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HUND

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had been always appropriated to the mili-mented his strength by numerous importary knights of chivalry. To this word was tant initiations. His reappearance among appended another, and the title thus formed the brethren exerted as much surprise as was called the "characteristic name. Lists joy, and its good effects were speedily seen of these characteristic names, and of the in a large increase of Chapters; and the persons whom they represented, are given Rite of Strict Observance soon became the in all the registers and lists of the Rite. predominating system in Germany. Von Hund selected for himself the title of But dissatisfaction began to appear as a Eques ab Ense, or Knight of the Sword; consequence of the high claims of the memand, to show the mixed military and Ma-bers of the Rite to the possession of supesonic character of his régime, chose for his rior knowledge. The Knights looked haughseal a square and sword crossed, or, in heraldic tily upon the Masons who had been invested language, saltierwise. only with the primitive degrees, and these Von Hund divided Europe into nine prov- were offended at the superciliousness with inces, and called himself the Grand Master which they were treated. A Mother Lodge of the seventh province, which embraced was established at Frankfort, which recogLower Saxony, Prussian Poland, Livonia, nized and worked only the three degrees. and Courland. He succeeded in getting Other systems of high degrees also arose the Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick to place as rivals of the Rite, and von Hund's régime himself at the head of the Rite, and secured began to feel sensibly the effects of this its adoption by most of the Lodges of Berlin compound antagonism. and of other parts of Prussia. After this he retired into comparative inactivity, and left the Lodges of his Rite to take care of themselves.

Hitherto the Rite of Strict Observance had been cosmopolitan in its constitution, admitting the believers in all creeds to its bosom, and professing to revive only the military and chivalric character of the ancient Templars, without any reference to their religious condition. But in 1767, von Starck, the rector at Wismar, proposed to engraft upon the Rite a new branch, to be called the clerical system of Knights Templar. This was to be nominally spiritual in character; and, while announcing that it was in possession of secrets not known to the chivalric branch of the Order, demanded, as preliminary to admission, that every candidate should be a Roman Catholic, and have previously received the degrees of the Strict Observance.

But in 1763 he was aroused by the appearance of one Johnson on the Masonic stage. This man, whose real name was Leucht, was a Jew, and had formerly been the secretary of the Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg, under the assumed name of Becker. But, changing his name again to that of Johnson, he visited the city of Jena, and proclaimed himself to the Masons there as possessed of powers far more extensive than those of von Hund, which he pretended to have received from "Unknown Superiors" at Aberdeen, Scotland, the supposed seat of the Templar Order, which had been revived by Aumont. Von Hund at first admitted Starck wrote to von Hund, proposing a the claims of Johnson, and recognized him fusion of the two branches; and he, "beas the Grand Prior of the Order. Ragon cause,' to borrow the language of Findel says that this recognition was a fraud on the (Hist. of F. M., p. 279), "himself helpless part of von Hund, who had really selected and lacking expedients, eagerly stretched Johnson as his agent, to give greater strength out his hand to grasp the offered assistance, to his Rite. I am reluctant to admit the and entered into connection with the so-called truth of this charge, and am rather disposed clergy." He even, it is said, renounced to believe that the enthusiasm and credulity Protestantism and became a Catholic, so of von Hund had made him for a time the victim of Johnson's ostentatious preten- In 1774, a Congress assembled at Kohlo, sions. If this be so, he was soon unde- the object of which was to reconcile the ceived, and, discovering the true character difference between these two branches of as well as the dangerous designs of Johnson, the Rite. Here von Hund appears to have he proclaimed him to be an adventurer. been divested of some portion of his digHe denied that Johnson had been sent as a nities, for he was appointed only Provindelegate from Scotland, and asserted anew cial Superior of Upper and Lower Alsace, that he alone was the Grand Master of the of Denmark and of Courland, while the Order in Germany, with the power to confer Grand Mastership of the Rite was conthe high degrees. Johnson, accused of ab-ferred on Frederick, Duke of Brunswick. stracting the papers of a Lord of Courland, in whose service he had been, and of the forgery of documents, was arrested at Magdeburg through the influence of von Hund, on the further charges of larceny and counterfeiting money, and died in 1775 in prison.

Von Hund now renewed his activity as a Mason, and assembled a Congress of the Rite at Altenberg, where he was recognized as Grand Master of the Templars, and aug

as to qualify himself for admission.

