GOODALL

Goodall. The reputed author of the exposure of Masonry, known as "Jachin and Boaz." It is said that he was at one time Master of the W. India and American Lodge, now known as the Lodge of Antiquity; but this statement has never been confirmed.

frequently in the oldest works of Christian art, in which the laden Hermes is turned into a laden Christ, who often called himself the Good Shepherd, and expressly says in the Gospel of St. Luke, that when the shepherd finds the sheep, he lays it joyfully on his shoulder.

Good Samaritan. An androgynous, honorary or side degree conferred in the Now, although the idea of the Good United States with rather impressive cere- Shepherd may have been of Pagan origin, monies. It is, of course, as a degree to be yet derived from the parable of our Savior conferred on females, unconnected with in St. Luke and his language in St. John, Masonic history or traditions, but draws its it was early adopted by the Christians as a allusions from the fate of Lot's wife, and religious emblem. The Good Shepherd bearfrom the parable of the Good Samaritan ing the sheep upon his shoulders, the two related in the Gospels. The passages of hands of the Shepherd crossed upon his Scripture which refer to these events are breast and holding the legs of the sheep, read during the ceremony of initiation. This is a very common subject in the paintings degree is to be conferred only on Royal of the earliest Christian era. It is an exArch Masons and their wives, and in con- pressive symbol of the Savior's love-of ferring it two Good Samaritans must always him who taught us to build the new temple be present, one of whom must be a Royal of eternal life-and, consequently, as Didron Arch Mason. Much dignity and importance says, "the heart and imagination of Christians has been given to this degree by its possessors; have dwelt fondly upon this theme; it has and it is usual in many places for a certain been unceasingly repeated under every number of Good Samaritans to organize possible aspect, and may be almost said to themselves into regular, but of course inde- have been worn threadbare by Christian pendent, bodies to hold monthly meetings art. From the earliest ages, Christianity under the name of Assemblies, to elect completely made it her own.' And hence proper officers, and receive applications for initiation. In this manner the assemblies of Good Samaritans, consisting of male and female members, bear a very near resemblance to the female Lodges, which, under the name of "Maçonnerie d'Adoption," prevail in France.

the Christian degree of Rose Croix has very naturally appropriated the "sign of the Good Shepherd,' the representation of Christ bearing his once lost but now recovered sheep upon his shoulders, as one of its most impressive symbols.

Goose and Gridiron. An alehouse with this sign, in St. Paul's Church Yard, London. In 1717, the Lodge of Antiquity met at the Goose and Gridiron, and it was there that the first quarterly communication of the Grand Lodge of England, after the revival of 1717, was held on the 24th of June, 1717. It was the headquarters of a musical society, whose arms a lyre and a swan-were converted into Goose and Gridiron.

Good Shepherd. Our Savior called himself the Good Shepherd. Thus, in St. John's Gospel (x. 14, 15, 16), he says: "I am the Good Shepherd, and know my sheep, and am known of mine. As the Father knoweth me, even so know I the Father: and I lay down my life for the sheep. And other sheep I have, which are not of this fold: them also must I bring, and they shall hear my voice; and there shall be one Gormogons. A secret society estabfold, and one Shepherd." Hence, in Ma- lished in 1724, in England, in opposition sonic as well as in Christian symbolism, to Freemasonry. One of its rules was that Christ is naturally called the Good Shepherd. no Freemason could be admitted until he Good Shepherd, Sign of the. When was first degraded, and had then renounced Jesus was relating (Luke xv.) the parable the Masonic Order. It was absurdly and in which one having lost a sheep goes into the wilderness to search for it, he said: "And when he hath found it, he layeth it on his shoulders, rejoicing. Mr. Hettner, a German writer on Greek customs, says: "When the Greek carries home his lamb, he slings it round his neck, holding it by the feet crossed over the breast. This is to be seen | with us also, but the sight is especially attractive at Athens, for it was in this manner that the ancients represented Hermes as the guardian and multiplier of flocks; so stood the statue of Hermes at Olympia, Occhalia, and Tanagra. Small marble statues of this kind have even come down to us, one of which is to be seen in the Pembroke collection at Wilton House; another, a smaller one, in the Stoa of Hadrian, at Athens. This representation. however, appears most

intentionally pretentious in its character; claiming, in ridicule of Freemasonry, a great antiquity, and pretending that it was descended from an ancient society in China. There was much antipathy between the two associations, as will appear from the following doggerel, published in 1729, by Henry Carey:

"The Masons and the Gormogons

Are laughing at one another,
While all mankind are laughing at them;
Then why do they make such a pother?
"They bait their hook for simple gulls,

And truth with bam they smother;
But when they 've taken in their culls,

Why then 't is-Welcome, Brother!" The Gormogons made a great splutter in their day, and published many squibs against

GRAMMAR

China in 1860-2. On his return to England he studied law and became a barrister in 1868. He was initiated at Ramsgate in the Royal Navy Lodge, No. 429, and was Master of the Inhabitants' Lodge at Gibraltar, also of the Meridian Lodge, No. 743, a Military Lodge attached to his regiment. Afterward he held the Chair of the Moira, Quatuor Coronati and Jerusalem Lodges. In 1880 he was appointed Senior Grand Deacon of England.

