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now in the vestry of York Minster. An inscription in Latin upon the horn states that Ulphus, prince of the Western parts of Deira, originally gave it to the church of St. Peter, together with all his lands and revenues. Camden, in his Britannia, mentions this horn, and quotes an ancient authority for an account of the donation of which it served as a token. The church holds by this horn several estates of great value, not far eastward from the city of York, and which are still called Terrae Ulphi.' And now upon this famous Horn we find both Hekatê Triformis and the Unicorn; the Horned-horse is palpably the Crescent-moon; the Snake or Serpent is the emblem of the rays of light from the Full-moon, the Gorgô Medousa; 2 and the Dog, whose head and neck only appear, represents the Half-moon. The Dog may be also connected with the New or Invisible-moon. Pausanias says that the Kolophonians sacrifice a black whelp to Enodios,'3 i.e., Hekatê, as goddess of cross-roads. The Unicorn of Ulf has the prominent eye before noticed in unicornic representations, and which refers to the increasing moon soon to be full. The horn, it will be observed, is fast in the Sacred Tree, and this feature of the myth I shall have occasion subsequently to notice particularly. Suffice it

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1 Winkle, Cathedral Churches, i. 62.

2 Sec. VII.

3 Paus. III. xiv. 9. It is to be noticed that he uses a masculine form

of the name of the goddess. Euripides calls her Enodia.

4 Sec. III. Nos. V. XIII. XXX.

5 Cf. the instances of Unicorn and Tree, sec. III.

Sec. XII. subsec. 3.

to remind the reader here that dark groves were sometimes sacred to Hekatê, as e.g., near Lake Avernus in Lower Italy.1 Black female lambs were also offered to the goddess."

It is evident that this triple-moon-phase, Unicornhorse, Serpent and Dog, familiar alike to the artist of the Horn and to the writer of the Argonautika (not to mention others), is of a high antiquity. Hekatê has a triple power in 'Hesiod,' the Euphratean Moon-god is equally connected with triplicity; but the chief point in the present investigation is that the Unicorn, whom we have seen in Babylonian art in the closest connexion with the lunar power, is shown by this venerable Horn to be beyond all contradiction the undoubted emblem of the crescent-moon.

Elsewhere I have observed, 'Hellenik divinities whose shapes are grotesque, monstrous or unhuman, are invariably not indigenous. Apparent exceptions to this canon, such, for instance, as the Horseheaded Dêmêtêr of Phigaleia, or the Arkadian Pan, on careful examination, serve only to confirm it.' 4 After noticing the Four-faced Karthaginian Baal,'

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1 Vidė A. S. Murray, Manual of Mythology, 78.

2 Plutarch, Quaest. Rom. xlix.

3 If the three-headed Lion-god of Meroe (vide Rawlinson, Herod. ii. 35), who has four arms (vide my remarks on the four-armed Lakedaimonian Apollón, G. D. M. i. 359 et seq.) be solar, we should have an instance of solar triplicity also. The Triform Hekatê appears at times on Roman lamps (vide Birch, Ancient Pottery, 507, 511. As to these representations of the goddess, vide also Petersen, Archaeologisch-epigraphische Mittheillungen aus Oesterreich, vol. iv. pt. ii.).

▲ G. D. M. i. 359. In this work I have examined many instances of unanthropomorphic divinities which appear in Hellenik regions.

the solar Time-king in his four changing seasons,' I remarked;

In the Kerameikos, at a place where three ways met, stood a four-headed Dionysiak statue, the work of the sculptor Telesarchides. It has been frequently said that Hekatê and Hermes derive their occasional triplicity, and other unanthropomorphic adjuncts, from presiding over places where three roads met and the like. But although in later times these ideas were to some extent, connected, and though the statue of a tri-kephalik or tetra-kephalik divinity might indeed with much propriety be erected where three or four roads met; yet the previous supposed character of the personage would occasion the act, the idea of many heads would not spring from that of cross-roads. That the heads in origin were quite independent of the roads, is well shown in the instances before us, in which a four-headed god presided where three ways met." Other epithets of Hekatê, such as Trioditis,2 Triceps, Tergeminus, Trivia, etc., require no further remark; and with the degradation of the goddess, the process by which she at length becomes a demon-witch, culminating in the Shaksperian Hekatê, I am not here concerned, nor in the present investigation can I refer further to the Moon-dog.

1 G. D. M. i. 362.

2 Orphik Hymn, i. 1.

SECTION VII.

MEDOUSA THE GORGO.

FROM the Triple-moon and the Unicorn-horse-moon I pass on to the Serpentine-full-moon, the victim of the solar Perseus, another version of the oft-recurring story. Careful study of the Homerik Poems reveals the intrinsically archaic nature and high antiquity of the majority of their ideas, and in the consideration of any mythic personage a passage in Homer, if available, almost always supplies an excellent startingpoint. It is generally, but not quite accurately stated that Homer knows only one Gorgo.' The passages are as follows;

'On it [the aigis of Athenaiê] was a Gorgeian head of a dreadful portent.'1

'Hektor, having the eyes of a Gorgô.' 2

An awful-looking Gorgô'3 was the device upon the shield of Agamemnôn.

Odysseus fears 'lest Persephoneia from Hades should send a Gorgeian head of a dreadful portent.' 4

1 Ilias, v. 741. The phase dewoîo meλóрov occurs again in the same connexion (Od. xi. 634). It is not necessary to render λwp 'monster.' The essential meaning of the word is portent (cf. Il. ii. 321: πéλwρа Bev, 'portents sent from the gods'). That which is portentous is often monstrous, the appearance of monsters being particularly connected with the anger of heaven.

2 Il. viii. 349.

3 Ibid. xi. 36.

4 Od. xi. 634-5.

From these passages we gather:—

1. That whilst there was certainly one Gorgô, there may also have been others.

2. That its eye constituted the chief terror of the appearance.1

3. That this appearance, originally portentous,2 became, or was considered to be, monstrous.

4. That, though having a bright eye, it is connected with Darkness and the Underworld. And

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5. Was used heraldically as arms upon a shield. Fick would connect the obscure word Gorgô with the European root garg, to cry,' and compares the Sk. garj, to emit a deep sound; '4 but the idea of sound is so truly out of place in the myth (a circumstance which we are bound to consider), that I am compelled to reject this derivation. I had deemed the term as possibly an intensive variant of orgê, 'natural impulse,' primarily swelling' (first physics, then meta-physics), as applied to the swollen, fullfaced Moon; for from Homer alone it is not very

1 Cf. the prominent unicorn-eye (sec. III. Nos. V. XIII. XXX).

2

'As when the sun new risen

Looks through the horizontal misty air
Shorn of his beams, or from behind the moon
In dim eclipse disastrous twilight sheds.'

3 As IIekatê.

Paradise Lost, i. 594-7.

4 Wörterbuch, i. 565. A g sound appears to have been considered suitable to express the increasing, rounded (cf. yoyyóλos), humpbacked gib-bous-moon. In Akkadian gub means 'to wax' as the moon (vide R. B. Jr., Language and Theories of its Origin, 1881, sec. xvi. Occult Imitation).

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