Another Congress was held in 1775, at Brunswick, where Hund again appeared. Here Findel, who seems to have no friendly disposition toward von Hund, charges him with "indulgence in his love of outward pomp and show," a charge that is not consistent with the character given him by other writers, who speak of his modesty of demeanor. The question of the Superiores Incogniti, or Unknown Superiors, from whom

von Hund professed to derive his powers, came under consideration. His replies were not satisfactory. He denied that he was bound to give any explanations at all, and asserted that his oath precluded him from saying anything more. Confidence in him now declined, and the Rite to which he was so much attached, and of which he had been the founder and the chief supporter, began to lose its influence. The clerical branch of the Rite seceded, and formed an independent Order, and the Lodges of Strict Observance thenceforward called themselves the "United German Lodges."

HUTCHINSON

of Durham, England. To him are we indebted for the first philosophical explanation of the symbolism of the Order, and his Spirit of Masonry still remains a priceless boon to the Masonic student.

Hutchinson was born in 1732, and died April 7, 1814, at the ripe age of eighty-two years. He was by profession a solicitor; but such was his literary industry, that a very extensive practise did not preclude his devotion to more liberal studies. He published several works of fiction, which, at the time, were favorably received. His first contribution to literature was The With his failure at Brunswick, the func- Hermitage, a British Story, which was pubtions of von Hund ceased. He retired lished in 1772. This was followed, in 1773, altogether from the field of Masonic labor, by a descriptive work, entitled An Excursion and died, in the fifty-fifth year of his age, on to the Lakes of Westmoreland and Cumberland. the 8th of November, 1776, at Meiningen, In 1775, he published The Doubtful Marriage, in Prussia. The members of the Lodge and in 1776 A Week in a Cottage and Minerva, at Leipsic, struck a medal in com- A Romance after the Fashion of the Castle memoration of him, which contains on the of Otranto. In 1778, he commenced as a obverse an urn encircled by a serpent, the dramatic writer, and besides two tragedies, symbol of immortality, and on the reverse Pygmalion, King of Tyre and The Tyrant a likeness of him, which is said to be ex- of Onia, which were never acted, he also ceedingly accurate. A copy of it may be wrote The Princess of Zanfara, which was found in the Taschenbuche der Freimaurerei, successfully performed at several of the and in the American Quarterly Review of provincial theaters.

Freemasonry.

Hutchinson subsequently devoted himFor this amiable enthusiast, as he cer- self to archeological studies, and became a tainly was-credulous but untiring in his prominent member of the Royal Society of devotion to Masonry; deceived but enthu- Antiquaries. His labors in this direction siastic; generous and kind in his disposition; were such as to win for him from Nichols whose heart was better than his head-we the title of "an industrious antiquary." may not entertain the profoundest veneration; He published in 1776, A View of Northumbut we cannot but feel an emotion of sym-berland, in two volumes; in 1785, 1787, and pathy. We know not how much the antag- 1794, three consecutive quarto volumes of onism and contests of years, and final defeat The History and Antiquities of the County and failure, may have embittered his days Palatinate of Durham; and in 1794, in two or destroyed his energy; but we do know quarto volumes, A History of Cumberland, that he ceased the warfare of life while still-works which are still referred to by scholthere ought to have been the promise of many ars as containing valuable information on years of strength and vigor. the subjects of which they treat, and are an evidence of the learning and industry of the author.

Hungary. Masonry was introduced into Hungary about the middle of the eighteenth century. In 1760, a Lodge, according to But it is as a Masonic writer that HutchHund's Templar system, was instituted at inson has acquired the most lasting reputaPresburg. Smith says (Use and Abuse, tion, and his labors as such have made his p. 219) that there were several Lodges there name a household word in the Order. He in 1783, but none working under the English was for some years the Master of Barnard Constitution. Most probably they received Castle Lodge, where he sought to instruct their Warrants from Germany. In 1870 the members by the composition and delivthere were seven Lodges in Hungary. On ery of a series of Lectures and Charges, which the 30th of January in that year these Lodges were so far superior to those then in use met in convention at Pesth, and organized as to attract crowds of visitors from neighthe Grand Lodge of Hungary. In the next year a "Grand Orient of Hungary established, which, however, in 1886, amalgamated with the Grand Lodge under the title of the Symbolic Grand Lodge of Hungary.'

boring Lodges to hear him and to profit by "" was his instructions. Some of these were from time to time printed, and won so much admiration from the Craft that he was requested to make a selection, and publish them in a permanent form.

Hur. (Heb. 17, liberty.) A term used in the Fourth Degree of Perfect Mistress in the French Rite of Adoption.

