considerably older than Shakespeare, was a member of the company, without saying anything of Wadeson, regarding whom we know nothing, but that at a subsequent date he was one of Henslowe's dramatists; or of Armyn, then only just coming forward as a comic performer. There is reason to think that Peele did not continue one of the Lord Chamberlain's servants after 1590, and his extant dramas were acted by the Queen's players, or by those of the Lord Admiral: to the latter association Peele seems subsequently to have been attached, and his "Battle of Alcazar," printed in 1594, purports on the title-page to have been played by them. While Peele remained a member of the company of the Lord Chamberlain's players, Shakespeare's services as a dramatist may not materially have interfered with his exertions as an actor; but afterwards, when Peele had joined a rival establishment, Shakespeare may have been much more frequently called upon to employ his pen, and then, his value in that department becoming clearly understood, he was less frequently a performer.

Out of the sixteen sharers of which the company he belonged to consisted in 1589, (besides the usual proportion of "hired men," who only took inferior characters) there would be more than a sufficient number for the representation of most plays, without the assistance of Shakespeare. He was, doubtless, soon busily and profitably engaged as a dramatist; and this remark on the rareness of his appearance on the stage will of course apply more strongly in his afterlife, when he produced one or more dramas every year.

made by Peele after the original publication. In the edition of 1604 the poem thus opens:

"In that world's wounded part, whose waves yet swell

With everlasting showers of tears that fell,

And bosom bleeds with great effuze of blood

That long war shed, Troy, Neptune's city, stood,

Gorgeously built, like to the house of Fame,

Or court of Jove, as some describe the same," &c.

The four lines which commence the second page of Mr. Dyce's edition are thus extended in the copy of 1604 :—

"His court presenting to our human eyes
An earthly heaven, or shining Paradise,
Where ladies troop'd in rich disguis'd attire,
Glistring like stars of pure immortal fire :
Thus happy, Priam, didst thou live of yore,

That to thy fortune heavens could add no more."

Peele was dead in 1598, and it is likely that there were intervening impressions of "The Tale of Troy," between 1589 and 1604. See also p. 34], note 1.

His instructions to the players in "Hamlet" have often been noticed as establishing that he was admirably acquainted with the theory of the art; and if, as Rowe asserts, he only took the short part of the Ghost' in this tragedy, we are to recollect that, even if he had considered himself competent to it, the study of such a character as Hamlet (the longest on the stage as it is now acted, and still longer as it was originally written) must have consumed more time than he could well afford to bestow upon it, especially when we call to mind that there was a member of the company who had hitherto represented most of the heroes, and whose excellence was as undoubted, as his popularity was extraordinary'. To Richard Burbadge was therefore assigned the arduous character of the Prince, while the author took the brief, but important part of the Ghost, which required person, deportment, judgment, and voice, with a delivery distinct, solemn,

3 "His name is printed, as the custom was in those times, amongst those of the other players, before some old plays, but without any particular account of what sort of parts he used to play; and though I have inquired, I never could meet with any further account of him this way, than that the top of his performance was the Ghost in his own Hamlet.'"-"Some Account," &c. 1709, p. vi. Shakespeare's name stands first among the players of " Every Man in his Humour," and fifth among those of "Sejanus." We may not inappropriately subjoin here Coleridge's opinion of what Shakespeare must have been as an actor: it was delivered orally in 1811.-"It is my persuasion-indeed my firm conviction,—so firm that nothing can shake it-the rising of Shakespeare's spirit from the grave, modestly confessing his own deficiencies, could not alter my opinion,-that Shakespeare, in the best sense of the word, was a very great actor: nothing can exceed the judgment he displays upon the subject. He may not have had the physical advantages of Burbadge or Field; but they would never have become what they were without his most able and sagacious instructions; and what would either of them have been without Shakespeare's plays? Great dramatists make great actors. But, looking at him merely as a performer, I am certain that he was greater as Adam in 'As You Like It,' than Burbadge as Hamlet or Richard the Third. Think of the scene between him and Orlando; and think again that the actor of that part had to carry the author of that play in his arms! Think of having had Shakespeare in one's arms! It is worth having died 200 years ago to have heard Shakespeare deliver a single line. He must have been a great actor!" Preface to Coleridge's "Seven Lectures on Shakespeare and Milton," 8vo, 1856, p. xvi.

