carlile (then Dean of Exeter) communicated to the fociety a vindication of the authenticity of a parchment roll, which belonged formerly to the able as preparing his edition of thofe charquarto, which was published Oxford, A. D. 1759, his lordship , that the various readings of this cught to have been inferted in at edition, as Mr. Blackftone was isen in fuppofing it to be only a porary copy, and not an origi After fe ferious an appeal to the ed in antiquities, Mr. Blackftone thank himself wanting in that hich he owes to the fociety lodhip, if he did not either and correct his mistake in the oction which is now preparing pris, or fubmit to the fociety's ment the reafons at large upon his fafpicions are founded. He her chofen, perhaps injudici 1 is, the latter. Adihip, to prove the authenthe roll, has vouched the opiof the late Mr. Folkes, of two dges, and of this learned body So far as authority can to extend, in deciding a point ing, Mr. Blackstone acknowthis argument to be quite un: but he has been taught authority, however weighty, t a top to the fpirit of enand he believes that a clofer tion of the inftrument in quefthan is ufual upon public exhi, might have furnished a few tions tending to a contrary opi fed the was not only to tranfmit them to the fheriffs of counties, but alfo to cathedrals, and the great religious houfes; that most of the original great charters now extant belonged to cathedrals or abbeys; and that the abbey of Hales Owen had as fair a title as any to be honoured with an original great charter, fince that convent was founded by Peter de Rupibus, Bishop of Winchefter, and Chief Juftice of England, in the 9th of Hen. III.-the very year when this roll bears date. The method of promulgating ftatutes, by tranfmitting them to religious houfes, is perfectly new to Mr. Blackstone. He knows it was usual to fend them to the fheriffs, to be proclaimed in their county-courts; and he is aware that, by the ftatute entitled Confirmatio Cartarum, 25 Edw. I. the charters of Hen. III. are commanded to be fent to all cathedrals, and read twice a year to the people: which fairly accounts for the charters that were found in cathedral churches. And, as for thofe that have been difcovered in one or two monafteries, they were probably depofited there for fafe cuftody by fome fpecial concurrence of circumftances, as was manifeftly the cafe at Lacock, whofe foundrefs's husband, the Earl of Salisbury, was fheriff of Wiltshire in the 9 of Hen. III. and as fuch had poffeffion of the charter there found, which is endorfed as belonging not to the monaftery of Lacock, but to the county of Wilts at large, ex depofito militum Wiltefcire. lordship is pleafed to fuggeft, e fole objection which is made Mt. Black frone to the roll's authenis because the great feal is not appendant to it. Mr. Blackstone no fuch objection: he declared nion that this roll never had great feal, but did not fubany reafons, and the contents of paper will thew that he had other arger objections. Nor could he ftently with himself, have fo trifling an argument; havcited, in his introductory difcourfe, Carters as clearly authentic, to to feal is now remaining. Ha Litip obferves, that the meod of premigating ancient ftatutes The abbey of Hales Owen was, therefore, not entitled to the custody of an original charter, merely upon the general footing of being a great religious houfe; nor can Mr. Blackstone allow the particular probability of tranfmitting an original to that convent on account of the relation it bore to Peter de Rupibus, as its founder. In the firft place he apprehends, that in the 9th of Hen. III. the date of the prefent great charter, this prelate was not chief jufticiary, but Hubert de Burgh, who witneffes the charter as fuch; as appears from all the originals, and even from the Hales Owen roll. Nor, according to Spelman and Dug dale, dale, was he ever chief juftice in the reign of King Hen. III. but only, for a very fhort time, in the reign of King John; and during that period, by his mal-administration in his office (according to Ralph de Coggeshale and the annals of Waverley) was one caufe of the barons' infurrection. And, fince fome claufes of King John's charter were perfonally pointed at him, and others of King John's and King Henry's were intended to curb the exorbitant power of his office, he was not probably over anxious to perpetuate thofe memorials of his own mifconduct. His lordship obferves, that the two charters are quite complete on the roll; and yet another fkin appears evidently to have been fewed to the bottom of it, the threads ftill remaining at this day; and then afks, of what poffible ufe could another fkin of parchment be, but only to contain the great feal? And this circumftance is relied on as a moft cogent reafon in favour of the roll's authenticity. But herein Mr. Black ftone has the misfortune to differ with his lordship, and to think it a decifive proof, or at leaft a very violent prefumption, that this roll never paffed the great feal. For he will venture to affirm, and appeal to the experience of the fociety, that no inftance can be fhewn of a flip of parchment being tacked on to another fkin, merely to hold the label of the great or any other feal; (which might be then taken off at pleafure, and faftened by the fame operation to another inftrument) but the label of the feal always paffes through the fubftance of the fkin whofe authority it is meant to atteft. He will not dwell on the very fingular circumftance, that two distinct charters fhould be written on one roll of parchment, in order to fave the King's wax, by fealing them with a fingle feal. But he cannot help obferving, how uncommonly the charter of the foreft concludes, fuppofing it an original inftrument, viz. teftibus fupra nominatis," without mentioning either names, time, or place. This is ufual enough in copies, but every original and every infpeximus of this charter, which Mr. Blackstone hath hitherto feen, h the date at full length, and the na of the witneffes fubjoined; who, thou fo much alike as might eafily milea copyift, are by no means numerica the fame with those which are fet the great charter, fince the Bishop Salisbury is a witness to one and to the other of thofe inftruments. But then it is afked, of what poff ufe could another skin of parchm be? a queftion that admits of no difficult folution. The truth of matter feems to be, that the roll in pute is only part of a ftatute roll gun (as the hand-writing fhews) in reign of King Henry III. and inter to contain a collection of acts of liament, with the two famous cha at their head, and to be carried from time to time, by fewing 1 parchment at the bottom when upper part was full. Such rolls, confiderable length, continued ở in different hand-writings, were quent in religious houfes; and many of them are preserved in the tih Mufeum, the Bodleian, and o public libraries. There yet remains another princ reafon that induced Mr. Blackston confider the roll as copied, viz. its treme inaccuracy, which, in m places, totally obfcures the fenfe. few fpecimens of which are the foll ing: In Ch. 8. of the great char for "aut reddere nolit cum poffit," roll reads "vel reddiderit nolit ( poffit." In Ch. 26. for " brevi in fitionis," the roll has it" brevi ad fitionis." In Ch. 36. for " Si qui fuper hoc convincatur," the roll "Si quis-fuper hoc commoveatur the atteftation, for the Earl of "H ford," the roll reads "the Earl of reford," though another Earl of H ford appears within five names aft wards. In the charter of the fon Ch. 14. inftead of " chiminagia"," way-money (a term well known in f foreft law) the roll fubftitutes "ch nagium," more than once, a we without any meaning at all. The capital mittakes, among others, effect not of hafte but of abfolute ig rance in the tranfcriber, occafioned |