Hutchinson, William. Of all the Masonic writers of the last century there was no one who did more to elevate the spirit and character of the Institution than William Hutchinson of Barnard Castle, in the county

Accordingly, he applied, in 1774, for permission to publish, to the Grand Lodgewhich then assumed to be a rigid censor of the Masonic press-and, having obtained it, he gave to the Masonic world the first edition of his now celebrated treatise entitled The Spirit of Masonry, in Moral and Elucidatory Lectures; but the latter part of

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the title was omitted in all the subsequent and a masterly defence of our peculiar rites editions. The sanction for its publication, and ceremonies." prefixed to the first edition, has an almost The peculiar theory of Hutchinson in supercilious sound, when we compare the reference to the symbolic design of Masonry reputation of the work-which at once is set forth more particularly in his ninth created a revolution in Masonic literature -with that of those who gave the sanction, and whose names are preserved only by the official titles, which were affixed to them. The sanction is in these words:

lecture, entitled "The Master Mason's Order." His doctrine was that the lost word was typical of the lost religious purity, which had been occasioned by the corruptions of the Jewish faith. The piety which "Whereas, Brother William Hutchinson had planted the Temple at Jerusalem had has compiled a book, entitled The Spirit of been expunged, and the reverence and Masonry, and has requested our sanction adoration due to God had been buried in for the publication thereof; we, having the filth and rubbish of the world, so that perused the said book and finding it will be it might well be said "that the guide to of use to this Society, do recommend the heaven was lost, and the master of the same. This is signed by the Grand Mas- works of righteousness was smitten." In ter and his Deputy, by the Grand Wardens, the same way he extends the symbolism. and the Grand Treasurer and Secretary. "True religion," he says, "was fled. Those But their judgment, though tamely ex- who sought her through the wisdom of pressed, was not amiss. A century has the ancients were not able to raise her. since shown that the book of Hutchinson She eluded the grasp, and their polluted has really been "of use to the Society." It hands were stretched forth in vain for her opened new thoughts on the symbolism restoration. Those who sought her by the and philosophy of Masonry, which, worked old law were frustrated, for death had stepped out by subsequent writers, have given to between, and corruption defiled the embrace." Masonry the high rank it now holds, and Hence the Hutchinsonian theory is, that has elevated it from a convivial association, the Third Degree of Masonry symbolizes the such as it was in the beginning of the eight- new law of Christ, taking the place of the eenth century, to that school of religious phi- old law of Judaism, which had become dead losophy which it now is. To the suggestions and corrupt. With him, Hiram or Huram of Hutchinson, Hemming undoubtedly owed is only the Greek huramen, "I have found that noble definition, that "Freemasonry it," and Acacia, from the same Greek, was a science of morality veiled in allegory, and illustrated by symbols.

The first edition of The Spirit of Masonry was published in 1775, the second in 1795, the third in 1802, the fourth in 1813, the fifth in 1814, and the sixth in 1815, all except the last in the lifetime of the author. Several subsequent editions have been published both in this country and in Great Britain. In 1780, it was translated into German, and published at Berlin under the title of Der Geist der Freimaurerei, in moralischen und erläuternden Vorträgen.

signifies freedom from sin; and "thus the Master Mason represents a man, under the Christian doctrine, saved from the grave of iniquity and raised to the faith of salvation.

Some of Hutchinson's etymologies are unquestionably inadmissible; as, when he derives Tubal Cain from a corruption of the Greek, tumbon choeo, "I prepare my sepulcher," and when he translates the substitute word as meaning "I ardently wish for life.' But fanciful etymologies are the besetting sin of all antiquaries. So his theory of the exclusive Christian application of the Third Degree will not be received as the dogma of the present day. But such was the universally recognized theory of all his contemporaries. Still, in his enlarged and elevated views of the symbolism and philosophy of Masonry as a great moral and religious science, he was immeasurably in advance of his age.

Of this great work the Craft appear to have had but one opinion. It was received on its first appearance with enthusiasm, and its popularity among Masonic scholars has never decreased. Dr. Oliver says of it: "It was the first efficient attempt to explain, in a rational and scientific manner, the true philosophy of the Order. Dr. Anderson and the writer of the Gloucester sermon indicated the mine, Calcott opened it, and In his private life, Hutchinson was greatly Hutchinson worked it. In this book he gives respected for his cultivated mind and extento the science its proper value. After ex- sive literary acquirements, while the suavity plaining his design, he enters copiously on of his manners and the generosity of his the rites, ceremonies, and institutions of disposition secured the admiration of all ancient nations. Then he dilates on the Lodge, with its ornaments, furniture, and jewels; the building of the Temple; geometry; and after explaining the third degree with a minuteness which is highly gratifying, he expatiates on secrecy, charity, and brotherly love; and sets at rest all the vague conjectures of cowans and unbelievers, by a description of the occupations of Masons

who knew him. He had been long married to an estimable woman, whose death was followed in only two days by his own, and they were both interred in the same grave.

