of Literary Sources of Danish History and the Committee for the Distribution of Danish Literature in Foreign Countries, which causes Danish literature to be sent free of charge to various libraries and similar institutions in countries with a low rate of exchange.

The Carlsberg Foundation. The foundation was established on September 25, 1876, by Captain J. C. Jacobsen, the owner of the Carlsberg Brewery, with the twofold object of endowing the Carlsberg Laboratory, which had been founded by himself, and of promoting science, mathematics, philosophy, history and philology. In addition, the foundation subsequently undertook the support of the Museum of National History at Frederiksborg. The foundation is administered by a committee of 5 members elected by the members of the Royal Society of Arts and Sciences from among themselves. Three of these form the management of the Carlsberg Laboratories, while the Frederiksborg Museum has its own management in which the Committee of the Carlsberg Foundation is represented by one member. An annual report of the activities of the Carlsberg Foundation is published in the Proceedings of the Royal Society of Arts and Sciences.

The Carlsberg Foundation was, on its establishment, endowed with 1 million Kr., to which Capt. Jacobsen subsequently added 200,000 Kr., and later on another Million Kr., all guaranteed by a mortgage on the »Old Carlsberg« brewery. On his death in 1887 he left, the brewery itself to the foundation. In 1902 his son, Carl Jacobsen, followed his example, transferring his brewery, the >>New Carlsberg«, to the foundation, with the provision that the revenue of this brewery should go to a separate foundation, the New Carlsberg Foundation, which was established at the same time.

In order to secure the future activities of the Foundation, J. C. Jacobsen in his will had charged the Committee of the Foundation with the establishment of a capital fund with the shortest possible delay. The size of this fund was fixed at 6,000,000 Kr., a sum which was already reached in 1896. A further increase of the capital of the Foundation has subsequently been effected, an increase which has been very considerable, owing to the large profits of the united Carlsberg Breweries, half of which fall to the share of the Foundation. The aggregate capital of the latter, which on its taking over the Old Carlsberg

Breweries was estimated at 4 million Kr., was in 1923 27.5 million Kr., not counting the New Carlsberg Brewery.

The Laboratory consists of a chemical and a physiological section. Results are published in »Communications<< (Meddelelser), which are brought out in two editions, one in Danish and one in English and French. The laboratory, the directors of which have been scientific men of world reputation, has carried on research work of the greatest value. As for the Museum of National History at Frederiksborg see above. The central activities of the Foundation are however those connected with the endowment of science in general. The annual budget of this section, which till 1896 was 40,000 Kr. and in 1916 about 250,000 Kr., is now more than 500,000 Kr. and is rapidly increasing. The money is spent on grants to Danish scientists engaged on research work and on the publication of scientific works, and the present high state of science in Denmark is no doubt largely due to the support of the Foundation.

One of the provisions of the will of J. C. Jacobsen was to the effect that his house and gardens at Old Carlsberg, on the death of his wife and son, was to be made over for life to some man or woman of special merit, chosen by the Society of Arts and Sciences. After the death of Carl Jacobsen in 1914 this provision was carried out, the house being made over to Professor Harald Hoeffding, the philosopher.

The Rask-Oersted Foundation. The Rask-Oersted Foundation for the endowment of Danish contributions to international research was established by the Danish Government by an Act of Oct. 4, 1919. The Foundation endeavours to promote its objects by the following means:

a) In the first instance by supporting scientific work, which is carried out by international co-operation, and which is directed by Danes, or in which Danes take part, and by assisting Danish scientific institutions and individual scientists in maintaining the links that connect Danish science with international scientific organisations.

b) By assisting in the convening of international scientific meetings, more especially such as are held in Denmark; by arranging for foreign scientists to teach in Denmark, and by giving grants to foreigners desirous of studying in Denmark and to

Danes desirous of studying abroad, more especially when engaged upon work of an international character.

c) by assisting Danish scientists to get their work published in a world language, especially when the work in question is outside the scope of the Carlsberg Foundation or the Royal Society of Arts and Sciences.

d) Furthermore, the Foundation may support any other form of research calculated to promote its object.

Among the various activities carried on with the support of the Foundation the following may be mentioned:

Re a):

1) Maintenance of the international connexions of the Royal Society of Arts and Sciences. 2) The maintenance of an international astronomical central bureau at the Observatory of Copenhagen. 3) Danish participation in the »Union internationale de la Chimie pure et appliquée«. —4) Publication of a work on the League of Nations (edited by Dr. P. Munch, M.P.; contributions by scientists and statesmen of various nationalities). 5) Grants for the publication of the >>Corpus

medicorum graecorum«.

8) Danish

6) Publication of the »Coptica« (Coptic MSS.) edited by Dr. H. O. Lange in collaboration with foreign scholars. 7) Participation in the publication of the »Corpus vasorum graecorum<< and of a catalogue of Greek and Latin alchemistic MSS. collaboration in the »Handbuch der Wirtschaftsgeschichte<<. 9) Publication of a work on South Arabian inscriptions. 10) Scientific expeditions to the Malay Archipelago (biological), to Salona in Jugoslavia (archæological), to the West Indies (archæological), and to the Sahara (geographical). 11) The free distribution of Danish scientific literature to foreign universities.

Re b):

2)

1) The arrangement of visits and lectures of foreign scientists. The participation of foreign scientists in scientific work in Denmark, more especially at the University Institute of Theoretical Physics (Professor Niels Bohr). 3) Assistance to various Danish scientists participating in congresses, or carrying on research work abroad.

Re c):

Among the works published in foreign languages partly or wholly at the expense of the Foundation may be mentioned: philological treatises by Professor Vilh. Thomsen, works on religious history by Professors

Groenbech and Johs. Pedersen and the late Dr. J. P. Jacobsen, a juridical work by the late Professor Julius Lassen, a mathematical work by Professor Niels Nielsen, and indological works by Professor Dines

Andersen.

The Executive Committee of the Foundation is composed of representatives of the Ministry of Education, Parliament, the Royal Society of Arts and Sciences, the University of Copenhagen, the College of Engineering, the Royal Veterinary and Agricultural High School, and the Carlsberg Foundation.

THE PRESS

Though the history of the Danish press goes back to about 1650 daily newspapers did not make their appearance till the middle of the 18th Century. In the period from then up to the middle of the 19th Century a number of daily newspapers were established by Royal permit all over the country. Most of these are still in existence. The introduction of the freedom of the press and the abolition of censorship in 1849 opened the way for an independent political daily press. A small number of older papers, however, retained for some time a monopoly of the publication of official news, but from 1903 all such information was collected in a Government publication: the Statstidende (Government Gazette). Since then all Danish newspapers have been on an equal footing.

The Danes are a people with a strong predilection for newspaper reading, and the daily press in Denmark has therefore, as a whole, a relatively very large circulation. With a population of about 3.3 millions, Denmark has about 320 daily newspapers with an aggregate circulation of 1.1 millions. In every provincial town as a rule at least four newspapers are published, one for each of the principal political parties, and these in their turn often bring out local editions in the larger villages, etc., in their districts. There are few homes in Denmark which do not take in at least one daily paper. In the country districts people who do not actually belong to the poorer classes will often take in both a local newspaper, one of the large dailies published in the Capital, and one or more weekly or monthly periodical containing fiction or technical information. The largest papers are, of course, published in the Capital. The paper which has at present the largest circulation for one daily edition is issued in about 75,000 copies daily (about 115,000 copies on Sundays) containing 20 pages of 55 by 40 centimetres. The largest provincial papers have a circulation of 20,000 for one edition.

As practically the whole population of Denmark belongs to