that period the Emperor Alexander de- | individuals; one prints in the Tartar lanclared that it should be in future a Consti- guage; another prints music. There are tutional Monarchy; and that the will of thirteen foreign booksellers; and about the Sovereign should be regulated by a thirty Russian. There are also reading code of laws. Rooms.

The Government is composed of 1. The Senate of the Empire, which in 1811 was composed of thirty-five members; 2. of the Directing Senate, as the superior authority; 8. of the Holy Directing Senate, and 4. of the High Ministers.

The Revenues of the State in 1811 were 15,000,000 rubles.

The Expenses were the same year

274,000,000.

Besides the public libraries, there are about a score which belong to individuals, some of them are very considerable. The collection of MSS. formed by M. Dombrowsky, is famous; it contains a number

of memoirs; aud of original letters, written by Sovereigns, Ministers, and other celebrated personages.

A to Commerce, the imports amounted in 1805, to the sum of 55,509,118 rubles; and the exports amounted to 72,434,085. The Army in 1810, was 621,155 men; The balance of that year, therefore, was of which 110,000 were irreguir troops. The Navy in 1803 comprised 269 sail of in favour of Russia, 16,004,967 rubles. different sizes, carrying 4548 guns; 32,046 of September 8, 1815; the number of maAccording to the Petersburgh Gazette sailors; 8,268 marines; and 4,000 gunners.nufactories and shops in the Russan EmThe Established Religion is the Greek, pire was 8,25S. But, in 1812 the number which reckons four Metropolitan churches; did not exceed 2,822. eleven Archbishoprics; nineteen Bishoprics; 26,747 churches, and a great number of convents.

Toleration is general in 1811 there were estimated of the following persuasions 8,500,000 Catholics; 1,400,000 Lutherans; 3,800 Reformed Protestants; 9,000 of the Unitas Fratrum, or Moravians, 5,000 Memnonites; 60,000 Armeniaus; 3,000,000 Mahometans; 300,000 worshippers of the Dalai Lama; 600,000 adorers of Fetiches, or Idols, &c. &c.

In the city of Astrachan are reckoned twenty-three Greek churches; four Arme

As to Fisheries, Russia possesses establishments for this purpose ou the Caspian Sea, the Black Sea, the White Sea, the Northern Ocean, the Baltic, and on the great inland lakes, on the Wolga, and other great rivers. These fisheries bring in, according to Hermann, the sum of 2,256,821 rubles, all expences paid. To encourage the fisheries in the Northern Ocean and the White Sea, a White Sea Company was established August 13, 1865, with privileges to continue during twentyfive years.

The expenses of the Court were, in the nian; two Catholic; one Lutheran; six-time of Peter the Great, no more than teen Tartar, or Mohammedan Mosques; and one Temple consecrated to the worship of the lindoos.

600,000 rubles: the present expenses & mount to 3,223,497 rubles.

The Orders conferred by the Sovereign are in number seven. 1. The Order of

The Mahometans settled in Russia, have established schools in each of their vil-St. Andrew, founded by Peter the Great, lages, and in the towns they have also schools of instruction for their daughters. The merchants, generally, and even many rustics of this Religion possess copies of the Koran. Some have formed collections of Historical MSS. and are competently acquainted with the history of their country. The Christians who live among the Tartars and Pagans, are brutish, ignorant, and superstitions.

The excavations among the ancient Tombs in Siberia are continued, and the antiquities found are sent to Petersburgh. They consist principally in utensils, often of gold, vases for containing water, others for drinking from, diadems, military decorations, arms, idols, and images of animals.

There are at Petersburgh fourteen printing houses, of which three belong to the Senate, the Synod, and the War-office. The others belong to the Academies, or to

November 30, 1698. 2. The Order of Catherine, founded for Ladies, by the same Sovereign, November 24, 1714. 3. The Order of St. Ann, founded by Duke Charles Frederic of Holstein, February 3, 1786, in honour of his wife, daughter of Peter the Great. 5. The Order of St. George, a Military Order, founded by Catharine II. August 26, 1769. 6. The Order of St. Wlodamir, founded by the same, September 22, 1782. 7. The Order of St. John, introduced by the Emperor Paul I. January 15, 1795.