Hütte. A word equivalent among the Stone-Masons of Germany, in the Middle Ages, to the English word Lodge. Findel defines it as "a booth made of boards, erected near the edifice that was being built,

344

HUZZA

IDAHO

where the stone-cutters kept their tools, | English Masons around the edifice they were carried on their work, assembled, and most constructing. probably occasionally ate and slept."

These Huzza. The acclamation in the Scottish hütten accord exactly with the Lodges which Rite. In the old French rituals it is generWren describes as having been erected by the ally written Hoschea.

I. The ninth letter in the alphabets of Western Europe, called by the Greeks Iota, after its Shemitic name. The Hebrew equivalent is, of the numerical value of 10, and signifies a hand. The oldest forms of the letter, as seen in the Phoenician and Samaritan, have a rude resemblance to a hand with three fingers, but by a gradual

simplification, the character came to be the smallest in the alphabet, and iota, or "jot," is a synonym for a trifle. The thumb and two fingers are much used, and are of great significance, in religious forms, as well as in Freemasonry. It is the position of the hand when the Pope blesses the congregation, and signifies the Three in One. The Hebrew letter ain, y, with the numerical value of 70, possesses and gives the English sound of the letter i.

I. A. A. T. Reghellini (i., 29) says that the Rose Croix Masons of Germany and Italy always wear a ring of gold or silver, on which are engraved these letters, the initials of Ignis, Aer, Aqua, Terra, in allusion to the Egyptian mystical doctrine of the generation, destruction, and regeneration of all things by the four elements, fire, air, water, and earth; which doctrine passed over from the Egyptians to the Greeks, and was taught in the philosophy of Empedocles. But these Rose Croix Masons, probably, borrowed their doctrine from the Gnostics.

I Am that I Am. The name which the Great Architect directed Moses to use (Exod. iii. 14) that he might identify himself to the Israelites as the messenger sent to them by God. It is one of the modifications of the Tetragrammaton, and as such, in its Hebrew form of 88, eheyeh asher eheyeh (the e pronounced like a in fate), has been adopted as a significant word in the high degrees of the York, American, and several other Rites. The original Hebrew words are actually in the future tense, and grammatically mean I will be what I will be; but all the versions give a present signification. Thus, the Vulgate has it, I am who am; the Septuagint, I am he who exists: and the Arabic paraphrase, I am the

I

Eternal who passes not away. The expression seems intended to point out the eternity and self-existence of God, and such is the sense in which it is used in Masonry. (See Eheych asher eheyeh.)

the

Iatric Masonry. From ἰατρικὴ, art of medicine. Ragon, in his Orthodoxie Maçonnique (p. 450), says that this system was instituted in the eighteenth century, and that its adepts were occupied in the search for the universal medicine. It must therefore have been a Hermetic Rite. Ragon knew very little of it, and mentions only one degree, called the "Oracle of Cos." The island of Cos was the birthplace of Hippocrates, the father of medicine, and to him the degree is dedicated. The Order or Rite has no longer any existence.

I-Colm-Kill. An island south of the Hebrides, once the seat of the Order of the Culdees, containing the ruins of the monastery of St. Columba, founded A.D. 565. Tradition plants the foundation of the Rite of Heredom on this island.

Iconoclasts. (Gr. eikon, image, and klazo, I break.) The name used to designate those in the Church, from the eighth century downward, who have been opposed to the use of sacred images, or, rather, to the paying of religious honor or reverence to such representations. Image-worship prevailed extensively in the sixth and seventh centuries in the Eastern Empire. The iconoclast movement commenced with the imperial edict issued, in 726, by the Emperor Leo III., surnamed the Isaurian, who allowed images only of the Redeemer. The second decree was issued in 730. This was opposed strenuously by Popes Gregory II. and III., but without avail.

Iconology. The science which teaches the doctrine of images and symbolic representations. It is a science collateral with Masonry, and is of great importance to the Masonic student, because it is engaged in the consideration of the meaning and history of the symbols which constitute so material a part of the Masonic system.

Idaho. In 1867, there were four Lodges in what was then the Territory of Idaho, three chartered by the Grand Lodge of Oregon, and one by the Grand Lodge of Washington Territory. In that year these Lodges met in convention and organized the Grand

IDIOT

ILLITERACY

345

Lodge of Idaho on December 16th. The Grand | light that darkness may be dispelled, and Lodge is migratory, holding its sessions on knowledge that ignorance may be removed. the first Monday in October, at such place The ignorant aspirant, no matter how loudly as may be determined at the previous session. he may have asked for light, is still a blind Royal Arch Masonry was introduced by the groper in the dark. General Grand Chapter of the United States, which granted a charter for Idaho Chapter at Idaho City, September 18, 1868, for Cy-maton. (See Ho-hi.) press at Silver City, and Boise at Boise City, both September 20, 1870.