He has been a constant writer in the Masonic press since 1858; in 1879 he published The Four Old Lodges and The Atholl Lodges, and in 1899 a book on Military Lodges.

But his "magnum opus" is his stupendous History of Freemasonry in three large volumes, which occupied him from 1882 to 1887, which was followed in 1903 by A Concise History of Freemasonry abridged from the larger work and brought up to date. [E. L. H.]

Gourgas, John James Joseph. A merchant of New York, who was born in France in 1777, and received a member of the Scottish Rite in 1806. His name is intimately connected with the rise and progress of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite in the Northern Jurisdiction of the United States. Through his representations and his inde fatigable exertions, the Mother Council at Charleston was induced to denounce the Consistory of Joseph Cerneau in the City of New York, and to establish there a Supreme Coun

Gothic Architecture. Of all the styles of architecture, the Gothic is that which is most intimately connected with the history of Freemasonry, having been the system peculiarly practised by the Freemasons of the Middle Ages. To what country or people it owes its origin has never been satisfactorily determined; although it has generally been conjectured that it was of Arabic or Saracenic extraction, and that it was introduced into Europe by persons returning from the Crusades. The Christians who had been in the Holy Wars received there an idea of the Saracenic works, which they imitated on their return to the West, and refined on them as they proceeded in the building of churches. The Italians, Germans, French, and Flemings, with Greek refugees, united in a fraternity of architects and ranged from country to country, and erected buildings according to the Gothic style, which they had learned during their visits to the East, and whose fundamental principles they improved by the addition of other details derived from their own archi-cil for the Northern Jurisdiction, of which tectural taste and judgment. Hence Sir Bro. Gourgas was elected the Secretary-GenChristopher Wren thinks that this style of the eral. He continued to hold this office until Medieval Freemasons should be rather called 1832, when he was elected Sovereign Grand the Saracenic than the Gothic. This style, Commander. In 1851, on the removal of the which was distinguished, by its pointed arches, Grand East of the Supreme Council to Boston, and especially by the perpendicularity of its he resigned his office in favor of Bro. Giles lines, from the rounded arch and horizontal Fonda Yates, but continued to take an active lines of previous styles, was altogether in the interest, so far as his age would permit, in the hands of those architects who were known, Rite until his death, which occurred at New from the tenth to the sixteenth centuries, as York on February 14, 1865, at the ripe old age Freemasons, and who kept their system of of eighty-eight, and being at the time probbuilding as a secret, and thus obtained an en-ably the oldest possessor of the Thirtieth Detire monopoly of both domestic and ecclesias-gree in the world. Bro. Gourgas was distical architecture. At length, when the gilds tinguished for the purity of his life and the or fraternities of Freemasons, "who alone," says Mr. Hope, "held the secrets of Gothic art, were dissolved, the style itself was lost, and was succeeded by what Paley says (Man. of Goth. Arch., p. 15) was a worse than brazen era of architecture." (For further details, see Traveling Freemasons.)

Gothic Constitutions. A title sometimes given to the Constitutions which are supposed to have been adopted by the Freemasons at | the City of York, in the tenth century, and so called in allusion to the Gothic architecture which was introduced into England by the Fraternity. A more correct and more usual designation of these laws is the York Constitutions, which see.

Gould, Robert Freke. This well-known historian of Freemasonry has had a very varied career. Born in 1836, and died March 26, 1915. He entered the English army at the age of eighteen, becoming a lieutenant in the same year, and serving with distinction in North

powers of his intellect. His Masonic library was very valuable, and especially rich in manuscripts. His correspondence with Dr. Moses Holbrook, at one time Grand Commander of the Southern Council, is in the Archives of that body, and bears testimony to his large Masonic attainments.

Grades. Degrees in Masonry are some times so called. It is a French word. (See Degrees.)

Grain of Mustard, Order of the. (Ger., Der Orden vom Senf Korn.) An order instituted in Germany, based on Mark iv. 30 and 32, the object being the propagation of morality.

Grammar. One of the seven liberal arts and sciences, which forms, with Logic and Rhetoric, a triad dedicated to the cultivation of language. "God," says Sanctius, "created man the participant of reason; and as he willed him to be a social being, he bestowed upon him the gift of language, in the perfect

GRAND

ing of which there are three aids. The first is Grammar, which rejects from language all solecisms and barbarous expressions; the second is Logic, which is occupied with the truthfulness of language; and the third is Rhetoric, which seeks only the adornment of language."

ing body of Templarism in England is the "Grand Conclave of the Religious and Military Order of Masonic Knights Templar."