SAXONY.

Rural Economics.

Erfahrungen, &c. Experiments in Rural Economy, by Fr. M. Schmalz. The first volume comprizes six memoirs,-on the study of rural economy--on the choice, the estima tion, and the undertaking of a farm-on the ordering of a farm, directly after undertak

ing it on agreements with the labourers, and on the best methods of treating themou the relations of proprietors with their farmers and bailiffs on the culture of plants as food for cattle. In the second volume the author narrates his experiments on the art of raising cattle, of all kinds, beeves, sheep, pigs, horses; also, those on the best manner of feeding them. A third

volume will contain experiments on manures, on sowing, on proper implements, seed, and ou the culture of plants, which are raised for sale. The fourth volume will contain multiplied experiments made by the author in economics, and the general labours of rural life.

We should conjecture that this work might afford valuable hints to our agriculturists: the soil of Saxony is not wholly unlike that of England.

It may be proper to add in this place, that prudence should guide the agriculturist in the extent of his experiments, and the magnitude of the objects included in his undertakings. We understand that M. de Fellenberg, whose labours in Switzerlaud, have several times been brought before our readers, is reported as being far from satisfied with the result of his patriotic endeavours: his appearance bespeaks a profound melancholy; his collection of agricultural machines, though confessedly important, and invaluable, are considered as being suitable to large farms only; and consequently, those who hold small farms, think themselves dispensed with from availing themselves, generally, of their advantages.

TURKEY.

PATENTS IN FRANCE.

We understand that many of our countrymen, who have taken out Patents in Britain for various discoveries, have been induced to take out Patents for the same, in France, without delay; knowing very well, that every English invention is immediately transferred to that country, by persons interested in taking advantage of British ingenuity.

It may, therefore, be of use to such gentlemen to know before hand, what they have to expect from France; on what terins and to what extent, Patents are there granted, and how far they are useful. We have known great disappointments take place, for want of such information, in both countries: as well Foreigners coming over to London, to obtain Patents, here, who supposed they might be had on the sams terms as in France; as Englishmen going over to Paris, who expected to find the same principles adopted, as they were accustomed to in England.

FORMALITIES TO BE OBSERVED BY THOSE

WHO SOLICIT PATENTS, AND AMOUNT OF
THE SUMS WHICH THEY MUST PAY.

wers

The patents delivered by the present French Government bear no resemblance to the exclusive privileges which obtained under the antient monarchy: they Greek Dictionary, in progress. are merely a certificate given to an indiviFrom Constantinople is announced the dual of the declaration which he makes of publication of a National Dictionary of having invented a machine, or a process, the Modern Greek language. This Dic-from the employment of which a new tionary will comprize beside the explanation of words, that of Mythological terms -terms used in History-in Geography, and in other Sciences. It will form three volumes in small folio. Price 120 piastres.

Homer, reports of a new Poem of. It is reported on the Continent--but we have not been able to trace the report to any satisfactory source, that an English man at Smyrna has discovered an ancient Greek Manuscript, containing among other things, a new poem of Homer's. That such a thing is not impossible appears from the discovery of Homer's Hymn to Ceres; but who this fortunate individual is, has not yet appeared. One thing, however, we think ourselves warranted in asserting, that there is no Greek Poet living, who can pass off a poem of his own, fer one of Homer's.

branch of industry is the result. Threa kinds of brevets are issued; viz. of invenion, perfectionary, and importation.

Patents of unportation are granted to those who procure for our industry a process or machine known in foreign countries only. The aws of the 7th of January and 25th of May not having determined in a positive manner the duration of these patents, an imperial decree of the 19th of August 1810 orisis that it shall be the same with that of patents of invention.

Improvements in the arts often form an invention as important as the primitive discovery. It was therefore proper to give an extensive property in them by a patent. But if the French laws have gone this length, they do not regard on the other hand as improvements, any ornaments or mere changes of forms and proportions.

There must be an addition to the disco

very.

Several discoveries cannot be included in oue brevet: each must be the subject of a particular petition. In order to obtain a title of this kind, the compliance with different formalities is indispensable.

vets which have expired; and if there is any surplus, it is to be employed to the advantage of the national industry.

