Leipsic. The father, Christian Frederic Fritzsche, D.D. was a decided rationalist, and his spirit reappears in his

son.

In 1830, Tholuck established a periodical paper, called the Literary Advertiser, for Christian theology and general intelligence. It is a single sheet, 4to. and was issued at the rate of eighty numbers a-year. The greater part of its articles are said to be from his own pen. He is about to publish a collection of essays from this paper, in a separate volume; to which he designs to append some articles never before given to the public. From this periodical there have been translated into English, an article on the present state of Theological Literature and Education in Italy, Bib. Repos. vol. I. pp. 177–186, and II. pp. 394–405; an article on the Lexicography of the New Testament, Bib. Repos. vol. I. pp. 552-568; an article on the Hypothesis of the Egyptian or Indian Origin of the name Jehovah, Bib. Repos. vol. IV. pp. 89-108; and an article on the merits of Calvin as an Interpreter, Bib. Repos. vol. II. pp. 541-568. The first two articles were translated by Prof. Robinson of New York, the last one by Prof. Woods of Bangor, and all of them were written by Prof. Tholuck. The establishment of the Literary Advertiser originated from no want of friendship for Hengstenberg; for Tholuck still contributes to the pages of the Church Journal, and Hengstenberg contributes to the Advertiser. The two editors are personal friends, though Tholuck is not so violent and caustic as Hengstenberg, but occupies a middle ground between him on the one side, and Neander on the other, being more tolerant than the former, less accommodating than the latter. His opposers, speaking of his relation to the two periodicals, say, not in all respects with perfect correctness, that "Tholuck in his dogmatical system is more liberal and stands more upon speculative ground, than that rigorous portion of the evangelical party which is represented in Hengstenberg. He does not sanction the dogmatic exclusiveness of the last named writer, and that fanatical system of persecution and impeachment for heterodoxy, which is founded on such

exclusiveness. Since the catastrophe at Halle he seems to have freed himself from his earlier connection with the Church Journal, and has established a theological paper of his own; which preserves more of a scientific character than Hengstenberg's, and during the most violent party-contests has preserved a commendable moderation." Con. Lex. vol. IV. p. 627.

In 1833, Tholuck edited Calvin's Commentary on the New Testament, 6 vols. 8vo. In the same year he also published his Commentary on Christ's Sermon on the Mount. Part of this Commentary, that on the 5th of Matthew, was translated into English for the Edinburgh Bib. Cabinet, No. VI.; and part also, that on the Lord's Prayer, was translated by Prof. Torrey of Burlington for the Bib. Repos. vol. V. pp. 190—238, and vol. VI. pp. 187-207. The following extract from a letter of Tholuck to Rev. R. Menzies, of Scotland, will present the view which our author entertains of this Commentary, in comparison with his Commentary on the Romans: "I wish especially to remark, that the work (on the Romans) is to be regarded as the production of an earlier period of my life, and as having been intended for a particular purpose. I composed it in my twenty-fifth year, with the special view of commending to the hearts of my countrymen the doctrine of justification by faith, which at the time I perceived to he greatly misunderstood. Other points are hence laboured with less care; and at this time (1833) I believe that on the 9th chapter I should be able to give some more profound views. Accordingly, it by no means presents what I now consider as the beau ideal of a theological commentary. I am occupied at present with the publication of an extensive commentary upon the Sermon on the Mount; and it is to this I must refer, if your countrymen should wish a more mature work from my pen. It contains many expositions of the doctrines, and might serve to render the dogmatical part of our theology more accessible to English divines. At the same time I am persuaded, that none of them would there meet with any thing at all contrary to the

pure orthodoxy of your church." Edin. Bib. Cab. Preface to the Com. on Rom. pp. 13, 14.

In 1835, Tholuck published a Comment on the Influence of the Greek Philosophy upon the Theology of the Mohammedans and the Jews; in 1836, his Commentary on the Epistle to the Hebrews; in 1837, his Treatise on the Credibility of the Evangelical History, with his reply to Dr. D. Strauss's Leben Jesu; and in the four years, 1834-5-7-8, he published four volumes of sermons, each containing about 200 pages, 12mo. They have recently been published in a new edition of 2 vols. pp. 366 and 429. His contributions to the German periodicals have been numerous and important. Those published in the Studien und Kritiken are, one on the Want of Agreement among the Interpreters of the New Testament, vol. V. No. 2, a translation of which by Prof. Robinson is in Bib. Repos. vol. III. pp. 684-707; one on the Sin against the Holy Ghost, vol. IX. No. 2; and one on the Study of Paul's Epistles, vol. VIII. No. 2. He is at this time engaged in a laboured revision of his Commentary on the Romans; and when we consider the great advantages which he enjoys for improving his preceding editions, we may reasonably expect that this Commentary will surpass in interest either of his others.

