By whom, this paper was drawn up, or issued, has not been ascertained. The author gives evidence of an acquaintance with the principles of law, and of government, and must have been aware of the effect that would be produced by the circulation of such a manifesto, at so perilous a moment. Its tendency was to strengthen the desire of the people for the dethronement of Charles X., and the punishment of his obnoxious favorites, whose presence at the head of the Government, afforded the active elements of vexatious and tyrannical misrule. Wherever it was read, the air was rent with cries of "Down with the King! Death to the ministry! Long live the Charter! Success to the cause of liberty!"

On the coming on of the night, a general attack was made upon the public lamps, which were speedily demolished, for the purpose of enabling the inhabitants to prepare themselves for a defence against the well disciplined soldiery. The shops of the armourers and gun-smiths were then attacked, opened, and the arms carried away, to be distributed throughout the different sections of the city. It was not long before these arms were put to effective use. Before midnight, the outposts and patrols of the Government forces, were all driven into their principal stations, leaving the inhabitants in undisturbed possession of the streets, and at full liberty to carry on those operations, which before morning were to change the whole aspect of the Capital.

As soon as the troops were forced to withdraw within their bivouacs, the citizens began to erect barricades at the corners of the streets, and the outlets of every great thoroughfare. At first, they drew together every waggon, diligence and omnibus that could be found-but these were speedily abandoned, either from a supposition of their inefficiency-from a respect for private property, or from the discovery that the streets themselves furnished more

suitable and substantial materials than those which had first presented themselves. The paving stones of all the streets in the vicinity of the Palais Royal were immediately torn from their foundations and erected into fortifications, or beat into pieces of a size convenient for missiles to those, who were unable to obtain fire-arms and other implements of war. These missles were afterwards used with great effect, from the windows and roofs of the houses in the narrow streets and alleys. The women, boys, and men who were too old to go forth to the combat, resorted in many places, to this method of assaulting their opponents. Many a hireling soldier, while he was aiming a death blow at some one of the crowd before him, had his own fate sealed by an unseen hand.

During these operations, the workmen were incited to exertion by the patriotic and inspiring air and still more patriotic and inspiring words of the Marseilles Hymn* of Roguet de Lisle. This hymn, though prohibited and proscribed ever since the restoration, had never ceased to be a great national favorite. When its words became so applicable to the existing state of things-" when lawless force, with guilty stride," was really taking away all, that made existence dear to the heart of a Frenchman,-liberty -it operated like a magic spell upon the feelings. If Klopstock could say, that this song had been the cause of the destruction of fifty thousand brave Germans, the French can, with propriety say, that it was the cause of the dethronement of Charles X., and his minions. How much its effects were appreciated, may be learned from the fact, that the author is now reaping the reward of his talents and patriotism, in the enjoyment of an annuity from the new sovereign.

See Appendix, Note 2.

CHAPTER V.

JULY TWENTY-EIGHTH.

Organization of the National Guard—Their appearance in the streets-Distribution of the Royal Troops-Their number-Feelings of the citizens-Commencement of the contest-Suburb St. Antoine-Engagement in the Suburb St. Martin -Defence of a Manufacturing establishment-Street St. Dennis--Place des Victoires-Marmont-Polytechnic School-Students join the citizents-Their bravery-Assembly of the people at the theatre de l'Odeon, &c.--Attack on Swiss Guards-Description of it-Assault on Archbishop's Palace-Conduct of the Clergy-Honesty of the people-Attack on the Hotel de Ville-Standard planted on the Bridge by a young man of the name of Arcole-Enthusiasm of the people -Condition of the soldiery.

Early on the morning of the 28th, the intelligence was spread abroad, by the circulation of hand-bills and the posting up of notices, that the National Guard was organizing itself in defence of the cause of the people. This body of troops, before they were disbanded by an ordinance of the Government, had consisted of thirteen legions, one of cavalry, and the other twelve of infantry. The infantry were divided into arrondissements, a legion being raised in each. Each legion was sub-divided into battalions, and these again into companies. The companies were confined within narrow limits, and the members composing them were generally well acquainted with each other. This acquaintanceship had been strengthened very much by the jealousy manifested on the part of the advisers of the King, in disbanding a force, that had so long existed for the defence of the national liberties. The shortness of the time, which had elapsed, since these troops were an effective body, enabled them to re-organize without any serious inconvenience. Most of the old officers were still living within the limits

of their former companies; and, being possessed of patriotic feelings, were ready, at a moment's warning, to put on their proscribed uniforms and go forth to the contest. The first, who made their appearance in the streets, were enthusiastically cheered by the surrounding multitude. "Vive la brave Garde! Vive la Garde National!" was the universal cry, as they proceeded on to their place of rendezvous. Their appearance gave confidence to all who had already engaged in the struggle, and utterly extinguished every hope of a reconciliation of the people to the measures of the King and his ministers.

Towards eight o'clock, the scene of action became general throughout all those places, which were occupied by the royal troops. These troops were distributed over the Place Louis XV., the Place des Victoires, the Place du Palais Royal, the Place Vendome, the Place du Louvre, the Place de l'Hotel de Ville, and the Place de la Bastile. Each of these places became a separate centre, whence smaller bodies were ordered out to occupy the streets in its neighborhood, and sweep them with their fire.

The head quarters of the commanding General, Marshal Marmont, Duke of Ragusa, and the point, whence reinforcements of the government troops, were sent to every section of the Capital, were at the Place du Carrousel, which takes its name from a magnificent tournament, held there by Louis XIV., on the 5th and 6th of June, 1662. When Marmont assumed the command of the royal forces of the Capital, on the evening of the 27th, he had at his disposal upwards of fourteen thousand men, consisting of the following divisions of troops :-Gen d'armerie of Paris, fourteen hundred; Gen d'armerie des Chasses, two hundred first, second, third, and a part of the sixth regiments of the Guard, five thousand seven hundred; eight regiments of the Swiss Guard, seventeen hundred ; fifth, fiftieth, and fifty-third of the Line, and fifteenth of

Light Infantry, six thousand; first regiment of Horse Grenadiers, first regiment of Cuirasseers, and a regiment of Lancers, eighteen hundred; a squadron of Carabiniers, two hundred, and two hundred artillerymen with twelve pieces of cannon.

On any ordinary occasion, this force would have been sufficient to reduce the Capital to subjection. But, at the present crisis, every able bodied citizen, who was opposed to the tyrannical ordinances, became an active soldier. The students of the schools, the artisans of the shops and the clerks of the mercantile establishments, united in the same ranks, and nobly vied with each other in the attainment of honor and distinction. Those who could not obtain fire-arms, made use of the paving stones of the streets, and such other missiles, as circumstances threw in their way.

The contest of the morning, commenced in the Suburb St. Antoine. At an early hour, a large body of troops appeared in this suburb, marching in close column, and in double quick time. A party of bad marksmen preceded, who fired as they advanced, sometimes into the air, and sometimes into the windows of the houses they were passing. A squadron of Lancers succeeded, with a small detachment of well armed troops, called cuirassiers, and a number of pieces of artillery. The whole of these troops. took up their position on the square, in front of the Bastile : but they had scarcely arrived there, before an attack was made upon them by the inhabitants. After a number of discharges of musketry on both sides, the cuirassiers of the guard made a desperate charge at the point of the bayonet, and succeeded in compelling the greater part of the assailants, to retire into the adjoining cross streets. The young man, who carried the tri-colored banner, disdaining to retreat, was cut down at his post of honor by the cavalry, who, after he had fallen, took great pleasure in riding