Grand Conservators. On July 1, 1814, the Grand Mastership of the Order in France, then held by Prince Cambacérès, was, in consequence of the political troubles attendant Grand Architect. A degree in several of upon the restoration of the monarchy, dethe Rites modeled upon the Twelfth of the clared vacant by the Grand Orient. On AuAncient and Accepted Scottish Rite. It is, 1. gust 12th, the Grand Orient decreed that the The Sixth Degree of the Reform of St. Martin; functions of Grand Master should be pro2. The Fourteenth of the Rite of Elected Co-visionally discharged by a commission conhens; 3. The Twenty-third of the Rite of Miz- sisting of three Grand Officers, to be called raim; and 4. The Twenty-fourth of the Met-Grand Conservators, and Macdonald, Duke of ropolitan Chapter of France. Tarentum, the Count de Beurnonville, and Timbrune, Count de Valénce, were appointed to that office.

Grand Chapter. A Grand Chapter consists of the High Priests, Kings, and Scribes for the time being, of the several Chapters under its jurisdiction, of the Past Grand and Deputy Grand High Priests, Kings, and Scribes of the said Grand Chapter. In some Grand Chapters Past High Priests are admitted to membership, but in others they are not granted this privilege, unless they shall have served as Grand and Deputy Grand High Priests, Kings, or Scribes. Grand Chapters have the sole government and superintendence of the several Royal Arch Chapters and Lodges of Most Excellent Past and Mark Masters within their several jurisdictions.

Grand Consistory. The governing body over a State of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite; subject, however, to the superior jurisdiction of the Supreme Council of the Thirty-third. The members of the Grand Consistory are required to be in possession of the Thirty-second Degree.

Grand Council. The title given to the first three officers of a Royal Arch Chapter. Also the name of the superintending body of Cryptic Masonry in any jurisdiction. It is composed of the first three officers of each Council in the jurisdiction. Its officers are: Most Puissant Grand Master, Thrice Illustrious Deputy Grand Master, Illustrious Grand Conductor of the Works, Grand Treasurer, Grand Recorder, Grand Chaplain, Grand Marshal, Grand Captain of the Guards, Grand Conductor of the Council, and Grand Steward.

Grand Director of the Ceremonies. An important officer in the United Grand Lodge of England; a similar office to that of Grand Master-General of Ceremonies of a Supreme Council, upon whom the order of the Grand Body largely depends, and who has charge of the service or ceremonies of whatever nature that may transpire.

Until the year 1797, there was no organization of Grand Chapters in the United States. Chapters were held under the authority of a Master's Warrant, although the consent of a neighboring Chapter was generally deemed expedient. But in 1797, delegates from several of the Chapters in the Northern States assembled at Boston for the purpose of deliberating on the expediency of organizing a Grand Chapter for the government and regulation of the several Chapters within the said States. This convention prepared an address to the Chapters in New York and New England, disclaiming the power of any Grand Lodge to exercise authority over Royal Arch Masons, Grand East. The city in which the Grand and declaring it expedient to establish a Grand Lodge, or other governing Masonic Body, is Chapter. In consequence of this address, del- situated, and whence its official documents egates from most of the States above men-emanate, is called the Grand East. Thus, a tioned met at Hartford in January, 1798, and organized a Grand Chapter, formed and adopted a Constitution, and elected and installed their officers. This example was quickly followed by other parts of the Union, and Grand Chapters now exist in nearly all the States. (See General Grand Chapter.)

The officers of a Grand Chapter are usually the same as those of a Chapter, with the distinguishing prefix of "Grand" to the titles. The jewels are also the same, but enclosed within a circle. In England and Scotland the Grand Chapter bears the title of Supreme Grand Chapter.

Grand Commander. The presiding officer of a Grand Commandery of Knights Templar.

Grand Commander of the Eastern Star. (Grand Commandeur de l'Etoile d'Orient.) A degree in Pyron's collection.

Grand Conclave. The title of the presid

document issued by the Grand Lodge of Massachusetts would be dated from the "Grand East of Boston," or if from the Grand Lodge of Louisiana, it would be the "Grand East of New Orleans." The place where a Grand Lodge meets is therefore called a Grand East. The word is in constant use on the Continent of Europe and in America, but seldom employed in England, Scotland, or Ireland.

Grand Elect, Perfect and Sublime Mason. The Fourteenth Degree of the A. A. Scottish Rite. (See Perfection, Lodge of.)

Grand Encampment. See Encampment, Grand.