The secretary-general of the prefecture draws up a procès-verbal on the back of the packet placed in his hands, and he delivers to the petitioner a certificate of The claimant must, in the first place, de- having so received it. The whole is afterposit at the general secretariat of the pre-wards addressed by the prefect to the fecture of the department where he resides, sealed packet, containing

1. His petition to the minister of manufactures and commerce, to the effect of obtaining a brevet for five, ten, or fifteen years, according as he pleases.

2. The memoir describing the means which he uses.

3. Double sets of drawings signed by himself, or a model of the object of his discovery.

4. An inventory, in duplicate signed by him, of the pieces coutained in the packet He must besides pay a tax, mere or less considerable, according to the duration of the brevet, which cannot exceed fit teen years.

Three hundred froncs (£15 10s.) are paid for a brevet for five years.

Eight hundred francs (£56) for ten years.

Fifteen hundred francs (£67 10s.) for a brevet for fifteen years, besides fifty francs (£2 28.) for the fees of making out the pa tent.

The law admits of the duration of bre vets being extended: but in order to obtain this favour, which is but rarely granted, a royal decree is necessary. A new Gum is then paid in the above proportions

minister for manufactures and commerce. PRINCIPLES ESTABLISHED BY THE LAWS IN

DELIVERING BREVETS OR PATENTS. It has been seen above, that in France there is nothing else than the certificate delivered to an individual of the declaration which he has made, of having invented a machine or process giving rise to a new branch of industry. The administration does not judge, in fact, of the merit of the inventions for which patents are solicited. Whoever his complied with the forma ties prescribed by the laws of the 7th of January and 25th of May 1791, may obtain them, as these laws en ct expressly that they shall be granted on a simple request,

ad without previous examination. Thus they may be applied for, for a process known to every body; the legislature having determined that they are null, and even prejudicial to those who have obtained them, if the object for which they have been granted has no existence; or if it has been kuown or practised before the date of the brevet. In fact, if the discovery be purely imaginary, the expenses which the patent has cost are wholly lost. If the process was already known, Article 16 of the law of the 17th of January pronounces its nullity. The rights conferred by brevets are therefore conditional only, i. e. they secure an exclusive enjoyment only if the At the first patentee is really aninventor. glance, it may be thought strange that tities of this nature should be given without previous examination; but on reflection it will appear that it would have been very difficult to have found a mode better adapted to the end in view. Several motives dictated this line of proceeding: ou the one hand, it was proper to save the

The claimant must pay as a deposit with his papers, one half of the tax. He is al lowed six months to pay the other half, if not paid then, the patent falls to the ground. If patentees wish to make any changes in their original petition, they must deposit the description of their new method in the secretariat of the p efecture, and pay a second tax, which is twenty-four francs 90s for the chest of brevets, and twelve frames for the secretariat of the pre-administration the embarrasment of a long fecture. The minister for manufactures and commerce then delivers a second title, which is called Certificate of additions, changes and improvements.

་

and difficu't examination, and the responsibility of a judgement which, if it had been unfavourable, might have given rise to charges of portiality or malignity and on Article 19, title Ist, of the law of the the other hand, to spare to inventors the 5th of May regulates the destination of necessity of a communication, the abuses of the sums raised from the obtaining of bre- which they might dread. In fact, the vets in the first place they go to pay the pre ious examination would have been expenses of the making out and publishing completely to the disadvantage of artists, the brevets, afterwards to pay the exsince they must have communicated, withpenses of printing and engraving the bie-out any pledge of success, processes the

result to dissipate some absurd projects and some futile inventious: but if they had been allowed to appear, the public, would soon have done justice to them; and if the invention had been useless, the patentee would have thrown away the expense of his brevet. This motive is sufficient, we apprehend, to diminish in the minds of artists, generally not very rich, the partia-gave rise to this prohibition. Subsequently lities which they have for their discoveries, a decree was published, which merely conand prevent them from presenting peti-viously they were granted by the cerns the mode of delivering brevets. Pretions without any object.

BRITISH SETTLEMENTS IN INDIA. earth is 25 cubits in breadth, and upwards