Notwithstanding the variety of Prof. Tholuck's publications, his labours have not been confined to the study. When at Berlin, he established at his own house a religious conference, chiefly for the benefit of the pious students of the University. It was held every week, and its exercises were prayer, singing, the reading of the Scriptures or of a sermon, familiar conversation on doctrinal or practical theology, and sometimes a direct religious address. This conference is still continued every Saturday evening. It is the more worthy of notice, because meetings of this character are generally subjects of ridicule among the Germans; and besides, are often regarded with suspicion, have sometimes indeed been expressly prohibited by the Government. Since Tholuck has been at Halle, he has held similar meetings at his house once or twice a-week.

He also conducts a missionary meeting every month, at which he presents the latest intelligence respecting American, English, and other missions. He labours much in preparation for this meeting, and imparts to it a lively interest. This missionary spirit would not be indeed particularly noticeable among American Christians, but it is to be viewed in contrast with the prejudices and the dormancy of even the evangelical party in his own land. Read the description of the want of religious enterprise among German Christians, in Bib. Repos. vol. I. pp. 438-451. The German Professors ordinarily have little or no personal intercourse with their pupils, are often wholly unacquainted with them. The students are too numerous, and the Professors too much absorbed in study, to permit a great degree of social interview. Neander and Dr. F. Strauss at Berlin, however, have laboured to exert a personal religious influence upon their scholars; and Tholuck, as he has a very peculiar interest and tact in conversation, employs his talent with fidelity. Prof. Sears, writing from Halle in 1834, says, "The uncommon pressure of Tholuck's public labours leaves him no leisure time. But when he walks, which he does twice a-day, and an hour and a half at each time, he invites three or four students of similar religious character to accompany him. With these he converses in a manner best adapted to win them to a religious life. With the serious he comes directly to the point. With others he spreads his net wider; and through the medium of literary, philosophical, or theological discussion, conducted with vivacity and the utmost affection, he steals upon their hearts and holds them his captives. Another company are, for the same purpose, invited to his dinner table; and thus daily he spends several hours, as a friend, patron, and pastor to the more hopeful among his pupils. If they are indigent, he remits their tuition; and if he publishes a sermon or a pamphlet, the profit goes to them. His extensive and choice library is always at their service."

In addition to the personal influence which Tholuck exerts upon his pupils, he conducts an extensive corres

pondence both with his own countrymen and with foreigners, and is distinguished for his attention to the literati who visit Halle from other lands, and particularly from England and America. The pious foreigner feels at home when with Tholuck; and nearly every one, coming within the reach of his influence, feels a strong attachment to him. "To the American Christian," said Prof. Robinson in 1831, "who travels on this part of the continent, Tholuck is undoubtedly the most interesting person whose acquaintance he will make. He possesses a greater personal influence and reputation than any other theologian in Germany." Bib. Repos. vol. I. p. 29. His opposers ascribe his popularity to his extensive and intimate intercourse with foreigners, to the strong personal attachments which he has formed, and to his connections with a religious party; as well as to what they are obliged to acknowledge, his superior talent in lecturing, and some considerable power in his writings. Cons. Lex. vol. IV. p. 627.

It is worthy of remark, that notwithstanding Prof. Tholuck has for a long time given to the world two or three volumes a-year, some of them highly laboured; and, in connection with these efforts for the public, has delivered regular lectures at the University, sometimes two or three lectures a-day; has preached statedly once a-fortnight, and on frequent intermediate occasions; has maintained the responsible and onerous station of a leader in the evangelical party for the period of nearly twenty years, and is at the present time but just forty years old; and notwithstanding he has combined with all these labours a sedulous attention to the personal duties of a gentleman, a Christian, and a pastor, he has been afflicted during the whole period with feeble and precarious health, and has been reduced at times nearly to a state of blindness. Suffering under a broken constitution, he has been obliged, like Neander and Heng.. stenberg, to depend on rigid physical discipline for ability to prosecute his studies. His person is slender, his temperament nervous, and his life is a perpetual conflict between mind and body. His appearance is at present