Grand High Priest. The presiding officer of a Grand Royal Arch Chapter in the American system. The powers and prerogatives of a Grand High Priest are far more circumscribed than those of a Grand Master. As the office has been constitutionally created by

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the Grand Chapter, and did not precede it as | exists, its edicts must be respected and obeyed that of Grand Masters did the Grand Lodges, without examination by its subordinate he possesses no inherent prerogatives, but Lodges. those only which are derived from and delegated to him by the Constitution of the Grand Chapter and regulations formed under it for the government of Royal Arch Masonry. Grand Inquiring Commander. The Sixty-sixth Degree of the Rite of Mizraim. Grand Inspector, Inquisitor Commander. The Thirty-first Degree of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite. It is not an historical degree, but simply a judicial power of the higher degrees. The place of meeting is called a Supreme Tribunal. The decorations are white, and the presiding officer is styled Most Perfect President. The jewel of the degree is a Teutonic cross of silver attached to white watered ribbon.

Grand Lodge. A Grand Lodge is the dogmatic and administrative authority of Ancient Craft Masonry, or the three Symbolic degrees. It is defined in the Regulations of 1721 as "consisting of and formed by the Masters and Wardens of all the regular Lodges upon record, with the Grand Master at their head, and his Deputy on his left hand, and the Grand Wardens in their proper places." (Constitutions, 1723, p. 61.) This definition refers to a very modern organization, for of Grand Lodges thus constituted we have no written evidence previous to the year 1717, when Freemasonry was revived in England. Previous to that time the administrative authority of the Craft was exercised by a General Assembly of the Masons of a jurisdiction which met annually. (See Assembly.) The true history of Grand Lodges commences, therefore, from what has been called the era of the revival.

This autocratic power of a Grand Lodge is based upon a principle of expediency, and derived from the fundamental law established at the organization of Grand Lodges in the beginning of the last century. In so large a body as the Craft, it is absolutely necessary that there should be a supreme controlling body to protect the Institution from anarchy, and none could be more conveniently selected than one which, by its representative character, is, or ought to be, composed of the united wisdom, prudence, and experience of all the subordinate Lodges under its obedience; so that the voice of the Grand Lodge is nothing else than the voice of the Craft expressed by their representatives. Hence the twelfth of the General Regulations declares that "the Grand Lodge consists of, and is formed by, the Masters and Wardens of all the particular Lodges upon record." (Constitutions, 1738, p. 158.)

So careful has the Institution been to preserve the dogmatic and autocratic power of the Grand Lodge, that all elected Masters are required, at the time of their installation, to make the following declaration:

"You agree to hold in veneration the original rulers and patrons of the Order of Freemasonry, and their regular successors, supreme and subordinate, according to their stations; and to submit to the awards and resolutions of your brethren in general Lodge convened, in every case, consistent with the Constitutions of the Order.

"You promise to pay homage to the Grand Master for the time being, and to his officers when duly installed, and strictly to conform to every edict of the Grand Lodge."

The organization of new Grand Lodges in America has followed that adopted, in essential particulars, by the four Lodges which established the Grand Lodge of England in 1717. When it is desired to organize a Grand Lodge, three or more legally constituted Lodges, working in any State, territory, or other independent political division, where no Grand Lodge already exists, may meet in convention, adopt by-laws, elect officers, and or

In 1716, four old Lodges in London, determined, if possible, to revive the Institution from its depressed state, and accordingly they met in February, 1717, at the Apple-Tree Tavern (whose name has thus been rendered famous for all time); and after placing the oldest Master Mason, who was the Master of a Lodge, in the chair, they constituted themselves into a Grand Lodge, and forthw th "revived the quarterly communications of the officers of Lodges (call'd the Grand Lodge)." (Constitutions, 1738, p. 109.) On the follow-ganize a Grand Lodge. The Lodges within its ing St. John the Baptist's Day, the Grand Lodge was duly organized, and Mr. Anthony Sayer was elected Grand Master, who appointed his Wardens, and commanded the Masters and Wardens of Lodges to meet the Grand Officers every quarter in communication. From that time Grand Lodges have been uninterruptedly held; receiving, however, at different periods, various modifications.

A Grand Lodge is invested with power and authority over all the Craft within its jurisdiction. It is the Supreme Court of Appeal in all Masonic cases, and to its decrees implicit obedience must be paid by every Lodge and every Mason situated within its control. The government of Grand Lodges is, therefore, completely despotic. While a Grand Lodge

jurisdiction then surrender their Warrants of constitution to the Grand Lodges from which they respectively had received them, and accept others from the newly organized Grand Lodge, which thenceforward exercises all Masonic jurisdiction over the State in which it has been organized.

A Grand Lodge thus organized consists of the Masters and Wardens of all the Lodges under its jurisdiction, and such Past Masters as may enroll themselves or be elected as members. Past Masters are not, however, members of the Grand Lodge by inherent right, but only by courtesy, and no Past Master can remain a member of the Grand Lodge unless he is attached to some subordinate Lodge in its jurisdiction.