Ih-ho. The Kabbalistic mode of reading Ho-hi, one of the forms of the Tetragram

I. H. S. A monogram, to which various meanings have been attached. Thus, these Idiot. Idiocy is one of the mental dis- letters have been supposed to be the initials qualifications for initiation. This does not, of In hoc signo, words which surrounded the however, include a mere dulness of intel- cross seen by Constantine. But that inlect and indocility of apprehension. These scription was in Greek; and besides, even in amount only to stupidity, and "the judg- a Latin translation, the letter V, for vinces, ment of the heavy or stupid man, as Dr. would be required to complete it. The Good has correctly remarked, "is often as Church has generally accepted the monogram sound in itself as that of the man of more as containing the initials of Iesus Hominum capacious comprehension." The idiot is Salvator, Jesus the Savior of Men; a sense defined by Blackstone as "one that hath in which it has been adopted by the Jesuits, had no understanding from his nativity; and therefore is by law presumed never who have taken it in this form, I. H. S., as likely to attain any." A being thus men- the badge of their society. So, too, it is tally imperfect is incompetent to observe interpreted by the Masonic Templars, on the obligations or to appreciate the instruc- whose banners it often appears. A later tions of Freemasonry. It is true that the interpretation is advocated by the Cambridge word does not occur in any of the old Con- Camden Society in a work published by them stitutions, but from their general tenor it is on the subject. In this work they contend evident that idiots were excluded, because that the monogram is of Greek origin, and is "cunning, or knowledge and skill, are the first three letters of the Greek name, everywhere deemed essential qualifications IHZOTE, JESUS. But the second of these inof a Mason. But the ritual law is explicit on terpretations is the one most generally rethe subject. ceived.

Ijar. . The eighth month of the Hebrew civil year. It corresponds to a part of the months of April and May.

Illinois. The first Grand Lodge established in this State was in the year 1823; but this body yielded in a few years to the storm of anti-Masonry which swept over the country, and ceased to exist. Subsequently, Lodges were chartered by the Grand Lodges of Kentucky and other jurisdictions, and on the 30th of January, 1840, a convention of six Lodges was held in the town of Jacksonville, which organized the Grand Lodge of Illinois on April 6, 1840. The seat of the Grand Lodge is Springfield. A Grand Chapter, Grand Council, and Grand Commandery were subsequently established in 1850, 1854, and 1857 respectively.

Idolatry. The worship paid to any created object. It was in some one of its forms the religion of the entire ancient world except the Jews. The forms of idolatry are generally reckoned as four in number. 1. Fetichism, the lowest form, consisting in the worship of animals, trees, rivers, mountains, and stones. 2. Sabianism or Sabaism, the worship of the sun, moon, and stars. 3. Sintooism, or the worship of deceased ancestors or the leaders of a nation. 4. Idealism, or the worship of abstractions or mental qualities. Oliver and his school have propounded the theory that among the idolatrous nations of antiquity, who were, of course, the descendants, in common with the monotheistic Jews, of Noah, there were the remains of certain legends and religious truths which they had received from their common ancestor, but Illiteracy. The word illiteracy, as signiwhich had been greatly distorted and per-fying an ignorance of letters, an incapability verted in the system which they practised. to read and write, suggests the inquiry This system, taught in the Ancient Mysteries, whether illiterate persons are qualified to be he called "the Spurious Freemasonry" of antiquity.

Igne Natura Renovatur Integra. By fire, nature is perfectly renewed. See I.. N.. R.. I..

Ignorance. The ignorant Freemason is a drone and an encumbrance in the Order. He who does not study the nature, the design, the history, and character of the Institution, but from the hour of his initiation neither gives nor receives any ideas that could not be shared by a profane, is of no more advantage to Masonry than Masonry is to him. The true Mason seeks

made Masons. There can be no doubt, from historic evidence, that at the period when the Institution was operative in its character, the members for the most partthat is, the great mass of the Fraternitywere unable to read or write. At a time when even kings made at the foot of documents the sign of the cross, "pro ignorantia litterarum," because they could not write their names, it could hardly be expected that an Operative Mason should be gifted with a greater share of education than his sovereign. But the change of the society from Operative to Speculative gave to it an