From a MS. epitaph upon Burbadge (who died in 1619), sold among the books of the late Mr. Heber, we find that he was the original Hamlet, Romeo, Prince Henry, Henry V., Richard III., Macbeth, Brutus, Coriolanus, Shylock, Lear, Pericles, and Othello, in Shakespeare's Plays: in those of other dramatists, he was Jeronimo, in Kyd's "Spanish Tragedy;" Antonio, in Marston's "Antonio and Mellida;" Frankford, in T. Heywood's "Woman killed with Kindness;" Philaster, in Beaumont and Fletcher's play of that name; Amintor, in their "Maid's Tragedy."-See "The Alleyn Papers," printed by the Shakespeare Society, p. xxx. On a subsequent page we have inserted the whole passage relating to his characters from the Epitaph upon Burbadge.

and impressive. In truth all the elements of a great actor were needed for the due performance of "the buried majesty of Denmark."

It may be observed, in passing, that at the period of our drama, such as it existed in the hands of Shakespeare's immediate predecessors, authors were most commonly actors also. Such was the case with Robert Greene, Marlowe, Lodge, Peele, Munday, Wilson, and others: the same practice prevailed with some of their successors, Ben Jonson,

• It seems, from an obscure ballad upon Marlowe's death (handed down to us in MS., and quoted in "New Particulars regarding the Works of Shakespeare," 8vo, 1836), that he had broken his leg while acting at the Curtain Theatre, which was considered a judgment upon him for his irreligious and lawless life.

"Both day and night would he blaspheme,

And day and night would sweare;

As if his life was but a dreame,

Not ending in despaire.

A poet was he of repute,

And wrote full many a playe;
Now strutting in a silken sute,
Now begging by the way.

"He had alsoe a player beene

Upon the Curtaine stage,

But brake his leg in one lewd scene,
When in his early age.

"He was a fellow to all those

That did God's lawes reject;

Consorting with the Christian's foes,

And men of ill aspect," &c.

The ballad consists of twenty-four similar stanzas: of Marlowe's death (he is throughout called Wormall, the same letters composing both names) the author thus writes:

"His lust was lawlesse as his life,

And brought about his death,
For in a deadly mortal strife,
Striving to stop the breath

"Of one who was his rival foe,

With his owne dagger slaine,

He groan'd and word spoke never moe,

Pierc't through the eye and braine."

Which pretty exactly accords with the tradition of the mode in which he came to his end, in a scuffle with a person of the name of Archer: the register of his death at St. Nicholas, Deptford, ascertains the name of Marlowe's antagonist :-" 1st June, 1593. Christopher Marlowe slain by Francis Archer." He was just dead when Peele wrote his "Honour of the Garter," in 1593, and there spoke of him as" unhappy in his end," and as having been "the Muses' darling for his verse." From an equivocal passage in one of Shakespeare's Sonnets, (No. lxxxix.) it has been by some supposed that he was lame.

Heywood, Webster, Field, &c.; but at a somewhat later date dramatists do not usually appear to have trodden the stage. We have no hint that Dekker, Chapman, or Marston, though contemporary with Ben Jonson, were actors; and Massinger, Beaumont, Fletcher, Middleton, Daborne, and Shirley, (who may be said to have followed them) as far as we now know, never had anything to do with the performance of their own dramas, or of those of other poets. In their day the two departments of author and actor seem to have been generally distinct, while the contrary was certainly the case some years anterior to the demise of Elizabeth.

It is impossible to determine, almost impossible to guess, what Shakespeare had or had not written in 1589. That he had chiefly employed his pen in the revival, alteration, and improvement of existing dramas we are strongly disposed to believe, but that he had not ventured upon original composition it would be much too bold to assert. "The Comedy of Errors" we take to be one of the pieces, which, having been first written by an inferior dramatist, was heightened and amended by Shakespeare, perhaps about the date of which we are now speaking; and "Love's Labour's Lost," or "The Two Gentlemen of Verona," may have been original compositions brought upon the stage prior to 1590. We also consider it probable that "Titus Andronicus" belongs even to an earlier period, perhaps to 1587 or 1588; but we feel satisfied, that although Shakespeare had by this time given clear indications of powers superior to those of any of his rivals, he could not have written any of his greater works until some years afterwards'. With regard to productions uncon

• See pp. 11] and 22], where it is shown that there was an old drama acted at Court in 1573 and 1582, called "The History of Error" in one case, and "The History of Ferrar" in the other. See also the Introduction to "The Comedy of Errors," this Vol. p. 359.

Upon this point we cannot agree with Mr. F. G. Tomlins, who has written a very sensible and clever work called “A brief view of the English Drama " 12mo, 1840, where he argues that Shakespeare probably began with original composition, and not with the adaptation and alteration of works he found in possession of the stage when he joined the Lord Chamberlain's players. We know that the earliest charge against him by a fellow-dramatist was, that he had availed himself of the productions of others, and we have every reason to believe that some of the plays upon which he was first employed were not by any means entirely his own : we allude among others to the three parts of "Henry VI." It seems to us much more likely that Shakespeare in the first instance confined himself to alterations and improvements of the plays of predecessors, than that he at once found himself capable of inventing and constructing a great original drama. However, it is but

nected with the stage, there are several pieces among his scattered poems, and some of his sonnets, that indisputably belong to an early part of his life. A young man, so gifted, would not, and could not, wait until he was five or six and twenty before he made considerable and most successful attempts at poetical composition; and we feel morally certain that "Venus and Adonis" was in being anterior to Shakespeare's quitting Stratford'. It bears all the marks of youthful vigour, of strong passion, of luxuriant imagination, together with a force and originality of expression which betoken the first efforts of a great mind, not always well regulated in its taste: it seems to have been written in the open air of a fine country like Warwickshire, with all the freshness of the recent impression of natural objects; and we will go so far as to say, that we do not think even Shakespeare himself could have produced it, in the form it bears, after he had reached the age of forty. It was quite new in its class, being founded upon no model, either ancient or modern: nothing like it had been attempted before, and nothing comparable to it was produced afterwards". Thus in 1593 he might call it, in the

fair to quote the words of Mr. Tomlins. "We are thus driven to the conclusion that his writing must have procured him this distinction. What had he written? is the next question that presents itself. Probably original plays, for the adaptation of the plays of others could scarcely be entrusted to the inexperienced hands of a young genius, who had not manifested his knowledge of stage matters by any productions of his own. This kind of work would be jealously watched by the managers, and must ever have required great skill and experience. Shakespeare, mighty as he was, was human, and it is scarcely possible that a genius, so ripe, so rich, so overflowing as his should not have its enthusiasm kindled into an original production, and not by the mechanical botching of the inferior productions of others," p. 31.

Upon this passage we have only to remark that, according to our view, it would have required much more "skill and experience" to write a new play, than merely to make additions to the speeches or scenes of an old one.

8 44

His sugar'd sonnets were handed about "among his private friends many years before they were printed : Francis Meres mentions them, in the words we have quoted, in 1598. Some must have been written after that date.

• Malone was of opinion that "Venus and Adonis " was not written until after Shakespeare came to London, because in one stanza (Vol. vi. p. 496) it contains an allusion to the stage;

"And all this dumb play had his acts made plain

With tears, which, chorus-like, her eyes did drain." Surely, such a passage might have been written by a person who had never seen a play in London, or even seen a play at all. The stage-knowledge it displays is merely that of a schoolboy.

10 The work that comes nearest to it, in some respects, is Marlowe's "Hero and Leander;" but it was not printed (in couplets) until 1598, and although its author was killed in 1593, he may have seen Shakespeare's "Venus and Adonis" in MS. :